SỞ GIÁO DỤC & ĐÀO TẠO TỈNH VĨNH PHÚC PHÒNG GIÁO DỤC & ĐÀO TẠO HUYỆN BÌNH XUYÊN -*** - CHUYÊN ĐỀ HƯỚNG DẪN HỌC SINH VIẾT LUẬN KIỂU BÀI NGHỊ LUẬN (ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS) Họ tên : NGUYỄN THỊ THÙY HƯƠNG Chức vụ : Giáo viên Đơn vị : Trường THCS Lý Tự Trọng – huyện Bình Xuyên Tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc Đối tượng học sinh bồi dưỡng: Lớp 9-HSG lớp Số tiết bồi dưỡng: PHẦN I: HỆ THỐNG KIẾN THỨC, CÁC PHƯƠNG PHÁP CƠ BẢN ĐỂ THỰC HIỆN CHUYÊN ĐỀ VÀ CÁC VÍ DỤ MINH HỌA Hiện nay, hầu hết học sinh (HS) chí số giáo viên, viết luận thực thách thức Nếu Đọc Nghe kỹ thu nhận thông tin (receptive skills), Nói Viết coi kỹ sản sinh thơng tin (productive skills) Trong q trình viết người viết phải sử dụng không vốn kiến thức từ vựng, ngữ pháp mà hiểu biết văn hóa, xã hội khả hành văn Chính mà chương trình Tiếng Anh THCS, kỹ viết thiết kế phù hợp bốn kỹ Đặc biệt đề thi HSG Tiếng Anh nay, viết luận phần thiếu Từ thực tế trên, mạnh dạn đưa số gợi ý để hướng dẫn HS viết luận-kiểu nghị luận có hiệu A CÁC DẠNG ĐỀ NGHỊ LUẬN 1.Loại đề nghi vấn (Why): Phần đề đưa thật, yêu cầu HS trình bày nguyên nhân cụ thể Example (Ex) : Many students choose to attend schools or universities outside their home countries Why some students study abroad? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer Ex 2: If you could invent something new, what product would you develop? Use specific details to explain why this invention is needed 2.Loại đề phán đoán (Agree or disagree): Phần đề nêu lên quan điểm, HS đồng ý hay phản quan điểm trình bày nguyên nhân chi tiết Ex 1: Schools should ask students to evaluate their teachers Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer Ex 2: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Watching TV is bad for children Use specific details and examples to support your answer Loại đề lựa chọn (Preference): Phần đề đưa hai chọn lựa, HS chọn mà thích trình bày ngun nhân Ex 1: Some people like to only what they already well Other people prefer to try new things and take risks Which you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choices Ex 2: Some people choose friends who are different from themselves Others choose friends who are similar to them Compare the advantages of having friends who are different from you with the advantages of having friends who are similar to you Which kind of friend you prefer for yourself? Why? B.QUÁ TRÌNH LÀM BÀI VIẾT Suy nghĩ đề: - Xác định dạng đề - Xácđịnh quan điểm mà ủng hộ - Động não, nới rộng tư (Brain storming): - Ghi tất từ vựng nghĩ có liên quan đến đề - Suy nghĩ tất quan điểm có liên quan tới đề - Ghi tóm tắt quan điểm mà nghĩ - Sàng lọc quan điểm, chọn quan điểm mà thấy cần Viết dàn ý.(Outlining) I Introductory paragraph Problem statement + own opinion II Body paragraphs A Supporting paragraph a Topic sentence b Supporting details B Supporting paragraph a Topic sentence b Supporting details C Supporting paragraph (optional) a Topic sentence b Supporting details III Concluding paragraph Restatement of the preference and the main reasons Ex: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Living in big cities are better than living in the countryside Use specific reasons and example to support your answer I Introductory paragraph Problem statement + own opinion (prefer city) II Body paragraph A wider choice of options available in a big city a choice of work b leisure activities c cultural activities B much more excitement and stimulation offered in a big city a rich mix of people b new fashion, new trends, new creations C the convenience of the transportation system a well-developed transportation net work b example of one’s inconvenience living in a small town III Concluding paragraph Restatement of preference and the three main reasons Khái quát viết đọan Như phần dàn ý cho thấy luận tổ hợp đoạn văn, người viết cần ý số quy tắc để viết phân đoạn tốt Một đoạn văn điển hình thường ba phần cấu thành: - Câu chủ đề (Topic sentence) - Câu khai triển thuyết minh (Supporting sentence) - Câu kết (Concluding sentence) a Câu chủ đề câu tóm tắt nội dung đoạn Nó khơng xác định chủ đề đoạn mà giới hạn phạm vi thảo luận đoạn Câu chủ đề hay làm cho người đọc nhìn vào hiểu ý đoạn, muốn viết tốt câu chủ đề người viết cần ý: - Câu chủ đề thiết phải câu hoàn chỉnh (a complete sentence) - Câu chủ đề đề cập ý chính, tóm tắt hạn chế nội dung đoạn cách thích đáng b Câu khai triển câu mở rộng câu chủ đề Luận chứng mà người viết chọn dùng phải xác, đầy đủ điển hình Khi viết câu khai triển cần tránh ý lan man, cần sử dụng từ chuyển tiếp sử dụng mẫu câu khác c Câu kết câu tổng kết đặc điểm nhắc lại gợi ý người đọc khẳng định với ý đoạn kết Để viết câu kết tốt người viết cần nắm được: - Từ mấu chốt câu chủ đề - Tổng kết chi tiết, trả lời câu hỏi ngụ ý câu chủ đề - Dùng cách diễn đạt khác để diễn đạt ý (restating the controlling ideas) Ex: (1)We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems.(2)Doctors says it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs.(3) In addition, it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases.(4) It is clearly identified as one of the chief cause of death in our society (1): câu chủ đề (2)&(3): câu khai triển (4): câu kết Hướng dẫn viết văn nghị luận Từ hiểu biết viết phân đoạn tiến hành cách viết nghị luận 4.1 Viết đoạn mở Đoạn mở nằm phần mở đầu để nói rõ đề cần thảo luận vấn đề gì, phải nói nội dung Câu chủ đề đoạn mở cần nói rõ chủ đề bài, khai triển nội dung cụ thể phần thân bài, đồng thời tỏ rõ thái độ, ý kiến, quan điểm người viết Phạm vi quan điểm ý trung tâm bài, khơng nên triển khai q rộng Phần mở cần rõ ràng, xác, phạm vi quan điểm thích hợp Phần mở phải mang quan điểm đặc trưng để quan điểm người viết khác Ex 1: Many students choose to attend schools or universities outside their home countries Why some students study abroad? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer Students attend schools or universities outside their home countries for a lot of different reasons I believe that the three most common reasons are to prepare for a career, to have new experiences, and to increase their knowledge of themselves and the world around them Ex 2: Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home Which you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer Some people like to eat at food stands or restaurants while others like to prepare and eat food at home Often it depends on the kind of lifestyle people have Those with very busy jobs outside the house don’t always have time to cook They like the convenience of eating out Overall, though, I think it’s cheaper and healthier to eat at home *Một số gợi ý cho phần mở bài: - Loại đề chọn lựa: a It’s often difficult for some people to decide whether But for others, the advantages of always outweigh the disadvantages b From my point of view, it’s more advisable to choose rather than -c Despite the fact that most of them like I would like to choose d Everything has two sides and -is not an exception, it has both advantages and disadvantages - Loại đề phán đoán: a Consequenly I agree with the title statement that b I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that c If I were forced to agree with one of the two methods, my choice would be for d Some people think that , frankly speaking, I can’t agree with their opinion for the reasons below e I believe there are no uniform answers But in my opinion, I agree with the claim that f When asked about -,different people have different answers There are some people who -.However, other people take a negative attitude on this issue In my opinion, I agree with the above statement - Loại đề nghi vấn: a One of the hottest topics many people talk about now is - b More and more people are realizing the importance of c In recent years an increasing number of people are coming to recognize that -4.2 Viết đoạn thân Phần thân nghị luận thông thường nên gồm ba đoạn văn Mỗi đoạn triển khai quan điểm mà người viết lập phần dàn ý tuân thủ nguyên tắc: - Topic sentence - Supporting details Vì supporting details tập trung làm rõ ý cho topic sentence nên không tránh khỏi việc lặp từ Để tránh lỗi để đoạn văn có sức thuyết phục, người viết cần biết sử dụng từ đồng nghĩa, từ chuyển tiếp để nối câu lại với Các từ chuyển tiếp mối quan về: - thời gian: before, next, then, after, at the same time, meanwhile……… - đối chiếu, so sánh: to compare to, similarly, however, otherwise, on the other hand, nevertheless……… - nhân quả: so, thus, consequently, as a result, because of……… - thêm thông tin: in addition, besides, furthermore, as well as……… Ex: Some people prefer to get up early in the morning and start the day’s work Others prefer to get up later in the day and work until late at night Which you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice Some people prefer to get up early in the morning and start the day’s work Others, however, prefer to get up late in the day and work until late at night As far as I am concerned, getting up early is a good habit because it’s good for health and is easy to take care of everyday works In the first place, everyone knows that getting up early is a very good habit for our health You can enjoy the fresh air in the morning, and also you can get a good night sleep during the quiet midnight time Moreover, if you get up early, before going to work, you still have enough time to some exercises such as running, walking, and riding the bike Without doubt, all of these exercises help your health In the second place, it is a little bit easy to take care of everyday works if people get up early For example, if everyone in the family gets up early, wife will have enough time to prepare the breakfast for the whole family, children will have enough time to catch the school bus, husband will never forget to change his dirty shirt Everything is in the order Admittedly, some people who work until midnight and get up later in the day claim that working in the midnight is more efficient and can concentrate on the work without distraction However, the advantages of getting up early carry more weight than those of getting up later Ex2: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Attending a live performance is more enjoyable than watching the same event on TV Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice Do you like watching TV? Do you watch it regularly? If a live performance is available what, you think, will you choose, watching TV or attending the performance? But if I were you, I would prefer the latter Watching TV is boring and exhaustive Just sitting before the gray box will make you sleepy You can’t feel the atmosphere in the auditorium which makes the audiences feel refreshed and excited You can appreciate all the programs through your own eyes not through the square glass screen There are many other audiences as you as you sitting there and watching the performance which makes you feel accompanied And you can communicate with others about what you have just seen or thought This gives you an opportunity to express your opinion And you know you are not alone then Going to see the performance out of the house is also good to your body For you may have a walk after the activity even go to a good bar and find something to drink You can also see some friends after the show Though I am not very sure about others I will commonly such things after a concert It makes me feel great 4.3 Viết đoạn kết Phần kết luận tổng quát nội dung bài, lần nhấn mạnh khẳng định ý Đơi phần kết cịn thể kì vọng vào tương lai, đặt phương hướng cho tương lai cho vấn đề mà người ta phải suy nghĩ Có thể viết đoạn kết cách nhắc lại chủ đề, tổng quát lại bài, dự đoán, phương hướng, lời khun hay trích dẫn danh ngơn Ex 1: Some people prefer to get up early in the morning and start the day’s work Others prefer to get up later in the day and work until late at night Which you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice ………………… From the reasons mentioned above, getting up early in the morning is my preference as it does good to my health and helps me take care of everyday work Ex 2: Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home Which you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer ……………………… Both eating at restaurants and cooking at home can be satisfying Both can taste good and be enjoyed with family and friends I prefer cooking at home because of the money and health issues I encourage my friends to eat out less, but it’s up to them to make the choice that fits their lifestyle best * Một số kiểu câu dùng để kết bài: a In a word…………………… b For all the reasons mentioned above………………… c In conclusion, I think it is a better idea that…………………… d From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that……… e It’s hoped that we should place much emphasis on……………… f The reasons above may answer why I prefer to………………………… g In a word, I support the statement that it is better to…………….because………… C CHỈNH SỬA (REVISING) Sau viết xong nên kiểm tra lại nội dung kết cấu ,đồng thời làm công việc chỉnh sửa Đối với phần mở bài, xem văn diễn đạt dược quan điểm, thái độ cách giải người viết chưa Các thông tin mà cung cấp gây ý người đọc chưa Cách triển khai chủ đề nói rõ chưa Đối với phần thân bài, kiểm tra có chuyển tiếp, chủ đề đoạn xác, luận đầy đủ dược xếp theo thứ tự hay chưa Đối với phần kết bài, kiểm tra xem đoạn kết thân nối tiếp có trơi chảy, lặp lại đào sâu chủ đề chưa tổng kết lại luận chứng chưa Sau kiểm tra lại ngữ pháp tả tồn Ex: Some people believe that home-made meals are the best while others think that eating out or restaurant-delivered meals are better Discuss both ways of thinking and state which one you agree with Use specific reasons to support your answer If everyone ate out everyday, restaurants will make much profits, but people’s health will become bad and their money for livelihood will not be enough to buy things, for example toys, luxuries, little extra and so on While if everyone ate at home everyday, restaurants will go out of business, but people will become healthy and their money will be save Our family sometimes goes to eat out On a special day, for example birthdays or Christmas, we go to an expensive restaurant I look forward to going to eat out next time But if I am forced to eat out everyday, I may go crazy I like to eat out very much, while at the same time I like to eat at home with only my family Occasional eating out is a pleasure but constant eating out is a pain So I think that eating out is like a religion because both of them take us out from the ordinary life Special days and events are good time for us to eat out, for there are not many times in a year Về kết cấu văn có ba đoạn văn cân đối thường gồm từ bốn đến năm đoạn Bài văn thiếu đoạn mở đầu đoạn kết thúc Chính khơng có đoạn mở nên việc tiến hành định vị vấn đề khơng có Người đọc khơng thể chắn ý khai triển phần thân có tập trung giải yêu cầu đề hay chưa Các ý khai triển tập trung vào vấn đề (eating out) đề đưa hai quan điểm (eating out – eating at home) Trong số lỗi từ vựng ngữ pháp (là phần gạch chân) PHẦN II MỘT SỐ ĐỀ VÀ BÀI LÀM Đề số 1: Some people believe that home-made meals are the best while others think that eating out or restaurant-delivered meals are better Discuss both ways of thinking and state which one you agree with Use specific reasons to support your answer I think home-cooked meals are better than eating out or restaurants-delivered meals I feel strongly about this, and rarely go to restaurants even when invited out by friends They can’t understand my stubbornness, but I have my reasons First of all I think home-made meals are safer than restaurant meals With homecooked meals, you will always know what the ingredients are, whereas with the restaurant meals you not know what have been used Restaurants usually use various chemical ingredients to make the food taste better These chemicals may be harmless if taken once in a while However, I think they could harm the body if taken too frequently Secondly, home-made meals are more nutritious and are a better diet than restaurant meals Many restaurant meals are high in calories and are cooked with a lot of seasonings This is what makes the dishes delicious, but too much of this will make your diet imbalanced With home-made meals, the family member who cooks the meals will always be thinking about the health and diet of members who eat Since the cook knows the menu for everyday meals, it will also be easy to adjust any imbalance in the family member’s diet Finally, restaurant meals are more expensive than home-made meals I think eating out in restaurants daily is not financially wise, and they should be kept as a treat for special occasions In conclusion, I think that home-made meals are better than eating out or restaurant-delivered meals Đề số 2: Some people choose friends who are different from themselves Others choose friends who are similar to them Compare the advantages of having friends who are different from you with the advantages of having friends who are similar to you Which kind of friend you prefer for yourself? Why? There are two different groups of people in selecting friends: people who make friends who are similar to them, and people who make friends who are different from them Both people have their own advantages and disadvantages In this essay, I will compare each advantage and present my preference On one hand, some people want to make friends who are different from them They say that through these friends, they can have various experiences In other words, if friends have different hobbies, occupations and talents, not only can they learn a lot more things from them, they can receive some help in their friends’ major subjects They also think that meeting friends who are different from them teaches them how to treat other people People should meet various kinds of people in their lives If somebody has many friends, and his friends have peculiar characteristics, he can easily understand other people he meets in various situations such as business and school On the other hand, some people choose friends who have the same characteristics as them Those people say that only similar friends can understand them when they are in trouble For example, if they have some difficulty with their girlfriends, schools or parents, they need some help such as advice, encouragement, and consolation from their intimates However, if their friends have totally different characteristics, their friends can’t understand their minds, and can’t give any help They also insist that they feel comfortable when they meet similar friends In conclusion, I think making friends who are similar to me is better than making friends who are different from me Though we can have various experiences when we meet friends who are different from us, the most important thing of friendship is understanding each other If friends have different thoughts from us, they can’t understand us So I think similarity is more important than variety in making friends Đề số 3: In general, people are living longer now Discuss the causes of this phenomenon Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay Today, people are living to be much older than ever before Some of the main reasons for this are the improved health care and better nutrition available to everyone Medical care is more available to people Although not everyone can get the best health care, everyone can get basic health care and advice When people are seriously ill, they can go to a public hospital and be taken care of Years ago, health care wasn’t available to everyone Some people didn’t live near a doctor or a hospital, and others couldn’t pay for the care they needed They made with herbal medicines or folk remedies Of course, some of these worked, but not for the more serious diseases The quality of medical care has improved That’s also a factor in longevity Doctors now know more about what causes diseases and how to care it Years ago, doctors only knew about the most basic diseases and cures Medicine wasn’t very advanced You could die from something as simple as an infection a cut Now we have antibiotics and other medicines to help cure infections People are also living longer now because of better nutrition We’re eating better and more healthfully than we used to be That has reduced the number of people with heart disease and cancer We try to eat low fat foods and eat more vegetables and fruits, which are now available year round Improved medical care and healthy eating habits have greatly expanded our life spans What we need to now is to make sure that everyone in the world has these benefits Đề số 4: Many people attend colleges or universities for many reasons Why you think people attend colleges or universities? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer People attend colleges or universities for a lot of different reasons I believe that the three most common reasons are to prepare for a career, to have new experiences, and to increase their knowledge of themselves and the world around them Career preparation is becoming more and more important to young people For many, this is the primary reason to go to college They know that the job market is competitive At college, they can learn new skills for careers with a lot of opportunities This means career, such as information technology, are expected to need a large workforce in the coming years Also, students go to college and universities to have new experiences This often means having the opportunities to meet people different from those in their hometowns For most students, going to college is the first time they have been away from home by themselves In addition, this is the first time they have had to make decisions on their own Making these decisions increases their knowledge of themselves Besides looking for self-knowledge, people also attend a university or college to expand their knowledge in subjects they find interesting For many, This will be their last chance to learn about something that doesn’t relate to their career I would recommend that people not be so focused on a career They should go to the college to have new experiences and learn about themselves and the world they live in Đề số 5: Parents are the best teachers Do you agree or disagree with this? Use specific reasons and example to support your answer Throughout my life, I have been very lucky to have a very good relationship with my parents They have supported me, given me necessary criticism, and taught me a great deal about how to live my life Parents can be very important teachers in our life However, they are not always the best teachers Parents may be too close to their children emotionally Sometimes they can only see their children through the eyes of a protector For example, they may limit the child’s freedom in the name of safety A teacher might see the trip to a big city as a valuable new experience However, it might seem too dangerous to parents Another problem is that parents may expect their children’s interest to be similar to their own They can’t seem to separate from their children in their mind If they love science, they may try to force their child to love science too But what if the child’s true love is art, or writing, or car repair? Parents are usually eager to pass on their value to their children But should children always believe what their parents do? May be different generations need different ways of thinking When children are young, they believe that their parents always right But when they get older, they realize there are other views Sometimes parents, especially older ones, can’t keep up with rapid social or technology changes A child who has friends of all different races and background at school may find that her parents don’t really understand or value the digital revolution Sometimes kids have to find their own ways to what they believe in The most important thing to realize is that we all have many teachers in our life Our parents teach us, our teachers teach us, and our peers teach us Books, newspapers and television teach us All of them are valuable Đề số 6: People should sometimes thing that they don’t enjoy doing Do you agree or disagree with that statement? Use specific reasons and example to support your answer I agree that people should sometimes things that they don’t enjoy doing This is a basic part of being an adult Plus, some things that aren’t fun are still good for us in the long run Take personal tasks Who enjoy going to the dentist? Very few people enjoy having medical check-up with the doctor Not a lot of people enjoy changing the oil in their car or moving their lawns These are all things we because we have to, not because we want to We realize that taking care of our physical health is the sensible thing to We know that if we don’t change the oil in our cars, our cars won’t run We understand that grass grows and if we don’t mow it, our garden will look like tropical forests Professional tasks are another part of the same equation No one likes to be stuck with a boring assignment or to be told to work with someone no one else gets along with Sometimes we have to put up with unfair criticism from a supervisor or resentment from those we supervise If we’re in management, we may have had the unpleasant of having to fire someone None of these are fun things Unfortunately, they are all part of earning a living, something the majority of adults have to On the other hand, sometimes doing some thing we don’t enjoy doing can lead to enjoyment Simply by trying it again, we may decide we like doing it For instance, we may convince ourselves we hate to dance We agree to go to a club to please someone else Yet, for some reason, this time we enjoy dancing We have been cheating ourselves of enjoyment without even knowing it The same can be true of trying new foods or a new type of museum Doing what we don’t enjoy doesn’t always have to be a bother, does it? It’s just part of life PHẦN III KẾT QUẢ TRIỂN KHAI CHUN ĐỀ Chun đề hình thành hồn thiện thời gian dài phụ trách đội tuyển HSG Nó kết cóp nhặt, tích lũy, học hỏi từ nhiều nguồn tài liệu, từ đồng nghiệp từ kinh nghiệm thân Nhận thấy rằng, viết, đặc biệt viết kiểu nghị luận đề không khó với HS mà cịn khó với Giáo viên, nên để em tiếp cận với loại đề bài, giúp em xây dựng ý tưởng, tập viết đoạn văn ngắn, chấm, chữa văn phạm, văn phong thật kỹ, chí yêu cầu em viết lại câu, phần, chưa đạt để hình thành em thói quen kỹ làm Từ triển khai chuyên đề đội tuyển HSG, khả viết văn nghị luận em cải thiện cách đáng kể Ít , em khơng nhầm lẫn viết đoạn văn viết luận văn Vì làm em trình bày theo hình thức văn nghị luận Các ý tưởng cho viết em xây dựng cách rõ ràng, sáng sủa, hợp lý Cách tổ chức ý viết khoa học Cách sử dụng từ vựng kiểu câu hợp lý, xác đa dạng Quan trọng em biết đem kinh nghiệm, hiểu biết vấn đề xã hội vào làm theo cách văn chương Các em tự biết làm phong phú tâm hồn trí tuệ thơng qua việc em bày tỏ quan điểm, ý thức trách nhiệm vấn đề mang tính thời mà xã hội quan tâm Rèn luyện kỹ viết trình dài cần kiên nhẫn chịu khó người dạy người học Tôi hi vọng đồng nghiệp em HS tìm thấy lợi ích từ chuyên đề để áp dụng vào việc giảng dạy học tập nhằm đạt kết tốt Bình Xuyên ngày tháng năm 2014 Người viết chuyên đề Nguyễn Thị Thùy Hương ... biệt đề thi HSG Tiếng Anh nay, viết luận phần thiếu Từ thực tế trên, mạnh dạn đưa số gợi ý để hướng dẫn HS viết luận- kiểu nghị luận có hiệu A CÁC DẠNG ĐỀ NGHỊ LUẬN 1.Loại đề nghi vấn (Why): Phần... khai triển (4): câu kết Hướng dẫn viết văn nghị luận Từ hiểu biết viết phân đoạn tiến hành cách viết nghị luận 4.1 Viết đoạn mở Đoạn mở nằm phần mở đầu để nói rõ đề cần thảo luận vấn đề gì, phải... tuyển HSG, khả viết văn nghị luận em cải thiện cách đáng kể Ít , em khơng cịn nhầm lẫn viết đoạn văn viết luận văn Vì làm em trình bày theo hình thức văn nghị luận Các ý tưởng cho viết em xây dựng