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Modern chemical knowledge is based largely on principles that answer the “why” as well as the “howto.”In the remaining chapters, we will emphasize facts and applications, but we will refer to underlying principles repeatedly.Four of the 14 elements that comprise the sblock elements are somewhat unusual cases, although not all for the same reason.Hydrogen is the simplest element, with one proton and one electron, and its behavior is rather special.Helium lies in the sblock but its electron configuration fits with the noble gases, and it will be considered in the next chapter.Francium and radium are highly radioactive and we will not consider them further.
TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO Department of Inorganic Chemistry - HUT 1. Hóa học vô cơ – Lê Mậu Quyền 2. Bài tập hóa học vô cơ – Lê Mậu Quyền 3. Hóa học vô cơ – Tập 1, 2, 3 – Hoàng Nhâm 4. Hóa học vô cơ – Tập 1, 2 – Nguyễn Thế Ngôn, Trần Thị Đà 5. Cơ sở lý thuyết hóa học – Phần I: Cấu tạo chất – Nguyễn Đình Chi 6. Modern Inorganic Chemistry – W. L. Jolly 7. Structural Inorganic Chemistry – A. F. Wells 8. Shriver, Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed, 1999) W.H. Freeman and Company (Chs. 2, 18 ) 9. A.R. West, Basic Solid State Chemistry (2nd ed. 1999) Wiley, New York, 1999 10.C. N. R. Rao, University General Chemistry (18nd 2006), MACMILLAN INDIA LTD, 11.http://encarta.msn.com 12.http://mineral.galleries.com 13.http://www.webelements.com 14.http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.html 15.http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/602/616516/Chapter_07.html 16.http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/hybrv18.s wf THE S-BLOCK ELEMENTS Introduction Modern chemical knowledge is based largely on principles that answer the “why” as well as the “how-to.” In the remaining chapters, we will emphasize facts and applications, but we will refer to underlying principles repeatedly. • Four of the 14 elements that comprise the s- block elements are somewhat unusual cases, although not all for the same reason. – Hydrogen is the simplest element, with one proton and one electron, and its behavior is rather special. – Helium lies in the s-block but its electron configuration fits with the noble gases, and it will be considered in the next chapter. – Francium and radium are highly radioactive and we will not consider them further. GROUP IA: THE ALKALI METALS Spodumene LiAl(SiO 3 ) 2 The Alkali Metals • – Sodium and potassium (1807) by electrolysis. – Cesium (1860) and rubidium (1861) from emission spectra. – Francium (1939) from actinium radioactive decay. • – Natural brines are good sources. – Natural deposits allow mining of solids. Flame Colors [...]... kiềm do Z lớn, r nhỏ hơn 2 Dễ mất 2e trở thành M2+ trong hợp chất và trong dung dịch 3 Thế điện cực tương đương KL kiềm 4 Thể hơi chỉ bao gồm phân tử 1 nguyên tử 5 Ion không màu; nhiều hợp chất ít tan 6 Be khác nhiều hơn so với Li và các nguyên tố trong nhóm; Be giống nhiều Al, Mg giống nhiều Zn These were named alkaline earths because of their intermediate nature between the alkalis (oxides of the alkali... KCl(l) + Na(l) → 2 NaCl(l) + K(g) TiCl4 + 4 Na → Ti + 4 NaCl Preparation of Sodium Compounds from NaCl The methods of preparation suggested by this diagram are not necessarily the preferred industrial methods The Solvay Process—One Way to Diagram an Industrial Process The Alkali Metals and Living Matter • Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen are the most abundant elements in the human body, in the... Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium • Lithium carbonate is the usual starting material for making other lithium compounds: – Li2CO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2 LiOH(aq) • One use of LiOH is to remove CO2 from expired air in submarines and space vehicles: – 2 LiOH(s) + CO2(g) Li2CO3(aq) + H2O • NaCl is the most important industrial sodium compound (50 million tons/yr) • It is used to prepare a number... have low melting points • When freshly cut, the alkali metals are bright and shiny —typical metallic properties The metals quickly tarnish, however, as they react with oxygen in the air Diagonal Relationships:The Special Case of Lithium In some of its properties, lithium and its compounds resemble magnesium and its compounds – Lithium carbonate, fluoride, hydroxide, and phosphate are much less water... hydroxides of other Group 1A metals are thermally stable Diagonal Relationships The elements in each encircled pair have several similar properties Occurrence, Preparation, Use, & Reactions of the Alkali Metals • Sodium and potassium are isolated primarily from brines (solutions of NaCl and KCl) • Lithium is obtained mostly from the mineral spodumene, LiAl(SiO3)2 • To convert an alkali metal ion into an... metals) The alkaline earth metals are silvery colored, soft, lowdensity metals, which react readily with halogens to form ionic salts, and with water, though not as rapidly as the alkali metals, to form strongly alkaline (basic) hydroxides For example, where sodium and potassium react with water at room temperature, magnesium reacts only with steam and calcium with hot water Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2 Beryllium