iii ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on the use of grammatical metaphor in Barack Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech To fulfill this aim, the concept of “grammatical metaphor” is examined The thesis starts by explaining the notion of “metaphor” in general and distinguishes lexical metaphor from grammatical metaphor in particular Then, a study on grammatical metaphors in Barack Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance speech is implemented based on the theoretical background of Halliday (1994) and Halliday & Matthiessen (1999) This is a descriptive research with both quantitative and qualitative techniques in data analysis Two types of grammatical metaphors are ideational and interpersonal metaphors are densely used from the text In ideational metaphor type, Barack Obama mainly used type (quality → thing), (process → thing), (process → quality), (circumstance → quality), 13 (thing → various) with high frequency In interpersonal metaphor type, metaphor of mood and metaphor of modality are explained and illustrated to highlight the attitude and emotion of the speaker iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………… ….i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………… …………….ii TABLE OF FIGURES…………………………………… …………….……………….iii CHAPTER : INTRODUCTION…………………… …………….……………………1 1.1 Rationale………………………………………………………………………… ………1 1.2 Aims of the study………………………………………………………………………….2 1.3 Scope of the study………………………………………………….…….……………….2 1.4 Method of the study………………………………………………… ….……………….2 1.5 Format of the study ………………………………………….……………….………….2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………….….….4 2.1 Introduction……………………….…………………………………….……… 2.2 Metaphor…………………………………………………………………………4 2.3 Lexical metaphor: Traditional view “from below”………………………………5 2.4 Grammatical metaphor: New view “from above” ………………………………7 2.4.1 Metafunctions…………………………………………………… ……………….7 2.4.2 Definition of grammatical metaphor….……………………………………….11 2.4.3 Example……………………………………………………………………………12 2.4.4 Classification of grammatical metaphor………………………………………13 2.4.4.1 Logical metaphor…………………………………….………………….13 2.4.4.2 Experiential metaphor………………………………….………………16 2.4.4.3 Interpersonal metaphor……………………………….………….…….17 2.4.4.4 Textual metaphor ……………………………………………………….20 2.5 Lexical metaphor and grammatical metaphor………………… ………………20 v 2.6 Concluding remarks………………………………………………………….…21 CHAPTER 3: The use of grammatical metaphors in Barack Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech………………………………………………………………… 22 3.1 Questions ………………………………………………………………………22 3.2 Metaphorical modes of expression in Barack Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech………………………………………………………………….22 3.2.1 Ideational metaphors…………………………………………………… 22 3.2.2 Interpersonal metaphors …………………………………………………30 3.2.2.1 Metaphors of mood ………………………………….…………………30 3.2.2.2 Metaphors of modality …………………………………………….… 32 3.3 Summary…………………………………………………………………….….33 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION………………………………………………………… 35 4.1 Major findings……………………………………………………………….………….35 4.2 Implications for teachers…………………………………………….……….….…….36 4.3 Suggestions for further study……………………………………….…….………… 36 REFERENCES………………………………………………………….………… ……37 APPENDIX 1…………………………………………………………… ……………… I APPENDIX 2………………………………………….…………….…………… … XXII APPENDIX 3………………………………………………………… …………… XXVII vi TABLE OF FIGURES Table 1: Process types, their meanings and key participants (from Halliday 1994: 143)………………………………………………………… …9 Table 2: Giving or Demanding, Goods - & - Services or Information (from Halliday 1994: 69)……………………………………………… ………….……10 Table 3: Metafunctions and their reflexes in the grammar (from Halliday 1994: 36)……………………………………………………….…… …11 Table 4: Modality system (from Halliday 1994: 360) …………………………………20 Table 5: Typical and metaphorical realizations of speech functions in mood types………………………………………………………….…………………….…….21 Table 6: Types of grammatical metaphor (from Halliday & Matthiessen 1999: 247)……………………………… …… ….….26 Table 7: Types of ideational metaphors in Barack Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech………………………………………………………………… … 28 Table 8: Types of metaphors of mood in Barack Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech………………………………………………………………… ….33 Table 9: Types of metaphors of modality in Barack Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech……………………………………………………….…………… 34 Firgure 1: Direction of metaphorization (from Halliday & Matthiessen 1999: 264)………………………………… … ……….27 -1- CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Metaphor is a well-known phenomenon in language Thus, it has received attention in a myriad of disciplines, including philosophy, linguistics, literary theory, semiotics, stylistics, psychology, pedagogy and so on Halliday, the author of the famous work “An Introduction to Functional Grammar” is one of the linguists who spent long time to study on metaphor in general and grammatical metaphor in particular He recognized that lexical metaphor which traditional researches always mentioned is only one aspect of metaphor and there is a strong grammatical element in rhetorical transference which is called grammatical metaphor In addition, in this work, Halliday states that “metaphorical modes of expression are characteristic of all adult discourse” Therefore, I believe that all speeches can have included this phenomenon It is also the reason why I chose one famous speech of a famous President to examine grammatical metaphor used in it Moreover, now Barack Obama is an American President who is famous for not only his talent in political field but also in numerous persuasive speeches because the language he chooses always makes his speech powerful and convincing One of the strategies that we are easy to recognize in all his speeches is using not only lexical metaphors but also grammatical metaphors to make the discourse vivid and easy to understand for all classes of citizen In conclusion, I chose this topic because of my interest in metaphor in general and grammatical metaphor in particular; the appearance with high frequency of metaphor in adult speeches and the admiration to American President Barack Obama’s powerful and convincing speeches -2- 1.2 Aims of the study This study aims at examining the use of metaphorical modes of expression in Barack Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech from a systemic functional perspective Features of grammatical metaphor used in this speech will be analyzed following the approach of systemic functional linguistics to understand the roles of grammatical metaphors in developing and structuring this discourse 1.3 Scope of the study This study attempts to look at how Barack Obama uses grammatical metaphors in his Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech The analysis will follow Halliday’s work “An Introduction to Functional Grammar” as the framework and Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech will be taken as source of data for illustration 1.4 Method of the study Since the thesis sets its main objective of investigating the use of grammatical metaphor in Barack Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech, it is a descriptive research which reexamines the senses in which the grammatical metaphors are used The techniques involved in data analysis are both qualitative and quantitative 1.5 Format of the study The study is composed of four chapters Chapter 1: Introduction ─ presents the rationale, the aims, the scope, the methodology and the format of the study Chapter 2: Literature Review ─ provides the theoretical background of the study It examines aspects of metaphor and focuses on the nature of grammatical metaphor Chapter 3: The Study ─ is the main part of the study which investigates the use of grammatical metaphor in Barack Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech -3- Chapter 4: Conclusion ─ summarizes the main contents of the study and offers implications for teachers and makes suggestions for further studies -4- CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Language is a systematic resource for expressing meaning in context and linguistics is the study of how people exchange meanings through the use of language Metaphor is one of the most interesting phenomena in this language system and users who want to find the meaning of metaphors must put them in the context to understand the real meanings expressed Metaphor is not a new topic, however, when dealing with this term, most of the learners will think about traditional view of metaphor which is called lexical metaphor Many people not know that there exists the second form of metaphor that is grammatical metaphor, which is developed by Halliday (1994), Martin (1985, 1992), Thompson (1996), H.V.Van (1997)… etc The following sections will be restricted to a number of key points in the theory which are closely related to the topic of this thesis – grammatical metaphor Firstly, we will provide some definitions of “metaphor” with the example in general Secondly, a detailed description of lexical metaphor and grammatical metaphor will be made to see the nature of two kinds of metaphor Then, the relationship between lexical metaphor and grammatical metaphor is dealt with by Halliday’s viewpoint Thus, the following parts are organized around the headings: Metaphor; lexical metaphor: traditional view “from below”; grammatical metaphor: new view “from above”; lexical metaphor and grammatical metaphor 2.2 Metaphor Metaphor is a well-known phenomenon in language It catches attention and interest of many stylisticians, linguists, cognitive poeticians and so on They are interested in the way of transferring mental constructs and mapping one mental representation onto another when reading texts Thus, they have consistently drawn attention to the system of conceptual transfer in both literary and in everyday discourse, and one important trope, through which this conceptual transfer is carried out, is metaphor “Metaphor” is derived from the Greek meta-, “beyond” and phora, which is derived from pherein, “to carry” In its original, etymological sense, metaphors refer to a kind of movement from one thing to -5- another: one thing is carried beyond itself to something different The modern definitions of metaphor still keep its nature but they are developed more concrete and detailed We will mention to some of the definitions of metaphor as follows A simplified definition is that metaphor is a “mapping of the structure of a source model onto a target model” (Ungerer and Schmid 1999: 120) This definition has not yet been stated precisely what a domain is and how a source model is different from the target model Although Simpson (2004: 41) has a similar definition, his concept overcomes this shortcoming He states that “A metaphor is a process of mapping between two different conceptual domains The different domains are known as the target domain and the source domain The target domain is the topic or concept that you want to describe through the metaphor while the source domain refers to the concept that you draw upon in order to create the metaphorical construction” Without dealing with source domain and target domain, Halliday (1994: 340) provides an understandable and simple concept of metaphor as “a word is used for something resembling that which it usually refers to” Consider the following examples: “A flood of protests poured in following the announcement” (1) “The government still hopes to stem the tide of inflation”(2) In these two examples, metaphors are “flood….poured in”, “stem the tide” They are transferred from concrete senses “a large quantity…came in”, “resist the force of” to abstract senses 2.3 Lexical metaphor: Traditional view “from below” The traditional approach to metaphor is to look at it “from below” as variation in the meaning of a given expression (Halliday 1994: 342) It means we look at metaphorical movement from a literal to a figurative meaning One particular word has its own literal meaning and it is used to express a new figurative meaning Because it is a lexeme (word) which lies at the basis of the metaphorical expression, thus, this expression can be called lexical metaphor Taverniers (2004) introduces the definition of lexical metaphor as “a -6- feature which belongs to the lexicon of a language: it refers to the possibility of lexemes to express new, metaphorical meanings” If analyzing the first example above with traditional view “from below”, literally, “flood” is “a moving mass of water” and metaphorically, “flood” is “a moving mass of felling or rhetoric” Because of myriad of different disciplines study on lexical metaphor, there exists numerous different types of lexical metaphor but there are five primary types which are dealt with most: allegorical, absolute, mixed, extended, and dead metaphors Allegory is a metaphor that employs an extended story illustrating the comparison between two things using symbols rather than explicit words An allegory in literature often presents the overt elements of a given story along with subtle, nuanced commentary for other events that the author wishes to show an equivalency with Absolute metaphor, compared with other types, cannot be obfuscated or reduced in any way An absolute metaphor presents a simple equivalency, such as light standing for knowledge or snow indicating purity Absolute metaphors can be symbolic or literal, and they differ from other types of metaphors in that they cannot be replaced by other metaphoric constructions Mixed metaphor is one of the most common types of metaphors, yet they may be difficult to understand A mixed metaphor is the blending of two contradictory elements that are completely inconsistent in type The symbolic meaning of the comparison is still conveyed Sometimes the mixed metaphor can be employed intentionally for effect For example, "There's no place like a home on the range" blends two well-known idioms Extended metaphor presents a complex comparison with multiple objects It compares a primary object with a symbolic object, then compares secondary objects connected to the primary with other elements of the symbolic object For example, Shakespear’s famous "All the world's a stage, And the men and women merely players" is an extended metaphor, in which the "world" and the "stage" act as the primary objects, while "we" and "players" represent the secondary objects Dead metaphor offers a comparison that is not symbolic in form, but to physical motion instead A dead metaphor is simply a comparison that goes unnoticed because the metaphor rests on a comparison that has simply become part of the language It often involves the use of an idiom For example, the sentence "the committee will hold a meeting" is a dead metaphor with respect to the word hold The committee XXVI 24 So let us agree that partriotism has no party Statement Imperative Imperative realizes statement XXVII APPENDIX 3: Metaphors of Modality in Barack Obama’s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech Type: Modalization (Probability, Usuality), Modulation (Obligation, Inclination) Orientation: Subjective, Objective, Explicit, Implicit Value: High, Median, Low Polarity: Positive, Negative (Direct, Transferred) Text Metaphor of Modality Type 1.….their son could achieve whatever Probability Usuality Probability afford to drive, 4…credit card bills, you can't afford Polarity Low Positive Subjective, High Positive High Negative, Implicit set this country apart 3.…More of you have cars you can't Subjective, Value Implicit he put his mind to It is that promise that has always Orientation Subjective, Implicit Probability to pay, and tuition that's beyond your Subjective, Transferred High Implicit Negative, Transferred reach 5.…Dick Cheney will ask this country Inclination Subjective, for a third Implicit 6…we must stand up and say: "Eight Obligation is enough." 7…we'll also hear about those Positive High Positive Median Positive Low Positive Implicit Inclination occasions 8…he can deliver the change that we Subjective, Median Subjective, Implicit Probability Subjective, XXVIII need 9….when you think George Bush has Implicit Probability been right more than ninety percent of Subjective, High Positive Median Positive Low Negative High Negative, Explicit the time 10 The truth is, on issue after issue Probability that would make a difference in your Subjective, Implicit lives 11 I don't believe that Senator Probability McCain doesn't care what's going on Subjective, Explicit in the lives of Americans 12 I just think he doesn't know Probability Subjective, Explicit 13 Why else would he define middle- Probability Subjective, class as someone making under five Direct Median Positive Implicit Low Positive Low Positive Median Positive Low Positive million dollars a year? 14 How else could he propose Probability hundreds of billions in tax breaks for Subjective, Implicit big corporations and oil companies but not one penny of tax relief to more than one hundred million Americans? 15 How else could he offer a health Probability care plan that would actually tax Subjective, Implicit people's benefits, or an education plan that would nothing to help families pay for college, or a plan that would privatize Social Security and gamble your retirement? 16 The market will fix it Obligation Subjective, Implicit 17…you can put a little extra money away at the end of each month Probability Subjective, Implicit XXIX 18…you can someday watch your Probability child receive her college diploma 19…someone with a good idea can Low Positive Low Positive Low Positive Low Positive Low Positive Low Positive High Positive Low Negative, Implicit Inclination take a risk and start a new business 20…whether the waitress who lives Subjective, Subjective, Implicit Probability on tips can take a day off to look after Subjective, Implicit a sick kid without losing her job 21 I think about my mom, who raised Probability Subjective, Implicit my sister and me on her own while she worked and earned her degree; who once turned to food stamps but was still able to send us to the best schools in the country with the help of student loans and scholarships 22 I could have a better life Probability Subjective, Implicit 23 And although she can no longer Probability travel 24 I know that she's watching Subjective, Implicit Probability Subjective, Explicit tonight, and that tonight is her night as well 25 I don't know what kind of lives Probability Subjective, Explicit John McCain thinks that celebrities Transferred lead, but this has been mine 26 It's a promise that says the market Obligation should reward drive and innovation Subjective, Median Positive Median Positive Implicit and generate growth 27…but that businesses should live Obligation Subjective, XXX up to their responsibilities to create Implicit American jobs… 28 Ours is a promise that says Probability government cannot solve all our Subjective, High Implicit Negative, Direct problems 29…but what it should is… Obligation Subjective, Median Positive High Negative, Implicit 30…we cannot for ourselves Probability Subjective, Implicit 31 Our government should work for Obligation us, not against us 32 It should help us, not hurt us Subjective, Direct Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Implicit Obligation Subjective, Implicit 33 It should ensure opportunity not Obligation just for those with the most money Subjective, Implicit and influence, but for every American who's willing to work 34 So let me spell out exactly what Probability that change would mean if I am Subjective, Implicit President 35 I will stop giving tax breaks to Inclination corporations that ship jobs overseas 36 I will start giving them to Subjective, Implicit Inclination Subjective, Implicit companies that create good jobs right here in America 37 I will eliminate capital gains taxes Inclination for the small businesses 38…that will create the high-wage, high-tech jobs of tomorrow Subjective, Implicit Probability Subjective, Implicit XXXI 39 I will cut taxes Inclination Subjective, Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive High Negative, Implicit 40…the last thing we should is Obligation Implicit raise taxes on the middle-class 41 I will set a clear goal as President: Inclination in ten years 42 we will finally end our Subjective, Subjective, Implicit Inclination dependence on oil from the Middle Subjective, Implicit East 43 I will tap our natural gas reserves Inclination Subjective, Implicit 44 I'll help our auto companies re- Inclination Subjective, tool Implicit 45 I'll make it easier for the American Inclination Subjective, people to afford these new cars Implicit 46 I'll invest 150 billion dollars over Inclination the next decade in affordable, Subjective, Implicit renewable sources of energy - wind power and solar power and the next generation of biofuels 47…an investment that will lead to Inclination Implicit new industries 48….and five million new jobs that Subjective, Probability Subjective, Implicit pay well and can't ever be Transferred outsourced 49…because it will take nothing less Probability Subjective, Implicit Median Positive XXXII to compete in the global economy 50 And I will not settle for an Inclination Subjective, Median Implicit America where some kids don't have Negative, Direct that chance 51 I'll invest in early childhood Inclination 53 I'll ask for higher standards and Inclination Inclination 56…you can afford a college Inclination Inclination the same kind of coverage that members of Congress give themselves Positive Subjective, Median Positive Subjective, Median Positive Subjective, Median Positive Low Positive Median Positive Median Positive Implicit Probability Subjective, Implicit Inclination Subjective, Implicit premiums 58 If you don't, you'll be able to get Median Implicit education 57…my plan will lower your Subjective, Implicit every young American 55 we will make sure … Positive Implicit more accountability 54…we will keep our promise to Median Implicit education 52 I'll recruit an army of new teachers Subjective, Probability Subjective, Implicit XXXIII 59 I will make certain those Inclination Subjective, Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive High Negative, Implicit companies stop discriminating against those who are sick and need care the most 60…because nobody in America Obligation Subjective, Implicit should have to choose between keeping their jobs and caring for a sick child or ailing parent 61…many of these plans will cost Probability Implicit money 62…why I've laid out how I'll pay for Inclination Inclination Subjective, Implicit federal budget 64…we cannot meet twenty-first Subjective, Implicit every dime 63 But I will also go through the Subjective, Probability Subjective, Implicit century challenges with a twentieth Direct century bureaucracy 65…we must also admit that … 66…fulfilling America's promise will Obligation High Positive Median Positive Median Positive Implicit Probability Subjective, Implicit require more than just money 67 It will require a renewed sense of Subjective, Probability Subjective, Implicit XXXIV responsibility from each of us to recover what John F Kennedy called our "intellectual and moral strength." 68…government must lead on energy Obligation High Positive High Positive High Positive High Positive High Negative, Implicit independence 69…but each of us must our part Subjective, Obligation Subjective, Implicit to make our homes and businesses more efficient 70…we must provide more ladders to Obligation Implicit success for young men 71…we must also admit that Obligation Subjective, Implicit programs alone can't replace parents 72…that government can't turn off Subjective, Obligation Subjective, Implicit the television and make a child her Transferred homework 73…fathers must take more Obligation Subjective, High Positive High Positive Implicit responsibility for providing the love and guidance their children need 74 And just as we keep our keep our promise to the next generation here at home, so must we keep America's promise abroad Obligation Subjective, Implicit XXXV 75…it would distract us from the real Probability Median Positive High Positive Median Positive Median Negative, Implicit threats we face 76….and made clear that we must Subjective, Obligation Subjective, Implicit take out Osama bin Laden and his lieutenants 77…he'll follow bin Laden to the Inclination Implicit Gates of Hell 78…but he won't even go to the cave Inclination 80 You can't truly stand up for Subjective, Implicit where he lives 79 That won't keep America safe Subjective, Probability Subjective, Transferred Median Implicit Probability Subjective, Transferred High Implicit Georgia when you've strained our Negative, Negative, Transferred oldest alliances 81 Democrats won't defend this Inclination 83 I will never hesitate to defend this Inclination Subjective, Inclination Subjective, Negative, Transferred Median Implicit Negative, Transferred Median Positive Low Positive Implicit nation 84 I will never hesitate to defend this Median Implicit country 82 Democrats won't keep us safe Subjective, Usuality Subjective, Implicit XXXVI nation 85 I will only send our troops into Inclination Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Low Positive Median Positive Median Positive Median Positive Implicit harm's way with a clear mission 86 I will end this war in Iraq Subjective, Inclination Subjective, Implicit responsibly, and finish the fight against al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan 87 I will rebuild our military to meet Inclination Implicit future conflicts 88 But I will also renew the tough, Inclination Subjective, Implicit direct diplomacy 89 But I will also renew the tough, Subjective, Probability Subjective, Implicit direct diplomacy that can prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons and curb Russian aggression 90 I will build new partnerships to Inclination Subjective, Implicit defeat the threats of the 21st century… 91 I will restore our moral standing 92 These are the policies I will pursue Inclination Subjective, Implicit Inclination Subjective, Implicit XXXVII 93 But what I will not is suggest Inclination Subjective, Median Implicit that the Senator takes his positions for Negative, Direct political purposes 94…people cannot disagree without Probability Subjective, High Implicit challenging each other's character and Negative, Direct patriotism 95 America, our work will not be Probability Obligation Subjective, Negative, Direct High Positive Median Positive High Negative, Implicit tough choices 97…and Democrats as well as Median Implicit easy 96 The challenges we face require Subjective, Probability Subjective, Implicit Republicans will need to cast off the worn-out ideas and politics of the past 98 For part of what has been lost Obligation Subjective, Implicit these past eight years can't just be Transferred measured by lost wages or bigger trade deficits 99 We may not agree on abortion 100…but surely we can agree on reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies in this country Probability Subjective, High Implicit Probability Subjective, Implicit Negative, Direct Low Positive XXXVIII 101 The reality of gun ownership Probability Subjective, Low Positive High Negative, Implicit may be different for hunters in rural Ohio than for those plagued by gangviolence in Cleveland 102…we can't uphold the Second Probability Subjective, Implicit Amendment while keeping AK-47s Transferred out of the hands of criminals 103 I know there are differences on Probability High Positive Low Positive Low Negative, Explicit same-sex marriage 104…we can agree that our gay and Subjective, Probability Subjective, Implicit lesbian brothers and sisters deserve to visit the person they love in the hospital 105 I don't know anyone who Probability Subjective, Explicit benefits when a mother is separated Transferred from her infant child or an employer undercuts American wages by hiring illegal workers 106….we can find the strength and Probability Subjective, Low Positive High Positive Implicit grace to bridge divides and unite in common effort 107 I know there are those who dismiss such beliefs as happy talk Probability Subjective, Explicit XXXIX 108 They claim that our insistence Obligation Subjective, High Positive Median Positive High Positive Low Positive High Positive Median Positive Median Positive Explicit on something larger, something firmer and more honest in our public life is just a Trojan Horse for higher taxes and the abandonment of traditional values 109 If you don't have a record to run Obligation Subjective, Implicit on, then you paint your opponent as someone people should run from 110 And you know what - it's Probability Explicit worked before 111…the greatest risk we can take is Subjective, Probability Subjective, Implicit to try the same old politics with the same old players and expect a different result 112 I believe that as hard as it will Probability Explicit be, the change we need is coming 113…they'd pick up a Democratic Probability would rather cut their hours back a day than see their friends lose their jobs, Subjective, Implicit ballot 114 I've seen it in the workers who Subjective, Probability Subjective, Implicit XL 115 The men and women who Probability Subjective, Low Positive Low Positive Low Positive High Positive High Positive High Negative, Implicit gathered there could've heard many things 116 They could've heard words of Probability Implicit anger and discord 117 They could've been told to Subjective, Probability Subjective, Implicit succumb to the fear and frustration of so many dreams deferred 118.…we must make the pledge 119…we must make the pledge that Obligation Implicit Obligation 121 We cannot walk alone 122…we must pledge once more to march into the future Subjective, Implicit we shall always march ahead 120 We cannot turn back Subjective, Obligation Subjective, Implicit Obligation Subjective, Direct High Implicit Obligation Subjective, Implicit Negative, Direct High Positive ... ideational metaphors in Barack Obama? ??s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech? ??……………………………………………………………… … 28 Table 8: Types of metaphors of mood in Barack Obama? ??s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech? ??………………………………………………………………... to describe the nature of grammatical metaphor in general and examining the use of grammatical metaphor in Barack Obama? ??s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech in particular Much of our effort... Major findings This thesis aims at examining the use of grammatical metaphor in Barack Obama? ??s Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech After studying, we recognized that both ideational and interpersonal