DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE Ngo Van Anh ASSESSMENT OF CADMIUM FLOWS RELATED TO DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES AND PROPOSAL OF RECOVERY SOLUTIONS MASTER THESIS Hanoi - 2011 DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE Ngo Van Anh ASSESSMENT OF CADMIUM FLOWS RELATED TO DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES AND PROPOSAL OF RECOVERY SOLUTIONS Major: Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR: ASSOC PROF DR NGUYEN THI HA Hanoi - 2011 ABSTRACTS This thesis analyses the flows of cadmium (Cd) concerning with domestic activities in communes (Co Loa, Tho Xuan and Duong Lieu), especially at Co Loa using MFA (Material flow analysis) or SFA (substance flow analysis) as a framework MFA/SFA allows all material/substance inflows, outflows, and stocks through each sub-compartment in communes to be examined The results of the thesis were visualized and presented in diagrams, including an aggregate diagram Existing data from a large variety of sources was utilised to complete all cadmium flows within each commune Cadmium sources are linked to activities of households, markets, agricultural production and on-site sanitation system A large content of cadmium found in daily domestic solid waste Phosphate fertilizers and animal manure have been identified as other significant inputs to agricultural soils Based on the findings, appropriate solutions for cadmium recovery were suggested ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My profound gratitude of course reserves for my parents and my relatives who always create good conditions for me to pursue my education Their expectation and support have sustained me during the whole period of my study I am most indebted to my supervisor Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Ha Thank you for your patience and for providing consistent direction, encouragement, and constructive guidance for my thesis I also would like to thank Prof Bernd Bilitewski, Prof Peter Werner, Assoc Prof Dr Bui Duy Cam, and Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Diem Trang for their significant role in organization and support this course Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my friends who spent their time helping me my thesis TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACTS .1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER – LITERATURE REVIEW 11 1.1 Overview of cadmium usage and environmental concerns 11 1.1.1 Sources and emissions 11 1.1.2 Fate, transport and transformation of cadmium in environment 16 1.1.3 Effect of cadmium on human health and environment 18 1.2 Overview of MFA 21 1.2.1 Terminology used in MFA .22 1.2.2 MFA procedure .24 1.2.3 Application of MFA 25 1.2.4 Some MFA case studies 27 CHAPTER – APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 38 2.1 Description of study area and scope 38 2.1.1 Co Loa commune 38 2.1.2 Tho Xuan commune 40 2.1.3 Duong Lieu commune .41 2.2 Methodology 42 2.2.1 System analysis .43 2.2.2 Data collection 43 2.2.3 Modelling approach 44 CHAPTER - RESULTS .46 3.1 Result of cadmium flows identification (qualitative analysis) 46 3.1.1 Co Loa commune 46 3.1.2 Tho Xuan commune 49 3.1.3 Duong Lieu commune .53 3.2 Result of Cd flows calculation (quantitative analysis) 57 3.2.1 Cd flows calculation concerning with the activities in households 57 3.2.2 Cd flows calculation concerning with the activities in markets .61 3.2.3 Cd flows calculation concerning with industry 64 3.2.4 Cd flows calculation concerning with farmland .65 3.2.5 Cd flows calculation concerning with livestock .68 3.2.6 Cd flows calculation concerning with aquaculture 70 3.2.7 Cd flows calculation concerning with S&D 72 3.2.8 Cd flows calculation concerning with on-site sanitation 75 3.2.9 Cd flows calculation concerning with biogas 79 3.2.10 Cd flows calculation concerning with intermediate waste storage .80 3.2.11 Quantitative diagram .81 3.3 Proposal of Cd recovery solutions 82 3.3.1 Solutions to recover Cd in solid waste 82 3.3.2 Solutions to recover Cd in liquid waste 85 CONCLUSIONS .88 REFERENCES 90 ANNEXES 95 LIST OF TABLES Table Range in BRCs of Cd for fine-grained marine sediments, seawater and blue mussel within the OSPAR area 12 Table Cadmium and its compounds emissions to air, land and water 15 Table Main physico-chemical properties and registration numbers of Cd 16 Table Cadmium intake for members of the public (1994) 19 Table Amount of phosphate ore was mined in some countries during 2005 32 Table Cultivation productivity in Co Loa in 2009 39 Table Breeding productivity in Co Loa in 2009 39 Table Cadmium flows from domestic activities in Co Loa commune 46 Table Cadmium flows from domestic activities in Tho Xuan commune 50 Table 10 Cadmium flows from domestic activities in Duong Lieu commune 54 Table 11 Variables in HH activity 57 Table 12 Values for calculation of Cd flows in HH activity 59 Table 13 Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with activities in HH 61 Table 14 Variables in markets activity 62 Table 15 Values for calculation of Cd in markets activity 62 Table 16 Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with activities in markets 63 Table 17 Variables in industry activity 64 Table 18 Values for calculation of Cd flows in industry activity 64 Table 19 Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with industry 65 Table 20 Variables in farmland activity 66 Table 21 Values for calculation of Cd flows in farmland activity 66 Table 22 Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with farmland 67 Table 23 Variable in livestock activity 68 Table 24 Values for calculation of Cd flows in livestock activity 69 Table 25 Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with livestock 70 Table 26 Variables in aquaculture activity 71 Table 27 Values for calculation of Cd flows in aquaculture activity 71 Table 28 Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with aquaculture 71 Table 29 Variables in S&D activity 72 Table 30 Values for calculation of Cd flows in S&D 73 Table 31 Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with S&D 75 Table 32 Variables in septic tank system 76 Table 33 Values for calculation of Cd flows in septic tank system 76 Table 34 Variables in double vaults toilet system 77 Table 35 Values for calculation of Cd flows in double vaults toilet system 77 Table 36 Variables in on-site sanitation activity 78 Table 37 Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with on-site sanitation 78 Table 38 Variables in biogas activity 79 Table 39 Values for calculation of Cd flows in biogas activity 79 Table 40 Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with biogas 80 Table 41 Variables in intermediate waste storage activity 80 Table 42 Values for calculation of Cd flows in intermediate waste storage activity 80 Table 43 Summary for Cd flows calculation concerning with intermediate waste storage 81 LIST OF FIGURES Fig Graphical representation of an MFA system 24 Fig MFA procedure 25 Fig Co Loa commune 38 Fig Tho Xuan commune 40 Fig Duong Lieu commune 41 Fig Protocol for substance flow analysis 42 Fig System analysis of domestic activities in Co Loa 49 Fig System analysis of domestic activities in Tho Xuan 53 Fig System analysis of domestic activities in Duong Lieu 56 Fig 10 Input and output flows concerning with household activity 57 Fig 11 Input and output flows concerning with markets activity 61 Fig 12 Input and output flows concerning with industry activity 64 Fig 13 Input and output flows concerning with farmland activity 65 Fig 14 Input and output flows concerning with livestock activity 68 Fig 15 Input and output flows concerning with aquaculture activity 70 Fig 16 Input and output flows concerning with S&D activity 72 Fig 17 Input and output flows concerning with on-site sanitation activity 75 Fig 18 Input and output flows concerning with septic tank system 76 Fig 19 Input and output flows concerning with double vaults toilet system 77 Fig 20 Input and output flows concerning with biogas activity 79 Fig 21 Input and output flows concerning with intermediate waste storage activity80 Fig 22 Quantitative diagram for Cd flows in Co Loa commune 82 ABBREVIATIONS ELM Emulsion liquid membranes EW Electro winning FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GESAMP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of marine Pollution GW Groundwater HH Households IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer kt Kilotons MFA Material flow analysis OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PVC Polyvinyl chloride SFA Substance flow analysis S&D Sewer and drainage system SX Solvent extraction The OSPAR Convention The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic US EPA United State Environmental Protection Agency WC Water closet WHO World Health Organization Analysts Limited, Farthing Green House, Beccles Road, Loddon, Norfolk, NR14 6LT Co Loa commune people’s committee (2009), Annual report of commune 10 Duong Lieu commune people’s committee (2010), Annual report of commune 11 European Commission DG ENV E3 (2002), Heavy metals in waste 12 GESAMP (1984), Report of the 14th Session, Vienna 13 Håkan Jönsson, Andras Baky, Ulf Jeppsson, Daniel Hellström and Erik Kärrman (2005), Composition of urine, faeces, greywater and biowaste for utilisation in the URWARE model, Chalmers university of technology, Gothenburg, Sweden 14 Hanoi CERWASS (2004), Survey on Rural Environmental Sanitation Centre for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (CERWASS), Hanoi, Vietnam 15 Jan Alexander, Diane Benford, Andrew Cockburn, Jean-Pierre Cravedi, Eugenia Dogliotti, Alessandro Di Domenico, Maria Luisa Férnandez-Cruz, Peter Fürst, Johanna Fink-Gremmels, Corrado Lodovico Galli, Philippe Grandjean, Jadwiga Gzyl, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Niklas Johansson, Antonio Mutti, Josef Schlatter, Rolaf van Leeuwen, Carlos Van Peteghem, Philippe Verger (2009), “Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain”, The European Food Safety Authority Journal, 980, pp 1-139 16 Jeremy Gregory (2006), Material flow anaylysis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering 17 Johanna Buschmann, Michael Berg, Caroline Stengel, Lenny Winkel, Mickey L Sampson, Pham Thi Kim Trang, Pham Hung Viet (2008), “Contamination of drinking water resources in the Mekong delta floodplains: 91 Arsenic and other trace metals pose serious health risks to population”, Environment International, 34, pp 756-764 18 Kazuyo Matsubae-Yokoyama, Hironari Kubo, Kenichi Nakajima, and Tetsuya Nagasaka (2009), “A Material Flow Analysis of Phosphorus in Japan The Iron and Steel Industry as a Major Phosphorus Source”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 13(5), pp 687-705 19 Korte, F (1983), “Ecotoxicology of cadmium: general overview”, Ecotox Environ Saf, 7, pp 3-8 20 Mohamad Alizazoli, Edris Bazerafshan, Asoumeh.Hazrati, Ali Tavakkoli (2006), “Determination and estimation of cadmium intake from Tarom rice”, J Appl Sci Environ Mgt, 10(3), pp 147-150 21 Müller M (1983), Handbuch ausgewählter Klimastationen der Erde Universität Trier, Forschungsstelle Bodenerosion 22 Nordic Council of Ministers (2003), Cadmium Review 23 Nriagu, JO (1989), “A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals”, Nature, 338, pp 47-49 24 OECD (1994), Risk Reduction Monograph Nº 5: cadmium Background and National Experience with Reducing Risk 25 OSPAR Commission (2002), OSPAR Background Document on Cadmium 26 Osterwalder L (2006), Nutrient and Water Flows in Industry of Hanoi ETHZ practical training report, Eawag/Sandec, Dübendorf, Switzerland 27 Paul H Brunner and Helmut Rechberger (2004), Practical handbook of material flow analysis, Lewis publishers, CRC Press LLC 28 Ruettimann L, Menzi H (2001), Nutrient balance calculation program (Nuflux), draft version, Swiss 92 College of Agriculture, http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/dec/nutrientb/default.htm Last accessed April 2004 29 Suphaphat Kwonpongsagoon, David T Waite, Stephen J Moore, Paul H Brunner (2006), “A substance flow analysis in the southern hemisphere: cadmium in the Australian economy”, Springer-Verlag 30 Suphaphat Kwonpongsagoon, Hans-Peter Bader-Ruth Scheideggers (2007), “Modelling cadmium flows in Australia on the basis of a substance flow analysis”, Clean Techn Environ Policy, pp 313-323 31 Tho Xuan commune people’s committee (2009), Annual report of commune 32 United Nations Environment Programme Chemicals Branch, DTIE (2008), Draft final review of scientific information on Cadmium 33 Urszula Zielonka, Janusz Krupanek, Jan Suschka, Adam Worsztynowicz, Monika Działoszyńska-Wawrzkiewicz (2009), An inventory and assessment of options for reducing emissions: Cadmium 93 STATEMENT UNDER OATH I certify that my thesis is written based on the results from my study which was done in VNU University of Science Hanoi, November 20th 2011 94 ANNEXES Annex Questionnaire of Duong Lieu and Tho Xuan commune PHIẾU ĐIỀU TRA HỘ GIA ĐÌNH (Phân tích dịng vật chất Dương Liễu, Hồi Đức, Hà Nội) Xin Ơng/bà vui lịng cho biết thông tin vấn đề (Hãy trả lời tích vào tích câu trả lời phù hợp với ý kiến Ơng/bà) Thơng tin hộ gia đình vấn Họ tên chủ hộ Địa Số nhân Người vấn Nghề nghiệp Năm sinh Giới tính Thực phẩm sử dụng hộ STT Loại thực phẩm Rau loại Thịt Cá Trứng Ghi Gạo Lượng tiêu thụ (kg/ngày) Sữa Loại khác Nguồn nước sử dụng hộ Loại hình nước cấp: Nước mưa Nước ngầm Lượng nước tiêu thụ: (m3/ngày) 95 Nước máy Nước thải sinh hoạt thải ra: Ao Hệ thống nước chung Thuốc Gia đình có người sử dụng thuốc Số lượng .điếu/ngày Chất tẩy rửa STT Loại Xà Phòng Dầu gội Sữa tắm Kem đánh Ghi Bột giặt Lượng tiêu thụ (kg/năm) Loại khác Rác thải sinh hoạt hộ Lượng rác thải: (kg/ngày) Thành phần rác hữu cơ: (%) Rác hữu sử dụng cho: Vât nuôi Ủ phân hữu Đổ bỏ Kiểu nhà vệ sinh STT Loại Hố xí đào ngăn Hố xí đào hai ngăn Hố xí thấm dội Thời gian hút/lần Hố xí tự hoại 96 Ghi Trồng trọt Loại hình canh tác: ST T Cây trồng loại Sắn Lạc Ngô Đậu loại Khoai Cung ứng thị trường (%) Rau loại Tiêu thụ gia đình (%) Lúa Sản lượng/nă m (kg/năm) Loại khác Diện tích (sào) Số vụ/năm Năng suất (tạ/sào) Lượng phân bón: Lượng phân bón ST T Loại trồng Lúa Rau Sắn Lạc Ngô Đậu Khoai Loại khác Chuồng NPK Khác Thuốc BVTV Ghi Phế phụ phẩm nông nghiệp sử dụng: 97 Chăn nuôi ST T Loại vật nuôi Lợn Trâu Bò Gà Vịt Thời Số gian lượng xuất (con) chuồng (tháng) Khác Thức ăn chủ yếu(kg/ngày) Cám Rơm Cỏ Thân loại Ghi Nước rửa chuồng trại lấy từ Lượng nước rửa chuồng trại: .(m3/ngày) Nước rửa chuồng trại thoát: Ao Hệ thống cống thoát nước chung 10 Ni trồng thủy sản Gia đình có ni trồng thủy sản: Có Khơng Diện tích ao ni: (ha) Loại hình ni trồng: Chun canh Xen canh Loại giống Trọng lượng giống: (kg) Số lượng giống: .(kg) Thời gian nuôi: .(Tháng) Thức ăn chăn nuôi 98 Sản lượng thu hoạch: (kg) 11 Biogas Gia đình áp dụng mơ hình biogas: Có Khơng Nguồn từ chất thải Bao lâu hút định kỳ/lần: (năm) Cặn bể biogas sử dụng với mục đích: Làm phân hữu Đổ bỏ 12 Chế biến nông sản Gia đình có chế biến nơng sản: Có Khơng Nguồn nguyên liệu Loại nguyên liệu Khối lượng nguyên liệu: (kg/ngày) Nước phục vụ sản xuất lấy từ Lượng nước phục vụ sản xuất: (m3/ngày) Sản lượng thu được: (kg/ngày) Khối lượng rác thải sản xuất: .(kg/ngày) Rác thải sản xuất: Đổ bỏ Tái sử dụng Lượng rác thải tái sử dụng (làm phân vi sinh, hữu cơ) Nước thải sản xuất: (m3/ngày) 99 Nước thải sản xuất thải Chân thành cảm ơn giúp đỡ Ông/bà Annex Questionnaire for Co Loa commune For officer Material flow analysis in Co Loa commune – Dong Anh district - Ha Noi 1.How many production and business activities are established in the commune? ……………………………………………………………………………………… Statistics of composition of occupations in the commune? ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 3.What is featured products in the commune? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 4.Amount of raw materials for furniture production imported in a year? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 5.Amount of raw materials for rice noodle production (powder) imported in a year ? ……………………………………………………………………………………… Amount of furniture exported in a year? ……………………………………………………………………………………… Amount of rice noodle exported in a year? ……………………………………………………………………………………… Amount of food exported in a year? (rice, meat, vegetable, fish, fruit) ……………………………………………………………………………………… Amount of food imported in a year? (rice, meat, vegetable, fish, fruit) 100 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Amount of fertilizer imported in a year? (hỏi cửa hàng) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 11 Amount of feed for livestock imported in a year? (hỏi cửa hàng) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 12 Amount of feed for fish imported in a year? (hỏi cửa hàng) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 13.Statistics of domestic water in the commune? Well water…………………………………………………………………………… Rain water…………………………………………………………………………… Tap water…………………………………………………………………………… Other………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 14.Where is wastewater discharged? (distribution) Discharged directly into canals, rivers Released into the general sewer system 15.Amount of water consumption for market? (số chợ, quy mô chợ, chợ họp phiên hay không, phiên nửa/cả ngày, thời gian họp chợ) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 16.Amount of solid waste from market? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 17.Statistic of market surface area? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 18.Statistic of drainage catchment area? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 19.What is the amount of waste produced by the business? 101 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 20.Number and size of biogas ? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 24.Other opinions: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… For households Name ( household) :………………………………………………………………… Number of family members:………………………………………………………… Main tasks of the family:…………………………………………………………… 1.Detergents used in households? (type and quantity) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 2.Water source used in household? Rain water Tap water Well water 3.Where will be wastewater through piping system discharged? Discharge directly into cannals Discharge directly into sewer system 4.Where you use water for irrigation and crops come from? Water lakes Rivers Cannals Tap water Well water And amount of water? 102 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 5.What is WC system in household? Septic tank and semi-septic Double vaults toiler Other things………………………………………………………………………… 6.Có thường hút/nạo vét cống? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 7.Do you feed cattle? Yes No 8.The composition and number of animals in household? Chicken Duck Pig Cow Dog Cats Others…………………………………………………………………………… 9.How quantity of feed used for livestock? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 10.How quantity of water used for livestock? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 11.Statistic of food waste for livestock? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 12.Do you feed fish? Yes No 13.How quantity of feed used for fish? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 14.Number of fish in pond, lake? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 103 15 Number of pond, lake in commune? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 16.Do you plant? Yes No 17.Do you use chemical fertilizers for crops? Yes No 18.Which is fertilizers? Which………………………………………………………………………… Amount……………………………………………………………………………… Nhà có sào ruộng? Một năm làm vụ? Một vụ tháng? Chế độ canh tác (xen canh, trồng màu?) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 19.How much was straw generated? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 20.What is food source supply for household? (rice, meat, fish, fruit) (distribution) Self-producted and self-consumed? Amount……………………………………………………………………………… Which…………………………………………………………………………… Buy and sell ? Amount……………………………………………………………………………… Which…………………………………………………………………………… 21.Where you import raw material for industry from? ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 22.How many about you discharge waste (kg/day) Waste……………………………………………………………………………… 104 Waste from the production of goods……………………………………………… 23.Do household have biogas ? Yes No 24 Size of biogas? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 25 Do the household produce vermicelli? Yes No Một ngày làm mẻ? Một mẻ cần kg gạo? ……………………………………………………………………………………… 26.Other opinions? ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 105 ... UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE Ngo Van Anh ASSESSMENT OF CADMIUM FLOWS RELATED TO DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES AND PROPOSAL OF RECOVERY SOLUTIONS Major: Waste Management and Contaminated... include: Description and understanding the activities related to cadmium flows Qualification and quantification these flows Recommendation of appropriate solutions for cadmium recovery 10 CHAPTER... 39 Table Cadmium flows from domestic activities in Co Loa commune 46 Table Cadmium flows from domestic activities in Tho Xuan commune 50 Table 10 Cadmium flows from domestic activities