::y,o^.7- \'^. BO (xiAO DUG VA BAD TAC , > -' ^ "* • '^ ^ TRU6NG DAI HOC TONG HOP HA NOI Nguyen Cong Tao NGKIEN COU MOT SO DAC DIEM SIIIE mii EDO VA T NGHIA ntflE TE HOC KNK DICE HACK CIJA HAI LOAI OHOOT CONG Hettus norvegicue Beit, 1765 ve CHUOT imA Rattue rlavipectus MILNEL EDWARDS, 1671 6 NOI 5HALTE HANOI Chuyen ngann : Dong vat no c He hi^ : 1 05 02 LQAI Ai: PHO TIEN SL KEOA HOC SLW. HOC Nhung nguol huoiag dan khoe hoc : - Pho Giao su, Pho tier a. Le Vu Khoi - Pho tien si y hoc Bui Qui Xiem 1 ivSl^^lTil^f^i iiiii^^^ HA NOI 1993 M U C 1 TJ C MO BAD Phan mot - TONG QUIN Ctiorcmgl. ETCH SO NGHIEN CDU ChttongH. DIA DIEM NGHIEN CUU. OHOI GTAN. 10 IIEU VA PHUONG PHAP NffilEH CUU. CHuong in .DAC THING TONG QUAT 7E DIEU KEEN TO NHIEN VA XA HOI THANH PHO HA NOI. Phan hai - KBT (JJA NGHIEN CUU. CiaironglV. DAC DIEM SINH HOC SINH SAN CUA CHUOT CONG Ctxuromg V. DAC DIEM SINH HOC SINH SAN CUA CHUOT NHA. ChiKrag Vr. ELEN DONG SO liJONG VA SU DI CHUYEN CUA CHUOT CONG VA CHUOT NHA 0 NOI THANH HA NOI Caacms VEI.VAI TRO CUA CHDOT CONG VA CHUOT NHA 0 HA NOI THONG BENH DICE HACK VA EESN PHAP PHONG CHONG. PhaD Ba - KET LUAN VA DE NGHI Trang 2 8 22 26 45 65 90 TAI HEU OHAM KHAO 112 116 129 0§0 MO BAH Cac loei gam nham truo'c hit la bp obu6t (Muridae) c6 vai tro rat guan txpng trong slnh thai dich hoc cua nbl^ bpnh iigoy Mem, trong do c6 benh dich hach, mot trong so 4 b^h (dieh hach, dich ta, sot vang, dau mxa) thuoc dlen kiem dich phai khai bao quoc te« IiLoh ,s& nhftn loal da ghi nh^ nhung vu dai (34>ch haoh gay tham boa ghe gom lam chet hang trSm tripu nguol (Pollitzer, 1954). Trong ntaairng n^ qua, mSt so tac gia trong va ngoai nvac da nghien cuu moi cjuan he gilra chupt, bp chet va benh djch hach o* Viet Nam nhu Marshall, Gibson va ct (1959); Marshall* Curie, Do Van Qui (1967, 1974, 1975) ; Cavanaugh (1968) ; Van Peenen P.E, R.H. Light, J. P Duncant, (1970,1971) ; Rostigaiev va ct (1966) ; Dao Vgn Tien (1964, 1969, 1985) ; Bio VSn Olen va o.t (I962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967) ; Le Yu Khoi (1970, 1985) ; Le Vu Khoi va ct, (l97B, 1979* 1980) ; Geo Tan Sung va ct (1980) M|ic du vay d^c digm sinh thai ho eve dj.ch hoc cue ggm nham thuoc ho tbaoc (Muridae) 0- noi thanh Ha llol van chua duac nghien cuu eSu. Chung toi thjrc hi|n de tai : ''''Nghien ciru mot so d^c diem sinh thai hoc va y nghia dich t% hoc b^nh dich hach cue hai loal chuot cong Rattus norvegicus Berk, 1769 va chapt nha Rattus flavipectus MIINEL EDWARDS, 1871 o- noi thanh Ha Noi.'^ - 2 - Vol ffluc d£ch : • 1. NghiSn ouu d|lc diem sinh hoc,sinh san va cau true Chung quan. 2. Tim hieu qui luat bien dpngso lupiig, moi quan he giua sinh hoc sinh san ve bien dpng so lupiig. 3« X.ac dinh khoang each di chuyen, pham vi boat dpng, vai tro tiuyen benh dich hach cue Chung, 4. Be xuat mot so bipn phap phong, chong bpnh dj.ch hach b* noi thanh Ha Noi. Hoan thanh lufLn vgn nay chung toi nhan duac sp giup do* va tpo dieu ki|n tbufin Ipl cue bp mon Dpng vft co xuomg song khoa Sinh hoc, Phong Dao tao trubmg Dai hoc Tong hp*p Ha Noi, Khoe sot ret, con trung, ki sinh trung va be diet trung tarn V.S.P.D So* Y te Ha Noi. Chung toi rat cam cm su giup da qui bau do. Dgc biet chung toi xin bay to long biet om sau sac doi vol : - Pho giao su, Pho tien si Le Vu Khoi, Ghu nhi^m Bp mon Dpng v^t co xuomg song khoa Sinh hpc trubmg D.H.T.H. Ha Noi. - Pho tien a ^xx Qui Xiem, Giam doc 3b y te Ha Noi. De t^ tlnh huoog dan, giup do* trong que trxnh lam lufln Van cung nhu tu nhung ngay dau tien trong cong tac nghien cuu khoa hpc. - 3 - PHAl^ MOT - TONG QUAN Chuomg I HCH SU NGHIEN CUU Gpm nhgm la bp thil co so lupmg loai nhieu nhat trong l^p thil, hon 2000 loai thuoc 352 giong. 35 ho. Hieng hp phu chupt (Murinae) co den 70 giong, giong Rattus co 120 loai. Trong bp gam nham chi o6 mot so loai co £ch con dai da so le cec loai lam hai nong nghiep, lam nghiep, mang va truyen nhieu benh dich nguy hi em cho ngubl va gie sue Theo thong ke ccia ?«A.0, hang ngm chupt aB het mot Ixrpmg luomg thue du nuoi song 150 triiu nguoi. 0 cac nwc ch^ phat trien, chupt an hai toi 10^ luomg luomg thuc ( (Patnasik, 1969). So luomg luomg thuc b thanh pho Calcutta bi chupt gn va pha hong hang nam du nuoi song 20 van ngubl (Seal et al, 1969). Chupt dao hang tai cac bb* kenh, hb de lam cho nuo^c do rl, CO the lam ara de gay lu lut rat nguy hiem. 6 An Dp da CO trubmg hp-p chupt dao hang duol dubmg ray xe lue lam cho xe bi tr^t banh (Patnasik, 1969). Nguy h^ hom nua, cac loai chupt la nguyen nhan phat tan va truyen nhung bpnh dich nguy hiem cho iis^bl» Vu dj-ch ngm 1910-1911 ^ chupt gay re <y Dong Bac Trung Quoc lam chet 2 van ngubl, 10 nam sau dich Ipi tai phat lam chet 6 van ngubl (Ha Vu Binh, 1973). • 4 - Tu' nam 1898 den 1943, tai in Dp da co 12.597.789 ngubl bi chet vl benh dich hach. (Pollitzer, 1954). Nhieu nuac tren the giol (^ cac co* quan chuyen nghien cuu g^ nham va cac bpnh truyen tu chilng sang ngubl, cung nhu nghien cuu cac bipn phap phbng, tiu chupt. Tu ntaung ngm 30 cua the k^r XX da xuat hl^n nhung cSng trlah aghien cuu ve mat dp quan the, cac qui luat bien dpng so luomg trong chung quan, aye thxch nghi cue cac loai g^m nham doi vol nhung bien doi co tinh chat chu kl cua dieu ki^n song (Vinogradop, 1934, 1937 ; Kalabukhop, 1937 Xeverxop, . 1941 ; Naumop 1948, 1951, 1964, 1967 ; Svars, 196^ Nam 1951, Naumop N*P. de re phuomg phap danh dau cat ngon Chan de nghien cuu cubmg dp, khoang each di dpng va vung song cua cac loai chupt trong ching quan. Koskela, Pentti et al (l976) ; Eotshild E.V, G.B. Postnikov et al (1975) ; West, Rich et al (1976) de su dung cac phuomg phap tinh so lupmg ca the de nghien cuu m|t dp va bien dpng so lup'ng nhieu loai g^ ntiam b cac khu vuc khac nhau. Tren the giol da co nhieu nghien cuu d^c diem sinh hpc sinh sen cue chupt cong. Kim Dai Hung ve Ngu Luat, Bons Khiem (1958) cho biet so lupmg phoi mpt lue cue chupt cong cai b Trung Quoc o6 the C(D lir 16 den 17 phoi. Theo Anikeev (1963) b Lien X6 co trubmg hp'p chupt cong cai mang toi 25 ph3i. Nghien cuu cue J. Lhoste (l955) cho thay chupt cong - 5 - CO the sinh san b tuoi cuoi thang thu 2. Gambarian TrnTf N.N. Bukenskaia (1955) cho rang chupt cong thanh thuc sinh due vao 3 thang tubi. Theo doi su phat trien cue chuo-t cong trong phbng thi nghigm Perry J.S. (l954) de xac dinh chupt cong thanh thuc sinh due vao 100 ngay tuoi. Hoc thuyet "6 dj.ch tu nhien" cac loai benh truyen nhi"^ cue E.N. Paplopski (1946) re del lam cc so* hieu biet ve co* che Ian truyen benh dich tu chupt va ngoai k£ sinh tren chuot sang ngubl. IDu do tren the giol co rat nhieu nghien cuu ve benh dj-Ch hach (Pollitzer, 1954 ; Bubikova, Kolasopski, 1974; Banmanhia, Cavanaugh, 1976 ; Kozolop, 1979 ; Almeida, Almeida et al, 1981 } 0 Viet Nam, vao nhung nam dau cue the kl nay chi co nhung nghien cuu ve khu he, mo te ve phan loei thu, trong do CO g^ nham cue cac nha dpng vat hpc nuo*c ngoai nhu (Morice, 1876 ; Thomat, 1927 ; Osgood, 1932 ; Bourret, 1942, 1944 ) Vao nhung nam 60 de co nhung nghien cuu ve mpt so dpc diem sinh hoc, sinh thai hoc cue chuot cong ve ciiuot nha (- . ,• ' . . - £,^j^ y-^ Tien, Grohopskaia, 1963, • Dao Van Tien, Hoang Trong Cu, 1966; Dao Van Tien, Hoang Trong Cu, Geo Vgn Sung, 1966 . • : - :- . ). Nhung nam gan day hang loat nghien cuu ve hang to, thuc Sn, so lup'ng, bien dpng so lupmg, hoat dpng sinh san,T"UD;^ pnan b§ b mpt so loai chupt thubmg g^p b Viet -^am cue Le Vu Khoi, (1970, 1985) ; Le Vu Khoi, Nguyen Vgn Bien,Nguyen Anh Dung (1978) ; Le Vu Khoi, Trinh Thi Thanh, (1979) ; Le Vu . 6 - Khoi, Vu Quoc Trung, Nguyen Vgn Bien, (1979) ; Le Vu Khoi, Nguyen Van Bien (1980) ; Cao Van Sing, Dgng '±ay Huynh, Bui Kxnh, (1980) ; Cao Vgn Sung, Nguyen Minh Tarn ve ct, (1986) Trong nghien cuu ve sinh san, cac tac gie neu len khe ngng sinh sen quenh ngm cue mpt so loai chupt, su thay doi ve cubmg do sinh san cua chupt qua cac thang trong ngm, sue sinh san cue chuot va xac dinh tubi thanh thuc sinh due due • * theo ko-Ch thuoc co the cue chupt o* ngoai thi en nhien ve theo ket qua nuoi chupt trong phbng thi nghiem. lilghien cuu cue Le Vu Khoi, Irinh thi Thanh (1979) da xac d}.nh tubi cue chupt cong que dp mon cue rgng va cau true mang xuomg. Tren co so do, cac tac gie neu len dup'c nhung net co ban ve cau true chung quan cua mpt so loai chupt b die phuomg nghien cuu. 6 thanh phc He Noi, tir ngm 1942 Bour3?et R. de de cap toi phan loei chupt ve oho biet ty le chupt cong tren chupt nha le SSiS. Nghien cuu cue D^ Vgn Tien, Grohopskaia (1963); Dao Van Tien, Hoang Trong Cu (1966) ; cho thay cnupt cong thubmg CO so luomg lorn b khu vuc chp, nhung noi co rac ban cbn cnupt nha co mgt b moi sinh canh cung vol chuot cong nhung b cho* Hom thi chupt cong chi em uu the, so luomg chupt cong giam dan tu npi thanh ra ngopl thanh. Nhieu nghien cuu ve su phan bo, so lupmg, thuc gm, sinh san, tjr le chupt non, chupt truomg thanh cua chuot cong va chupt nha b mpt so die difem trong thanh pho Ha Noi, Dao Van Tien, Grohopskaia (1963) ; Dao Vgn Tien, Hoang Tipng Cu (1966) ; Dao Van Tien, Hoang Trpng Cu, Cao Vgn Sung (1966); - 7 - ^ Le Vu Khoi, Nguy'en Vgm Bien, Vu Quoc Trung, (1979) ; Cao Van Sung, D|tag Huy Huynh, Bui Kinh, (1980) Ve dj.ch te hpc, chuot la nhom dpng vat co so luomg loai song gan.ngubl nhieu nhat, la moi de dpa nguy hiem, thubmg xuyen cho sue khoe con ngubl. 6 Viet Nam, b.enh dj-ch hach duoxj phat hien tu nhung ngm 1896 b 3ai Gon, Cam Kenh, Nha Trang. Ngm 1908-1914, dich hach no re b Phan Rang, Phan Thiet lam cho hang ngan ngubl bi chet. Ngay nay benh dich hach van cbn ton tai b Trung bp va Nam bo. 6 mien Bac Viet Nam, sau hom 3C ngm khong co dich hach, toi nam 1977 da xay ra dj.ch hach b thanh pho He Noi. M^c du cac b dich trong thanh pho de bi knon^ che ve d^p tat ngay naung viec tiep tue nghien cuu d^c diem sinh hpc, sinh tnai hpc cue chupt, bp chet ve y nghia dich te hpc cue chung le rat can thiet trong cong tac pbbng, chong b^nh djch hach trong thanh pho He Npi. Mpt so tac gia nuoc n^oai nhu Vanpeenen P,F.D, Ducan J.F. Light R.H, (1970, 1971) da nghien cuu y nghia d^ch te hoc cua mot so loai thu nhb va mo te, phan loai, de c^p toi a cac dac diem sinh hoc, sinh thai hoc cue cac loei chuot b mien Nam Viet Nam. * 6 mien Bac Viet Nam, Dgng Vgn Ngu, Vu Thi Phan, Nguyin Van Chi va c. t (1973); Dao Van Tien, ftpohopskaia (1963) cho thay su di chuyen cue chupt tu noi nay toi noi khac le nguyen nhan Ian truyen benh ciich sang ngubl ve vat nuoi. Le Vu Khoi, Nguyin Trac Tien (1975) ; Le VQ Khoi, - 8 - Nguyin Vgn Bien, (1980) ; Le Nhi va c t,(l978); Ly Thi Vi Huong, Nguyen ii phuomg, (1990) ; Nguyen Trie Tien, Nguyin Van Bien, (1970) ; Nguyen Cong Tao (1979, 1980) Da cho thay chupt cong, chupt nha, chupt l|t, chupt nhat la nhung loai chupt cbi. yeu Ian truyen benh d|.ch hach b Viet Nam. Nhin Chung nghien cuu cue cac tac gie moi chi co duo'c cac dan lieu buoc dau ve mot so dgc diem sinh thai hoc ve dich te hpc chupt cong va chuot nha. Nghien cixu cue chung toi vol muc dich bb sung cac tu lieu ve sinh thai hpc ve dich te hoc benh dich hach cho hai loei chuot nay b noi thanh Ha Noi. [...]... nuoc cham fH^ 3 Dae diem ve sinh moi truo'ng r npi thanh Ha Npi Trong npi thanh Ha Npi, viec phan chia ra cac slnh canh nhu tren chi la tuong doi vi cac kau vuc sinh canh xen ke nhau khong the phan biet ranh gio'i rb ret kat khac Ha Npi dan£ duo'c qui hoach ve xay dung lai chua hoan chinh '.'.•'.• Dieu kien ve sinh chue tot, dieu do cb enn huong rat Ion to'i su phan bb, sinh song cue cec loai chupt... vet seo nhau thai, vu bi i: long phu kin, bop khont; re sue, a r dao ho'i B\xn£ nhung chue mo*; thub'ng cb kich thub*c cc the tu 17C mm - 161 m r , sb cnuot nay i* chi chiem C.8JI so chuot cai Day cb the le chuot de truong thanh sinh due nhun£- chue than; gie hoat done sinh sanNhieu cnuot cbnf ca; cb t r cung lo'n, thanh tu' cung day i mau hong, cb the cb phoi aoac cac vet seo nhau thai o^ thanir:... chuot cai nay cb tnt dang nuoi con Tat ca nhung chuot cong ^^n cai cb tr§ng thai tu cun^ nau vay ducc gop l^i t - a h nhom chuot dang tham gie sinh san Sc chuot nay chiem 51.2? trong sb chuot cong cai cue chung quan 6 mot so chuot de taam gie sinh san tu cung hno trc* Isi deng so'i manh, kec dai, cb mau nau sam Cac vet see nhau thai da mb* d l n%n r a t kho phan b i S t oac v e t see nheu cue cac I v e... 4 c^uan npi thanh Ha Npi la : 2 Dgc diem phan bb sinh canh o noi thar±L He Noi Npi thanh He Npi le noi tap trung dong dan, due tren cac dac diem ve xay dung co ban, kien true, nha cua cb the chie He Noi theo cac sinh canii sau : 8- Khu den cu : Le cac khu vuc cb dan cu tru, gom cb uoC ' cac pho Ic'n de a - ^ xej dung tu lau doi c Quan Hoai: liiem, Hai Be Trung, khu lao dpng & cac ngb hem, knu nha... (pj- :.v c ;:: C ^ : Z'' i- ::; ' • 1- C •J: t.1 4-> -i-j (J —* - r i - 1 - tJ r"7- " C x: f r>c,— 51 ^ than va BXf phat trien cue co* quan sinh due, chung toi thay rling nhcmg ca thi chuot cb tu ciing nhb, hai nhanh cue tu cung chi lipihel sql trlng, manh, hai hang vu a ngue va bung cbn an ducyi l5p long, am dao dong, kxch thucvc cc thi tu 136 mm den 169 nun» Su phat triln cua tu cung nhu vay cb... dpng t r e n 15 m"^ Trong 1 dp*t nghien cuu, bey duoc dgt t r o n g 4 derri l i e n t u c , d p t b l y vao l u e chieu t o i ve thu bay vao sang ngay hom s a u Hang ngay phai t h e y moi, gap nhung ngey t h b l t l e t xau (mue) phai dgt bey l e i d- Thu t h a p x a c c h u p t c h e t tjr n h i e n : Liang l u o l y t e cue cac phuoTig; quan ve cec cc ouan x i n g h i e p t r o n g t h a n h phc,... dieu kien ioncu the cue moi truc^ng T r ' £ quan giue cac iiaom tuoi knee nhau, dac biet la nnun£; nhom tuoi c . ''''Nghien ciru mot so d^c diem sinh thai hoc va y nghia dich t% hoc b^nh dich hach cue hai loal chuot cong Rattus norvegicus Berk, 1769 va chapt nha Rattus flavipectus MIINEL EDWARDS, . XA HOI THANH PHO HA NOI. Phan hai - KBT (JJA NGHIEN CUU. CiaironglV. DAC DIEM SINH HOC SINH SAN CUA CHUOT CONG Ctxuromg V. DAC DIEM SINH HOC SINH SAN CUA CHUOT NHA. ChiKrag . so dgc diem sinh thai hoc ve dich te hpc chupt cong va chuot nha. Nghien cixu cue chung toi vol muc dich bb sung cac tu lieu ve sinh thai hpc ve dich te hoc benh dich hach cho hai loei chuot