VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE - TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DRESDEN ® Bui Dieu Linh ESTABLISH AN ANAEROBIC BATCH SYSTEM BY USING GUIDELINE VDI 4630 AND DETERMINE THE BIOGAS YIELD OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES IN FOOD PROCESSING VILLAGES M M A A S S T T E E R R T T H H E E S S I I S S Hanoi - 2011 VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE - TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DRESDEN ® Bui Dieu Linh ESTABLISH AN ANAEROBIC BATCH SYSTEM BY USING GUIDELINE VDI 4630 AND DETERMINE THE BIOGAS YIELD OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES IN FOOD PROCESSING VILLAGES Major: Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment Code: M M A A S S T T E E R R T T H H E E S S I I S S SUPERVISORS: ASSOC. PROF. DR. NGUYEN THI DIEM TRANG PROF. DR. RER. NAT. DR. H.C. PETER WERNER Hanoi - 2011  I Topic Establish an anaerobic batch system by using guideline VDI 4630 and determine the biogas yield of different substrates in food processing villages Task The first task is to establish an anaerobic batch system in Environmental Chemistry laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Natural Sciences, Hanoi National University by using German guideline - VDI 4630. With this system, different inocula from various sources around Hanoi will be assessed their quality to choose the good one for next experiments with substrates. Reference substrate is sodium acetate. Substrates as wastes (cassava residues, rice residues, water hyacinth, pig manure) in Dai Lam village - a craft village of wine production and pig breeding will be sampled, prepared and fermented in free-oxygen environment. The processing parameters are biogas production, biogas composition (CH 4 and CO 2 ), pH - value, TS (total solids), VS (volatile solids), COD (chemical oxygen demand). The biogas yield (per amount of substrate, per VS of inoculum, per COD of substrate) and the degradability of different substrates will be evaluated. Objective The aim of this thesis is from learning the methods of guideline VDI 4630 to establish in practice an anaerobic batch system in the conditions of a Vietnamese laboratory. Then it is to control this system to investigate the quality of inocula, the fermentability/ the biogas potential/ the specific biogas activity of different organic wastes from food processing and livestock of a Vietnamese craft village. It is also close tied to the one objective of education and technology transfer of INHAND project (project funded by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research of Germany - BMBF; with the project coordinator Institute of Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment, Dresden University of Technology) about Integrated management of water, wastewater, waste and energy in craft villages in Vietnam.  Contents  II Contents Contents ………………………………………………………………. II Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………. IV List of figures …………………………………………………………… V List of tables .…………………………………………………………… VII Acknowledgements.……………………………………………………… IX 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………. 1 2. Theoretical Basics………………………………………………………… 4 2.1. Basics of Anaerobic Digestion……………………………………… 4 2.1.1. The four stages of decomposition………………………………… 4 2.1.2. Influence Factors of Digestion……………………………………. 7 2.1.3. Biogas potential of different substrates…………………………… 13 2.2. End products of fermentation…………………………………………. 15 3. Materials and methods…………………………………………………… 17 3.1. VDI survey about batchtests for biogas yield determination…………. 17 3.1.1. Scope and purpose of Fermentation batchtests…………………… 17 3.1.2. Methods of VDI 4630 in detecting the biogas yield……………… 17 3.1.3. Method of VDI 4630 in approaching the batchtests………………. 19 3.2. Analysis method ……………………………………………………… 19 3.2.1. Sampling………………………………………………………… 19 3.2.2. Sample preparation……………………………………………… 23 3.2.3. Determination of parameters: TS, VS, COD, and CH 4 and CO 2 Contents  III content in biogas………………………………………………… 25 3.3. Experimental procedure………………………………………………. 30 3.3.1. Test condition and batch apparatus……………………………… 30 3.3.2. Method to calculate the biogas production, the biogas yield, the biogas composition, the degree of degradation…………………… 37 4. Evaluation and discussion of the batch experiments………………… 41 4.1. Activity potential of different inocula………………………………… 41 4.2. Biogas production and biogas composition of different substrates… 47 4.2.1. Biogas yield (ml N /gVS inoculum , ml N /gCOD substrate , ml N / g substrate)… 47 4.2.1.1. Biogas yield of trial 6 with inoculum 5……………………… 47 4.2.1.2. Biogas yield of trial 7 with inoculum 5……………………… 50 4.2.1.3. Biogas yield review of different substrates with inoculum 5… 54 4.2.1.4. Biogas yield review of different substrates with inoculum 6… 56 4.2.2. Comparison of biogas yields with theory and literature………… 61 4.2.3. Biogas composition (CH 4 and CO 2 content)……………………… 64 4.3. Residue of biogas production…………………………………………. 66 4.3.1. Degree of degradation of volatile solids………………………… 66 4.3.2. Degree of degradation of total solids…………………………… 69 4.3.3. Degree of degradation of COD total……………………………… 71 4.4. Error analyis……………………………………… 77 5. Conclusion………………… 80 References………………… 83 Annex- Data records I Statement under oath XI Abbreviations  IV Abbreviations abs absolute B Blank sample C/ CR Cassava residues sample COD Chemical oxygen demand Inoc. Inoculum l N standard liter, volume under normal condition ml N standard milliliter, volume under normal condition P/ PM Pig manure sample R Reference sample RR Rice residues sample SA Sodium acetate SLR Sludge loading rate or sludge loading ratio TS Total solids VS Volatile solids W/ WH Water hyacinth sample List of Figures  V List of Figures Figure 2-1: Four stages of anaerobic degradation (WEILAND, 2003) 4 Figure 3-1: Test apparatus according to DIN EN ISO 11734: Gas volume measurement with a gas pressure measurement instrument (VDI 4630) ………………………………………………… 18 Figure 3-2: Gas volume measurement with a gas pressure measurement instrument (S. Meier, 2009) 18 Figure 3-3: Map showing position of Dai Lam village………………… 21 Figure 3-4: Water hyacinth at main sewer… 21 Figure 3-5: Rice residues and cassava residues sampling at households… 22 Figure 3-6: Pig manure at a small swine farm of a household ……………. 22 Figure 3-7: Homogenizing cassava residues by blender…………………… 23 Figure 3-8: Homogenizing water hyacinth by blender…………………… 24 Figure 3-9: Filling the bottles by weighing method……………………… 30 Figure 3-10: Closing bottles with silicone stoppers 31 Figure 3-11: Creating the vacuum inside the bottles 31 Figure 3-12: Lovibond conditioning cabinet 32 Figure 3-13: K2000 Pressure table - EXTECH manometer 407910 32 Figure 3-14: MultiLabP4 33 Figure 3-15: MEMMERT drying cabinet 33 Figure 3-16: TDW muffle furnace 33 List of Figures  VI Figure 3-17: Lovibond ET 108 and MERK spectroquant TR320 block digesters 31 Figure 3-18: PI 722N instrument in measuring COD 34 Figure 3-19: Gas chromatograph Shimadzu GC-2010 34 Figure 4-1: Biogas yield without blank on different inocula [ml N Biogas/ g COD sodium acetate] 44 Figure 4-2: Biogas yield with blank on different inocula [ml N Biogas/ g COD sodium acetate] 45 Figure 4-3: Biogas yield with blank on inoculum 5 of trial 6 [ml N Biogas/ g VS Inoculum] 48 Figure 4-4: Biogas yield without blank on inoculum 5 of trial 6 [ml N Biogas/ g COD substrate] 49 Figure 4-5: Biogas yield with blank on inoculum 5 of trial 7 [ml N Biogas/ g VS Inoculum] 52 Figure 4-6: Biogas yield without blank on inoculum 5 of trial 7 [ml N Biogas/ g COD substrate] 52 Figure 4-7: Biogas yield with blank on inoculum 5 of trial 6-7 [ml N Biogas/ g VS Inoculum] 54 Figure 4-8: Biogas yield without blank on inoculum 5 of trial 6-7 [ml N Biogas/ g COD substrate] 55 Figure 4-9: Biogas yield with blank on inoculum 6 of trial 9 [ml N Biogas/ g VS Inoculum] 58 Figure 4-10: Biogas yield with blank on inoculum 6 of trial 9 [ml N Biogas/ g COD substrate] 59 Figure 4-11: The corrected biogas composition of different samples 65 List of Tables  VII List of Tables Table 2-1: Average composition of biogas (FNR, 2005) 6 Table 2-2: Factors influencing the anaerobic degradation (WEILAND, 2001) modified 8 Table 2-3: Micro-nutrients for the anaerobic degradation 10 Table 2-4: Inhibitory concentrations of various elements (WESSELAK, 2009) 11 Table 2-5: Inhibitory concentrations of various heavy metals (WESSELAK, 2009) 12 Table 2-6: Biogas composition and yield of different groups of substances (Biogas Guide 2006) 13 Table 2-7: Properties of renewable resources (FNR, 2005) 14 Table 3-1: Description about sources of six inocula 20 Table 3-2: Description of the batchtests for investigating the quality of six inoculums 36 Table 3-3: Description of the batchtests for investigating the biogas potential of different substrates 37 Table 4-1: Description of the experimental approach and parameters in trials investigating quality of six inocula 42 Table 4-2: Summary of biogas yield without blank and SLR on different inocula 46 Table 4-3: Description of the experimental approach and parameters in trial 6 47 Table 4-4: Summary of biogas yield and SLR of trial 6 49 Table 4-5: Description of the experimental approach and parameters in trial 7 51 List of Tables  VIII Table 4-6: Summary of biogas yield and SLR of trial 7 53 Table 4-7: Description of the experimental approach and parameters in trial 9 56 Table 4-8. Summary of biogas yield and SLR of trial 9 60 Table 4-9: Comparison of biogas yields with theory 62 Table 4-10: Comparison biogas yields of water hyacinth samples with literature. 63 Table 4-11: Biogas composition of different samples in trials 6, 7, 9 64 Table 4-12: Volatile solids of different samples 66 Table 4-13: Degree of degradation of volatile solids 68 Table 4-14: Total solids content of different samples 69 Table 4-15: Degree of degradation of total solids 70 Table 4-16: Chemical oxygen demand of different samples 72 Table 4-17: Degree of degradation of COD 73 Table 4-18: Degree of degradation of COD 75 Table 4-19: Degree of degradation of COD 76 [...]... development and environmental improvements For that, contributing to the studies of biogas in Vietnam, this thesis focused on the method of German guideline (VDI 4630) to assess the potential of recovery of organic waste in a Vietnamese food processing village by biogas production Firstly, it is to establish an anaerobic batch system for biogas production in the laboratory in the North of Vietnam Then, experiments... the Biogas Program for the Animal Husbandry Sector in Some Provinces of Vietnam.” By the end of 2008, the project has supported construction of over 56,000 household biogas plants, provided training for 500 provincial and district technicians, 700 biogas mason teams, and organized thousands of promotion workshops and trainings for biogas users Up to now, the project has become a national program Biogas. .. Environmental Engineering of Towns and Industrial areas (CEETIA), Hanoi University of Civil Engineering and the help in gas composition analysis of Mr Thai Ha Vinh, from Monitoring and Environmental Analysis Department, Monitoring and Analysis of Working Environment Station, National Institute of Labor Protection Thanks also to the help in sample preparation of the staff (Mrs Nguyen Thi Diem Huong, etc) in the. .. n.a Inhibiting and toxic substances During anaerobic degradation, a variety of substances in high enough concentrations have inhibitory effects The inhibitors can be distinguished according to their origin such as inhibitors in the degradation by addition of substrate or inhibitors as intermediates Inhibitors which are introduced by adding substrate, include substances which were used for cleaning and. .. reduced by the fermentation, in which the degree of degradation of manure of species and accounting system- specific parameters and fermentation parameters are dependent The viscosity of the slurry is reduced by the anaerobic digestion and thus has a positive effect on the pumping, homogenization and spreading of degestate Odor-active substances are further reduced by the fermentation, the degradation of the. .. this system were set up to investigate the quality of inocula from different sources around Hanoi And with chosen inocula, substrates as organic waste of Dai Lam village - a wine production and pig breeding village in Bac Ninh province were assessed Parameters of process were pH, temperature, TS, VS, and COD Biogas potential and the fermentability of these substrates were evaluated and interpreted by using. .. Dieu Linh  13 Theoretical Basics The equation for BUSWELLS and BOYLE (Eq 2-6) is used to determine the respective proportions of carbon dioxide and methane in the biogas The calculation of the biogas potential of the three main groups of carbohydrates, fats and proteins after BUSWELLS equation provides the results in Table 2-6 Under the full anaerobic reduction a higher methane content in biogas in fats... 2005) For methanogenesis, the optimum pH is 7 and the optimum temperature is at 35 ° C and 55 ° C (ROEDIGER et al., 1990) There are 13 species of methane-forming bacteria, of which 11 species have their optimum working environment in the mesophilic range and one type in the thermophilic environment Another type is thermo-tolerant and can operate in mesophilic and thermophilic range Throughout the fermentation... degradability, the degradation speed, the inhibitory effect of these wastes in Dai Lam village – a representative craft village of wine production and pig breeding in Bac Ninh province which is located in the North of Vietnam 3.1.2 Methods of VDI 4630 in detecting the biogas yield In VDI 4630, there are six possible methods of detecting the gas such as gas volume measurement with the head water systems (the eudiometer,... operation of the plant (KALTSCHMITT et al., 2009) The addition of substrates with high proportions of carbohydrates and fats may lead to the inhibition process, when the hydrolytic and acid-forming bacteria break down organic matter faster than the acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria convert the resulting acids into biogas This process can be determined by the ratio of the organic acids to alkalinity . Dieu Linh ESTABLISH AN ANAEROBIC BATCH SYSTEM BY USING GUIDELINE VDI 4630 AND DETERMINE THE BIOGAS YIELD OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES IN FOOD PROCESSING VILLAGES Major: Waste Management and. Hanoi - 2011  I Topic Establish an anaerobic batch system by using guideline VDI 4630 and determine the biogas yield of different substrates in food processing villages Task The first. UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE - TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DRESDEN ® Bui Dieu Linh ESTABLISH AN ANAEROBIC BATCH SYSTEM BY USING GUIDELINE VDI 4630 AND DETERMINE THE BIOGAS YIELD OF DIFFERENT