VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULITY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES    NGUYỄN THỊ MAI HỮU TURN-TAKING STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CONVERSATIONS (Chiến lược lượt lời hội thoại thông thường Tiếng Anh Tiếng Việt) M.A Combined Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 602215 Hanoi – 2010 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULITY OF POST- GRADUATE STUDIES    NGUYỄN THỊ MAI HỮU TURN-TAKING STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CONVERSATIONS (Chiến lược lượt lời hội thoại thông thường Tiếng Anh Tiếng Việt) M.A Combined Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 602215 Supervisor: PROF DR NGUYỄN HÒA Hanoi – 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ………………… …………………………………………………… i Abstract …………… ………………………………………………………… iv Acknowledgements …………………………………… …………………………… .v List of Tables …………………………………………… …………………………… vi List of Figures …………………………… ………………………………………… vii Transcription Conventions …………………………………….……………………….viii Chapter 1: Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 1.1 Rationale ……………………………………………………………………… 1.2 Objectives and significance of the study …………………………………… 1.3 Scope of the study …………………………………………………………… 1.4 Organization of the study …………………………………………………… Chapter 2: Literature Review ………………………………………………………… 2.1 Conversation Analysis ………………………………………………………… 2.2 The Organization of Turn-taking ………………………………………………7 2.2.1 Definitions of Turn ……………………………………………… 2.2.2 Turn-taking Organization ………………………………………….8 2.3 Turn-taking strategies in English conversations …………………………… 10 2.3.1 Verbal turn-taking strategies …………………………………… 11 2.3.1.1 Adjacency pairs ……………………………………… .11 2.3.1.2 Name nomination ……………………………………… 12 2.3.1.3 Recompleters ……………………………………… 12 2.3.1.4 Appositionals ……………………………………… 13 2.3.1.5 Syntactic cues ……………………………………… 13 2.3.1.6 Overlaps and interruptions ……………………………… 13 2.3.2 Non-verbal turn-taking strategies ……………………………… 14 2.3.2.1 Paralanguage ……………………………………… 15 2.3.2.2 Extralanguage ……………………………………… 17 2.4 Turn-taking strategies in Vietnamese conversations ………………………….20 2.4.1 Verbal turn-taking strategies …………………………………… 20 2.4.2 Non-verbal turn-taking strategies …………………………………21 Chapter 3: Methodology ……………………………………………………………… 22 3.1 Research questions ……………………………………… 22 3.2 Research methods ……………………………………… 22 3.3 Data collection procedure ……………………………………… 26 3.4 Data transcription ……………………………………… 27 3.5 Data analysis ……………………………………… 28 Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion ……………………………………… 30 4.1 Analysis of the participants and the settings of the recorded conversations .30 4.1.1 Participants ……………………………………… 30 4.1.2 Settings ……………………………………… 33 4.2 Turn-taking strategies in Vietnamese casual conversations ………………… 34 4.2.1 Verbal turn-taking strategies ………………………………… .34 4.2.1.1 Adjacency pairs ……………………………………… .35 4.2.1.2 Name nomination ……………………………………… 36 4.2.1.3 Recompleters ……………………………………… 37 4.2.1.4 Appositionals ……………………………………… 38 4.2.1.5 Syntactic cues ……………………………………… 38 4.2.1.6 Overlaps ……………………………………… 39 4.2.2 Non-verbal turn-taking strategies ………………………………42 4.2.2.1 Paralanguage ……………………………………… 42 4.2.2.2 Extralanguage ……………………………………… 56 4.3 Similarities and differences between turn-taking strategies used in English casual conversations and those used in Vietnamese casual conversations … 60 4.3.1 Similarities ……………………………………… 60 4.3.2 Differences ……………………………………… 62 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Implications ……….………………………………… 65 5.1 Summary ……………………………………… 65 5.1.1 Turn-taking strategies in English conversations …………….…………65 5.1.2 Turn-taking strategies in Vietnamese conversations …………… …….66 5.1.3 Similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese turn-taking strategies …………………………………………………………………… 68 5.2 Implications ……………………………………………………………… 69 5.3 Limitationa and suggestions for further studies ……………………………………71 References ……………………………………………………………… .73 ABSTRACT Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson (1974) stated that “the organization of taking turns to talk is fundamental to conversation, as well as to other speech-exchange systems.” Since these scholars developed a systematic mechanism of turn-taking in English conversations in 1974, much research has been conducted on the field and turntaking has become a central issue in pragmatics and conversation analysis Under the scope of conversation analysis, this M.A thesis is conducted to discuss the turntaking mechanism in general and the turn-taking strategies in particular in casual Vietnamese conversations Video ethnography and stimulated recall were applied to collect data for analysis, with which a system of turn-taking signals in Vietnamese conversations was developed The system included both verbal and non-verbal signals, namely adjacency pairs, name nomination, appositionals, recompleters, overlaps, syntactic cues, prosodies, pause, gaze directions, head movement, kinesics, and postures These strategies were, then, compared and contrasted to those applied by the English speakers to detect any patterns that stand out On the whole, many strategies applied in the two languages are identical; whilst differences were spotted in the use of prosodies, pause between turns, lexicons, and overlap in the two languages Specifically, the Vietnamese speakers rely on lexicons more often than the English speakers to identify transition relevant places and to request a turn Besides, the Vietnamese speakers, who tend to favor sound volume or loudness rather than pitch variation to keep, to acquire, or to surrender a turn, seem to overlap in a higher frequency than the English speakers Also, as compared to the English, the Vietnamese speakers have the propensity to tolerate silence of longer duration between turns With such findings, implications for teaching English in Vietnam are discussed to wind up the thesis LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Distribution of genders in ten conversations Table 2: Results of t-test run on the independent samples of turn-taking strategies applied by gender and intimacy Table 3: Distribution of adjacency pairs in the conversations Table 4: Overlaps by gender and intimacy Table 5: Distribution of turns with turn-taking signals in terms of intensity, pitch, tempo, and duration among participants Table 6: Intra-turn spaces and inter-turn spaces LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Sample picture of one recorded conversation Figure 2: Measurements of intensity, duration, tempo, and pitch with Nuendo 3.0 Figure 3: Measurement of intensity with Nuendo 3.0 Figure 4: Sound of low intensity as turn-end signal Figure 5: High intensity as turn-acquiring signal Figure 6: High intensity as turn holding signal Figure 7: Measurement of pitch with Nuendo 3.0 Figure 8: Rising contour as turn-beginning signal and Falling contour as turn-end signal Figure 9: High tempo as turn-end signal Figure 10: Adobe Audition 1.5 – Time Length Measurement Figure 11: Hand raise to self-select a turn Figure 12: Gesturing to select a next speaker TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS [ Indicates the points of overlap onset ] Indicates the point of overlap termination = a) turn continues bellow, at the next identical symbol b) if inserted at the end of one speaker’s turn and at the beginning of the next speaker’s turn, it indicates that there is no gap at all between the two turns (2) An interval between utterances (two seconds in this case) - A single dash indicates an abrupt cut-off CAPITALS Especially loud sounds relative to surrounding talk Ah::: Indicates lengthening the preceding sound ○ ○ Utterances between degree signs are noticeably quieter than surrounding talk I… “ .” indicates uncompleted utterance ↑ Indicate marked shifts into higher or lower pitch in the utterance ↓ following the arrow Turn taking Indicates utterances of higher tempo than surrounding talk Turn taking Indicates utterances of lower tempo than surrounding talk ☺ Smiley voice X _G1 The gaze of the speaker is marked above an utterance and that of the addressee below it An unbroken line ( _) indicates that the party marked is gazing towards the other (girl in this case); absence indicates lack of gaze Dots ( .) mark the transition from nongaze to gaze and the point where the gaze reaches the other is marked by X Commas (, , ,) indicates the moment when gaze is shifted ((raise hand)) Non-verbal actions or editor’s comments (hhh) Laughter tokens (unintelligible) Indicates a stretch of talk that is unintelligible to the analyst (comment) Single parentheses indicate unclear or probable item 10 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the following parts are presented: - Rationale – reasons for choosing the research topic - Objectives and significance of the study - Scope of the study, and - Organization of the study 1.1 RATIONALE In a recent study about turn-taking (2009:10587), Tanya Stivers, Steven Levinson, Makoto Hayashi and other linguists stated that ―informal conversation is where language is learned and where most of the business of social life is conducted A fundamental part of the infrastructure for conversation is turn-taking, or the apportioning of who is to speak next and when.‖ Actually, much research has been conducted to study the organization of turn-taking in English; however, little has been done about that in the Vietnamese language Also, I have queried a lot whether there is a universal set of rules governing the turn-taking system across cultures or that set varies culture to culture With that thinking in mind, I came up to carry out this research, which is about the turn-taking strategies in Vietnamese casual conversations and comparing those to turn-taking strategies applied in English conversations More significantly, in the main course of doing the research, it became more practical when I looked at it from different perspectives From a language teacher‘s point of view, one of the most important purposes of learning English is the communicative purpose English learners have so far been familiar to meaning, language in use, and so on, but not many of them realize that there are still other matters that may help them master conversations when they are actually involved in One ii t=-0.267 sdev= 0.312 degrees of freedom = 46 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.790 Group A: Number of items= 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 Mean = 8.333E-02 95% confidence interval for Mean: -9.7851E-02 thru 0.2645 Standard Deviation = 0.289 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 8.333E-02 Group B: Number of items= 36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.111 95% confidence interval for Mean: 6.5043E-03 thru 0.2157 Standard Deviation = 0.319 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.111 Student's t-Test: Results The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 03:05 on 11-OCT-2010 t=-0.561 sdev= 1.34 degrees of freedom = 46 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.578 Group A: Number of items= 12 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 7.00 iii Mean = 3.75 95% confidence interval for Mean: 2.973 thru 4.527 Standard Deviation = 1.14 Hi = 7.00 Low = 3.00 Median = 3.50 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.750 Group B: Number of items= 36 0.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 8.00 Mean = 4.00 95% confidence interval for Mean: 3.551 thru 4.449 Standard Deviation = 1.39 Hi = 8.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 4.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.778 Student's t-Test: Results The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 20:13 on 12-OCT-2010 t= -1.19 sdev= 1.82 degrees of freedom = 46 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.240 Group A: Number of items= 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 Mean = 1.58 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.5251 thru 2.642 Standard Deviation = 1.51 Hi = 4.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 1.50 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 1.25 iv Group B: Number of items= 36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 Mean = 2.31 95% confidence interval for Mean: 1.695 thru 2.917 Standard Deviation = 1.91 Hi = 6.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 2.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 1.64 Student's t-Test: Results The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 22:47 on 13-OCT-2010 t= -1.72 sdev= 2.38 degrees of freedom = 46 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.093 Group A: Number of items= 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Mean = 2.92 95% confidence interval for Mean: 1.535 thru 4.299 Standard Deviation = 2.02 Hi = 5.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 3.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 1.58 Group B: Number of items= 36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 10.0 Mean = 4.28 95% confidence interval for Mean: 3.480 thru 5.076 v Standard Deviation = 2.48 Hi = 10.0 Low = 0.00 Median = 4.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 2.00 Student's t-Test: Results The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 23:09 on 13-OCT-2010 t= 5.56 sdev= 0.428 degrees of freedom =738 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is less than 0001The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is less than 0001 Group A: Number of items= 567 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 vi 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.304 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.2686 thru 0.3392 Standard Deviation = 0.460 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.304 Group B: Number of items= 175 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 vii 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 9.770E-02 95% confidence interval for Mean: 3.4033E-02 thru 0.1614 Standard Deviation = 0.298 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 9.770E-02 Data Reference: 6226 Student's t-Test: Results The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 23:13 on 13-OCT-2010 t= 1.90 sdev= 0.435 degrees of freedom =740 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.057 Group A: Number of items= 567 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 viii 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.272 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.2357 thru 0.3075 Standard Deviation = 0.445 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.272 Group B: Number of items= 175 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ix 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.200 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.1354 thru 0.2646 Standard Deviation = 0.401 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.200 Data Reference: 631E Student's t-Test: Results The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 22:22 on 21-OCT-2010 t= 5.64 sdev= 0.437 degrees of freedom = 97 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is less than 0001The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is less than 0001 Group A: Number of items= 32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.812 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.6593 thru 0.9657 Standard Deviation = 0.397 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 1.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.188 x Group B: Number of items= 67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.284 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.1777 thru 0.3894 Standard Deviation = 0.454 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.284 Data Reference: 7C1E Student's t-Test: Results The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 20:19 on 7-NOV-2010 t= -8.31 sdev= 0.241 degrees of freedom = 46 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.000 Group A: Number of items= 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.333 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.1934 thru 0.4732 Standard Deviation = 0.492 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.333 Group B: Number of items= 36 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 xi Mean = 1.00 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.9192 thru 1.081 Standard Deviation = 0.00 Hi = 1.00 Low = 1.00 Median = 1.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.00 Student's t-Test: Results 10 The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 20:22 on 7-NOV-2010 t= -1.14 sdev= 1.61 degrees of freedom = 46 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.259 Group A: Number of items= 12 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 Mean = 1.50 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.5671 thru 2.433 Standard Deviation = 1.00 Hi = 3.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 1.50 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.833 Group B: Number of items= 36 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 Mean = 2.11 95% confidence interval for Mean: 1.573 thru 2.650 Standard Deviation = 1.75 Hi = 7.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 1.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 1.17 xii Student's t-Test: Results 11 The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 20:24 on 7-NOV-2010 t= 0.163 sdev= 0.510 degrees of freedom = 46 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.871 Group A: Number of items= 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.500 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.2036 thru 0.7964 Standard Deviation = 0.522 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.500 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.500 Group B: Number of items= 36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.472 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.3011 thru 0.6434 Standard Deviation = 0.506 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.472 Student's t-Test: Results 12 The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 20:26 on 7-NOV-2010 t=-0.337 sdev= 0.494 degrees of freedom = 46 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.737 xiii Group A: Number of items= 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.333 95% confidence interval for Mean: 4.6323E-02 thru 0.6203 Standard Deviation = 0.492 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.333 Group B: Number of items= 36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.389 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.2232 thru 0.5546 Standard Deviation = 0.494 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.389 Student's t-Test: Results 13 The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 20:28 on 7-NOV-2010 t=-0.402 sdev= 0.414 degrees of freedom = 46 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.689 Group A: Number of items= 12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.167 95% confidence interval for Mean: -7.3973E-02 thru 0.4073 Standard Deviation = 0.389 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 xiv Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.167 Group B: Number of items= 36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mean = 0.222 95% confidence interval for Mean: 8.3289E-02 thru 0.3612 Standard Deviation = 0.422 Hi = 1.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 0.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.222 Student's t-Test: Results 14 The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 20:31 on 7-NOV-2010 t=-0.507 sdev= 1.48 degrees of freedom = 46 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.615 Group A: Number of items= 12 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 Mean = 2.00 95% confidence interval for Mean: 1.140 thru 2.860 Standard Deviation = 1.41 Hi = 4.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 2.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 1.17 Group B: Number of items= 36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 xv Mean = 2.25 95% confidence interval for Mean: 1.753 thru 2.747 Standard Deviation = 1.50 Hi = 4.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 3.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 1.31 Student's t-Test: Results 15 The results of an unpaired t-test performed at 20:33 on 7-NOV-2010 t=-0.822 sdev= 1.01 degrees of freedom = 46 The probability of this result, assuming the null hypothesis, is 0.415 Group A: Number of items= 12 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 4.00 Mean = 1.33 95% confidence interval for Mean: 0.7446 thru 1.922 Standard Deviation = 1.07 Hi = 4.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 1.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.500 Group B: Number of items= 36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Mean = 1.61 95% confidence interval for Mean: 1.271 thru 1.951 Standard Deviation = 0.994 Hi = 3.00 Low = 0.00 Median = 2.00 Average Absolute Deviation from Median = 0.833 Thank you for evaluating AnyBizSoft PDF Merger! To remove this page, please register your program! Go to Purchase Now>> AnyBizSoft PDF Merger  Merge multiple PDF files into one  Select page range of PDF to merge  Select specific page(s) to merge  Extract page(s) from different PDF files and merge into one ... thinking in mind, I came up to carry out this research, which is about the turn-taking strategies in Vietnamese casual conversations and comparing those to turn-taking strategies applied in English. .. Within the scope of this study, the turn-taking techniques studied are those used in casual (ordinary and informal) English and Vietnamese conversations 2.3 Turn-taking strategies in English conversations. .. to investigate: - Turn-taking strategies used in Vietnamese casual conversations by native Vietnamese speakers - The similarities and differences of turn-taking strategies used in English and Vietnamese