The Great Depression and the New Deal: A Very Short Introduction VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes — a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology Very Short Introductions available now: AFRICAN HISTORY John Parker and Richard Rathbone AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS L Sandy Maisel THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY Charles O Jones ANARCHISM Colin Ward ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Julia Annas ANCIENT WARFARE Harry Sidebottom ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia ANTISEMITISM Steven Beller ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin ATHEISM Julian Baggini AUGUSTINE Henry Chadwick BARTHES Jonathan Culler BESTSELLERS John Sutherland THE BIBLE John Riches THE BRAIN Michael O’Shea BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM Damien Keown BUDDHIST ETHICS Damien Keown CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHAOS Leonard Smith CHOICE THEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CHRISTIANITY Linda Woodhead CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY Helen Morales CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon CONSCIOUSNESS Susan Blackmore CONTEMPORARY ART Julian Stallabrass CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles THE CRUSADES Christopher Tyerman CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADA AND SURREALISM David Hopkins DARWIN Jonathan Howard THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS Timothy Lim DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick DESCARTES Tom Sorell DESIGN John Heskett DINOSAURS David Norman DOCUMENTARY FILM Patricia Aufderheide DREAMING J Allan Hobson DRUGS Leslie Iversen THE EARTH Martin Redfern ECONOMICS Partha Dasgupta EGYPTIAN MYTH Geraldine Pinch EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN Paul Langford THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball EMOTION Dylan Evans EMPIRE Stephen Howe ENGELS Terrell Carver ETHICS Simon Blackburn THE EUROPEAN UNION John Pinder and Simon Usherwood EVOLUTION Brian and Deborah Charlesworth EXISTENTIALISM Thomas Flynn FASCISM Kevin Passmore FEMINISM Margaret Walters THE FIRST WORLD WAR Michael Howard FOSSILS Keith Thomson FOUCAULT Gary Gutting THE FRENCH REVOLUTION William Doyle FREE WILL Thomas Pink FREUD Anthony Storr FUNDAMENTALISM Malise Ruthven GALILEO Stillman Drake GAME THEORY Ken Binmore GANDHI Bhikhu Parekh GEOPOLITICS Klaus Dodds GERMAN LITERATURE Nicholas Boyle GLOBAL CATASTROPHES Bill McGuire GLOBALIZATION Manfred Steger GLOBAL WARMING Mark Maslin THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL Eric Rauchway HABERMAS James Gordon Finlayson HEGEL Peter Singer HEIDEGGER Michael Inwood HIEROGLYPHS Penelope Wilson HINDUISM Kim Knott HISTORY John H Arnold HIV/AIDS Alan Whiteside HOBBES Richard Tuck HUMAN EVOLUTION Bernard Wood HUMAN RIGHTS Andrew Clapham HUME A J Ayer IDEOLOGY Michael Freeden INDIAN PHILOSOPHY Sue Hamilton INTELLIGENCE Ian J Deary INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Khalid Koser INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Paul Wilkinson ISLAM Malise Ruthven JOURNALISM Ian Hargreaves JUDAISM Norman Solomon JUNG Anthony Stevens KABBALAH Joseph Dan KAFKA Ritchie Robertson KANT Roger Scruton KIERKEGAARD Patrick Gardiner THE KORAN Michael Cook LINGUISTICS Peter Matthews LITERARY THEORY Jonathan Culler LOCKE John Dunn LOGIC Graham Priest MACHIAVELLI Quentin Skinner THE MARQUIS DE SADE John Phillips MARX Peter Singer MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers MEDICAL ETHICS Tony Hope MEDIEVAL BRITAIN John Gillingham and Ralph A Griffiths MODERN ART David Cottington MODERN CHINA Rana Mitter ˇ MODERN IRELAND Senia Paseta MOLECULES Philip Ball MUSIC Nicholas Cook MYTH Robert A Segal NATIONALISM Steven Grosby THE NEW TESTAMENT AS LITERATURE Kyle Keefer NEWTON Robert Iliffe NIETZSCHE Michael Tanner NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN Christopher Harvie and H C G Matthew NORTHERNIRELAND Marc Mulholland THE OLD TESTAMENT Michael D Coogan PARTICLE PHYSICS Frank Close PAUL E P Sanders PHILOSOPHY Edward Craig PHILOSOPHY OF LAW Raymond Wacks PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Samir Okasha PHOTOGRAPHY Steve Edwards PLATO Julia Annas POLITICS Kenneth Minogue POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY David Miller POSTCOLONIALISM Robert Young POSTMODERNISM Christopher Butler POSTSTRUCTURALISM Catherine Belsey PREHISTORY Chris Gosden PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY Catherine Osborne PSYCHOLOGY Gillian Butler and Freda McManus PSYCHIATRY Tom Burns THE QUAKERS Pink Dandelion QUANTUM THEORY John Polkinghorne RACISM Ali Rattansi THE RENAISSANCE Jerry Brotton RENAISSANCE ART Geraldine A Johnson ROMAN BRITAIN Peter Salway THE ROMAN EMPIRE Christopher Kelly ROUSSEAU Robert Wokler RUSSELL A C Grayling RUSSIAN LITERATURE Catriona Kelly THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION S A Smith SCHIZOPHRENIA Chris Frith and Eve Johnstone SCHOPENHAUER Christopher Janaway SHAKESPEARE Germaine Greer SIKHISM Eleanor Nesbitt SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY John Monaghan and Peter Just SOCIALISM Michael Newman SOCIOLOGY Steve Bruce SOCRATES C C W Taylor THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR Helen Graham SPINOZA Roger Scruton STUART BRITAIN John Morrill TERRORISM Charles Townshend THEOLOGY David F Ford THE HISTORY OF TIME Leofranc Holford-Strevens TRAGEDY Adrian Poole THE TUDORS John Guy TWENTIETH-CENTURY BRITAIN Kenneth O Morgan THE VIKINGS Julian Richards WITTGENSTEIN A C Grayling WORLD MUSIC Philip Bohlman THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION Amrita Narlikar Available soon: 1066 George Garnett Expressionism Katerina Reed-Tsocha Galaxies John Gribbin Geography John Matthews and David Herbert History of Life Michael Benton History of Medicine William Bynum Law Raymond Wacks The Meaning of Life Terry Eagleton Memory Jonathan Foster Mormonism Richard Lyman Bushman Nelson Mandela Elleke Boehmer Nuclear Weapons Joseph M Siracusa Religion in America Timothy Beal Science and Religion Thomas Dixon Sexuality ´ Veronique Mottier The United Nations Jussi M Hanhimaki ă The Vietnam War Mark Atwood Lawrence For more information visit our web site www.oup.co.uk/general/vsi/ Eric Rauchway The Great Depression & the New Deal A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright ß 2008 by Oxford University Press, Inc Published by Oxford University Press, Inc 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rauchway, Eric The Great Depression and the New Deal : a very short introduction / Eric Rauchway p cm.— (Very short introductions ; 166) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978–0–19–532634–5 (pbk.) United States—History—1919–1933 United States—History—1933–1945 Depressions—1929—United States New Deal, 1933–1939 United States—Economic conditions—1918–1945 United States—Social conditions—1933–1945 Roosevelt, Franklin D (Franklin Delano), 1882–1945 Depressions—1929—Europe Europe—Economic conditions—1918–1945 I Title E806.R38 2008 973.91—dc22 2007030523 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Contents Acknowledgments viii List of Illustrations ix Introduction 1 The World in Debt The Hoover Years 23 Americans in the Depression 38 Reflation and Relief 56 Managing Farm and Factory 72 Countervailing Power 87 The End of the Beginning 105 Conclusion 126 Further Reading 134 Table Major federal acts of the Great Depression and New Deal 137 Index 143 Acknowledgments I owe most to scholars cited in the text and am additionally grateful to Alan Brinkley, Greg Clark, Andrew Cohen, Meg Jacobs, Ari Kelman, David Kennedy, Peter Lindert, Alan Olmstead, Kathy Olmsted, Steve Sheffrin, Alan M Taylor, Louis Warren, undergraduates enrolled in History 174B at UC Davis in Spring 2007, and the conscientious referees and staff of the press for valuable comments and conversations about the Great Depression and New Deal List of Illustrations Civilian Conservation Corps weeding a Tennessee Valley Authority nursery 90 Library of Congress, LC-USW3-004511-D 45 Social Security Act Franklin D Roosevelt Library GDP and Unemployment 55 Historical Statistics of the United States, series Ba475 (unemployment) and Ca9 (GDP) ‘‘White Trade Only’’ 107 Library of Congress, LCUSF33- 006392-M4 Breadline in New York City Franklin D Roosevelt Library Hooverville squatters’ shacks Library of Congress, LC-USF34-004976-E 41 Franklin D Roosevelt during a ‘‘Fireside Chat’’ 58 Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-118215 Civilian Conservation Corps poultry farm 79 Franklin D Roosevelt Library Sinclair Lewis’s It Can’t Happen Here Library of Congress, LC-USZC2-881 98 121 10 WPA Federal Art Project Mural 122 National Archives and Records Administration 69-N-P-1304 The Great Depression and the New Deal Olson, James S Saving Capitalism: The Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the New Deal, 1933–1940 Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988 Patterson, James T America’s Struggle against Poverty, 1900–1985 Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986 ——— Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–1939 Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981 ——— The New Deal and the States: Federalism in Transition Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969 Phillips, Sarah T This Land, This Nation: Conservation, Rural America, and the New Deal New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007 Romer, Christina D ‘‘The Great Crash and the Onset of the Great Depression.’’ Quarterly Journal of Economics 105, no (1990): 597–62 ——— ‘‘What Ended the Great Depression?’’ Journal of Economic History 52, no (1992): 757–84 Rothermund, Dietmar The Global Impact of the Great Depression London: Routledge, 1996 Rowley, William D M L Wilson and the Campaign for the Domestic Allotment Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970 Saloutos, Theodore ‘‘New Deal Agricultural Policy: An Evaluation.’’ Journal of American History 61, no (1974): 394–416 Schulman, Bruce J From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South, 1938–1980 Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994 Skidelsky, Robert John Maynard Keynes: A Biography vols London: Macmillan, 1983–2000 Smith, Jason Scott Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006 Volanto, Keith J Texas, Cotton, and the New Deal College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2005 Weir, David R ‘‘A Century of U.S Unemployment, 1890–1990: Revised Estimates and Evidence for Stabilization.’’ Research in Economic History 14 (1992): 301–46 136 Table Major federal acts of the Great Depression and New Deal Citation Date Description Reconstruction Finance Corporation Act 47 Stat 1/23/32 Created Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), capitalized at $500m and permitted to issue obligations worth up to three times as much, to aid banks and other industries Glass-Steagall Act 47 Stat 56 2/27/32 Permitted Federal Reserve System to issue notes backed by government securities Federal Home Loan Bank Act 137 Name of action 47 Stat 725 7/22/32 Created Home Loan Bank System, patterned on Federal Reserve System, to permit rediscounting of mortgage loans Emergency Banking Relief Act 48 Stat 3/9/33 Title I recognized a banking emergency, empowered the president to halt bank transactions and the secretary of the treasury to impound gold Title II empowered the comptroller of the currency to appoint conservators for banks, investigate their books, and determine their soundness Title III authorized the RFC to buy and sell bank stock Title IV liberalized the Federal Reserve System’s authority to issue advances to member banks Civilian Conservation Corp Reforestation Relief Act 48 Stat 22 3/31/33 Authorized the president to create a "conservation corps among the unemployed," which became the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), chiefly for the maintenance of public lands Agricultural Adjustment Act 48 Stat 31 5/12/33 Title I recognized a state of agricultural emergency and disparity between rural and urban incomes which it would be (Continued) Table (Continued) Name of action Citation Date Description policy to redress; directed the secretary of agriculture to create Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to regulate production of commodities and administer processing tax Title II, or the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act, expanded federal power to back farm mortgages Title III, or the Thomas Amendment, authorized the president to issue paper money and determine the gold or silver weight of the dollar 48 Stat 55 5/12/33 Declared an economic emergency of unemployment and failure of local relief funds, allotted $500m of RFC money for a Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) to grant as relief to the states Tennessee Valley Authority Act 48 Stat 58 5/18/33 Created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to maintain and operate Wilson Dam and Muscle Shoals and to improve navigation and control floods in the region, extending to transmission of electrical power and manufacture of fertilizer and explosives Securities Act of 1933 48 Stat 74 5/27/33 Required corporations to register securities with the Federal Trade Commission to prevent fraudulent issues Home Owners’ Loan Act 48 Stat 128 6/13/33 Created the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) to refinance mortgages on residences and prevent foreclosures Banking Act of 1933 (Glass-Steagall 48 Stat 162 6/16/33 Increased power of the Federal Reserve Board to oversee transactions of Federal Reserve System, created the temporary 138 Federal Emergency Relief Act Banking Act) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), limited commercial banks’ ability to trade in securities 139 National Industrial Recovery Act 48 Stat 195 6/16/33 Title I recognized a state of industrial emergency, suspended anti-trust law, and authorized the president to create an agency to address the emergency by the composition of industrial codes; Roosevelt created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) Title II authorized the president to create a Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, which became the Public Works Administration (PWA), to lend and grant $3.3bn appropriated for this purpose Civil Works Administration Executive Order no 6420B 11/9/33 Roosevelt created the Civil Works Administration (CWA), funded with $400m from the National Industrial Recovery Act, "for the purpose of increasing employment quickly." Gold Reserve Act 48 Stat 337 1/30/34 Placed control of monetary gold in the federal government and authorized the president to establish the gold value of the dollar for a two-year period at not more than 60 percent of its current value; established a stabilization fund in the Treasury Securities Exchange Act 48 Stat 881 6/6/34 Created Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and empowered it to regulate trading of securities on the stock exchange National Housing Act 48 Stat 1246 6/27/34 Created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), funded out of the RFC, to insure mortgages (Continued) Table (Continued) Citation Date Description Joint Resolution for Enforcement of National Industrial Recovery Act 48 Stat 1183 6/19/34 Authorized the president to create a board to enforce section 7a (collective bargaining) of the National Industrial Recovery Act Roosevelt created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 140 Name of action 49 Stat 115 4/8/35 Appropriated $4.9bn for emergency relief use Resettlement Administration Executive Order no 7027 4/30/35 Under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, Roosevelt created the Resettlement Administration (RA) to aid the migration of poor farm familes In 1937 RA became the Farm Security Administration (FSA) within the Department of Agriculture Works Progress Administration Executive Order no 7034 5/6/35 Under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, Roosevelt created a system for evaluating proposed projects including the Works Progress Administration (WPA), "to move from the relief rolls to work the maximum number of people in the shortest time possible." Rural Electrification Administration Executive Order no 7037 5/11/35 Roosevelt created Rural Electrification Administration (REA) to support the extension of electrical power using funds from the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 49 Stat 449 7/5/35 Created new NLRB to replace the board created by executive order in 1934, to assure specified rights of employees to organize and bargain collectively and prevent defined unfair labor practices Social Security Act 49 Stat 620 8/14/35 Title I provided for grants to states for old-age assistance Title II provided for federal old-age benefits Title III provided for grants to states to administer unemployment compensation plans Title IV provided grants to states for aid to dependent children Title V provided grants to states for maternal and child welfare Title VI allotted money to states for maintaining public health services Title VII established a Social Security Board to study and recommend "the most effective methods of providing economic security through social insurance." Titles VIII and IX levied taxes on employers and employees to support the program Title X provided grants to states for aid to the blind Banking Act of 1935 49 Stat 684 8/23/35 Title I made the FDIC permanent Title II amended the Federal Reserve Act to establish the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, appointed by the president, and lodged powers to regulate the supply of money, establish credit policy, and supervise banks with them Public Utilities Holding Company Act 49 Stat 803 8/26/35 Defined a public interest in public utilites, enumerated abuses of that public interest, and made it policy to eliminate such abuses and also to eliminate holding companies 141 National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) (Continued) Table (Continued) Citation Date Description Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act 49 Stat 1148 2/20/36 Aimed at achieving agricultural parity through conservation measures National Housing Act Amendments of 1938 142 Name of action 52 Stat 2/3/38 Amended National Housing Act to make it easier to resell mortgages RFC created National Mortgage Association of Washington, later renamed the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), to resell mortgages Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 52 Stat 31 2/16/38 Established the yardstick of normal wheat yields and paid farmers to meet this target Fair Labor Standards Act 52 Stat 1060 6/25/38 Established national minimum wage and maximum hours, banned child labor Index A Berlin, Isaiah, 1, 5, 56 Black Thursday, 19 Black, John D., 80 Bonus Army, 1, 50–52 Bretton Woods, 6, 128–31 Brown, E Cary, 127 AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration), 78–82, 93, 96, 97, 109, 118, 137 AFL (American Federation of Labor), 82 African Americans, 24, 44, 45, 46, 100, 107, 112, 117 Agee, James, 48 Agricultural Adjustment Act, 77, 137 agriculture See farms and farming American Liberty League, 108, 109 Anglo-American Trade Agreement, 128 automotive industry, 13, 14, 19 C Carr, E H., 11 CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), 64, 66, 90, 108, 126, 137 CES (Committee on Economic Security), 97, 98, 102 charities, 41 Clayton Act, 82 communism, 50, 51, 110, 112, 120, 130 Consumers Advisory Board, 96 consumer spending, 13, 15, 19, 82 consumers’ unions, 96, 97 corruption, 68, 84 countervailing power, 5, 87, 88, 92, 95–97, 102, 118 court-packing, 113, 114 CWA (Civil Works Administration), 66–67, 139 Coolidge, Calvin, 23, 76, 89 Coughlin, Charles See Father Coughlin credit, purchasing on, 13–15, 18, 19 B Bagehot, Walter, 27, 30 Bank for Reconstruction and Development See World Bank Bankhead Cotton Control Act, 80 Banking Act of 1933, 59, 138 Banking Act of 1935, 62, 141 banking system, 30, 57, 59, 72 banks, 10, 17, 27, 29, 34, 63, 118; failures of, 19, 29, 30, 31, 56 Baruch, Bernard, 18 143 D Federal Land Bank system, 34 Federal Relief Appropriation Act, 67, 140 Federal Reserve System, 1, 3, 17, 27, 28, 30, 34, 57, 59, 61, 62, 137, 138, 141 Federal Theatre Project, 120, 121 Federal Writers’ Project, 119 FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration), 65–67, 137 fiscal policy, 5, 12, 26, 29, 33, 65, 66, 67, 93, 115, 116, 126, 127 Darrow, Clarence, 25, 84 debt: personal, 13, 15, 28, 47, 60, 62, 74; intergovernmental, 10, 12, 15, 27–29, 33, 60 See also monetary policy depressions and recessions, 5, 12, 29, 38, 47, 57, 115 See also Great Depression Dies, Martin, 120 dust bowl, 47 The Great Depression and the New Deal E G economic growth, 1, 5, 12–15, 57, 131 elections: of 1928, 23, 25; of 1930, 31; of 1932, 35, 52, 89, 105; of 1936, 102, 106, 108, 110–12; of 1938, 117, 126 Emergency Banking Act, 57, 61, 62 Emergency Relief and Construction Act, 63 European Recovery Program See Marshall Plan Evans, Walker, 48 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 87 global finance, 18, 20, 130 Gold Reserve Act, 62 gold standard, 59–62 Great Crash, 3, 18, 19, 28, 30, 40, 44, 47, 50, 77 Great Depression, 2, 3, 8, 19, 25, 38, 46, 48–50, 65, 69, 73, 101, 111, 126 Guffey Coal Act, 110 H Harburg, E Y., 39 Harrison, George L., 28 health insurance, 102 Hickok, Lorena, 48 hoboes, 44, 64 Hofstadter, Richard, 10 Home Loan Banks, 34, 137 Homestead Act, 73 Hoover, Herbert, 3, 6, 17, 20, 23–35, 50–52, 61, 63, 76, 82, 105, 107, 111; and 1927 flood relief, 23, 24; relief philosophy of, 24–26, 31, 32, 35; responses to Crash of, 26, 31–34, 63 Hoovervilles, 44, 45 Hopkins, Harry, 65–68, 99, 108 Howe, Frederic, 96 F Fair Labor Standards Act, 116, 126, 142 Father Coughlin, 49, 50, 112 Farrell, James, 32 farm policy, 73–79 farms and farming, 28, 46, 47, 56, 62, 73–76, 78, 79 FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), 59, 139, 141 Federal Art Project, 120 Federal Emergency Relief Act, 65, 137 Federal Employment Stabilization Board, 32 Federal Farm Board, 77 144 Hughes, Charles Evans, 16, 108 Hull, Cordell, 128 Morehead v New York ex rel Tipaldo, 110 Morgenthau, Henry, 126 Morrill Land Grant Act, 74 municipal assistance, 42, 43, 49 I Ickes, Harold, 65 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 129, 130 immigration and immigration policy, 9, 11, 12, 33, 38, 68 industrial policy, 81–84 N J Johnson, Hugh, 76, 81, 83 K Kennedy, David M., Kennedy, Joseph P., 18, 20, 62 Keynesianism, 118 Keynes, John Maynard, 8–11, 19, 20, 115, 116, 126, 128, 129, 131 L Lamont, Thomas, 29 Lange, Dorothea, 48 Laval, Pierre, 61 League of Nations, 11 Lilienthal, David, 90, 91 London Economic Conference, 72 M MacArthur, Douglas, 51 Marshall, George, 131 Marshall Plan, 130, 131 McNary-Haugen bills, 76, 77 McReynolds, James, 113 Mencken, H L., 25 Mills, Ogden, 34 Moley, Raymond, 59, 77 monetary policy, 17, 18, 27–30, 34, 56, 59, 61, 62, 72, 118, 129 O optimism, 18, 19, 25, 26, 31, 115 P Peek, George, 76, 78, 81 Pacific Railroad Act, 73 145 Index NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 107 National Consumers’ League, 116 National Labor Relations Act, 105 National Industrial Recovery Act, 82, 95, 96, 110, 140 National Resources Planning Board, 118 New Deal, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 56–69, 72, 77, 78, 82, 87, 88, 91, 94, 97, 101, 102, 106, 109, 111, 114, 116, 121, 126, 127, 130; approval/ disapproval of, 62, 64, 67–9, 78, 111; criticism and opponents of, 92, 106, 108–10, 113–18, 120; failures of, 66, 72, 84, 85, 93, 95, 116, 117, 131; major acts of, 137–42; methodology of, 1, 4, 6, 56–58, 67, 131; opposition to, 120; successes of, 57, 68, 91, 92, 93, 102, 117–20, 131 NLRB (National Labor Relations Board), 94, 95, 120, 140, 141 NRA (National Recovery Administration), 81, 83, 84, 94, 96, 108–110 106, 110, 111, 115; in the navy, 24, 88 Rumsey, Mary Harriman, 96 Patton, George S., 51 Perkins, Frances, 82, 84 political economy, 6, 70, 85, 88–90, 92, 93, 97, 102, 118 price-fixing, 81–84 PWA (Public Works Administration), 65, 66, 91, 92, 130 S Schecter v United States, 108 Schumpeter, Joseph, 19 Schwellenbach, Lewis, 87 SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), 62, 139 sectionalism, 74–76, 90, 91, 100, 111, 113, 117 sexism, 44, 45 sharecropping, 48, 119 Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 28 Social Security, 98, 99–101, 106, 114, 118, 129 Social Security Act, 114 socialism, 32, 78, 85, 90 speculation, 16, 17 state power, 85, 95, 96, 101, 102, 107 strikes, 94 stock market, 15–17 stock pools, 16 Supreme Court, 82, 95, 108–11, 113, 114, 118 The Great Depression and the New Deal R racism, 24, 38, 40, 44–46, 92, 93, 100, 107, 117 recovery, 57, 72, 80–82, 85, 102, relief, 4, 57, 63–66, 67–9, 82, 116; attitudes toward public, 39, 41, 42, 49, 65, 67, 69, 126; federal efforts for aimed directly at public, 4, 13, 35, 63–66, 116; non–New Deal federal efforts for, 32–34, 63; private efforts for, 32; state and local efforts for, 26, 27, 32, 42, 49, 65, 68; work relief, 64–67, 82, 115, 116, 126 reflation, 4, 56, 59, 61, 62, 69 REA (Rural Electrification Administration), 91, 140 Revenue Act, 93 RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation), 34, 50, 57, 62, 63, 66, 137 Roberts, Owen, 114 Rockefeller, John D., 19 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1, 2, 4–6, 16, 20, 56–69, 77, 78, 82–89, 92, 94, 98, 101, 102, 105, 115, 116, 126, 131; as governor of New York, 32, 35, 52; and the Supreme Court, 109, 110–14; after the new deal, 126–31; campaigning and elections, 2, 5, 35, 52, 77, 89, 102; conservatism of 59, 66, T tariffs, 10, 11, 12, 28, 29, 60, 74, 76, 77 tax policy, 31, 74, 80, 93, 94, 99 Terkel, Studs, Thomas Amendment, 61, 62 TNEC (Temporary National Economic Committee), 116 trade policy, 9, 10, 28, 29 Trading with the Enemy Act, 57, 58 tramps See hoboes Treaty of Versailles, 8, 9, 11, 129, 131 146 Truman, Harry S, 117 TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), 89–91, 118, 130, 138 U Un-American Activities Committee, 120 underemployment 40 unemployment, 1, 5, 15, 26, 31–33, 40, 46, 55, 57, 64, 67, 96, 97, 101, 102, 115 126 unions, 32, 41, 82–4, 94–97, 116, 120 V veterans See Bonus Army W wages, 13, 14, 26, 69, 82, 95, 116 Wagner, Robert, 95 147 Index Wagner Act, 95, 96, 110, 114, 141 Wallace, Henry A., 76, 78, 85 West Coast Hotel v Parrish, 114 White, Harry Dexter, 129 White, Walter, 107 WIB (War Industries Board), 76, 81, 83 Wilson, Milburn L., 77, 78 Willkie, Wendell, 91 World Bank, 129, 130 world economy, 6, 20, 29, 72, 128, 130; pre-WWI system, 8, 9, 10, 11, 128; international trade, 28, 29; overseas investment, 17, 62 World Economic Conference, 11, 12 World War I, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 38, 72, 75–77, 88, 128 World War II, 5, 65, 126, 128 WPA (Works Progress Administration), 67, 68, 93, 108, 117, 118, 120, 122, 126, 130, 140 Expand your collection of VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Classics Music Buddhism Literary Theory Hinduism Psychology Islam Politics Theology Archaeology Judaism Sociology The Koran The Bible Social and Cultural Anthropology History Roman Britain The Anglo-Saxon Age Medieval Britain The Tudors Stuart Britain Eighteenth-Century Britain Nineteenth-Century Britain Twentieth-Century Britain Heidegger Ancient Philosophy Socrates Marx Logic Descartes Machiavelli Aristotle Hume Nietzsche Darwin 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 148 The European Union Gandhi Augustine Intelligence Jung Buddha Paul Continental Philosophy Galileo Freud Wittgenstein Indian Philosophy Rousseau Hegel Kant Cosmology Drugs Russian Literature The French Revolution Philosophy Barthes Animal Rights Kierkegaard Russell Shakespeare Clausewitz Schopenhauer The Russian Revolution Hobbes World Music Mathematics Philosophy of Science Cryptography Quantum Theory Spinoza Choice Theory 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 Architecture Poststructuralism Postmodernism Democracy Empire Fascism Terrorism Plato Ethics Emotion Northern Ireland Art Theory Locke Modern Ireland Globalization Cold War The History of Astronomy Schizophrenia The Earth Engels British Politics Linguistics The Celts Ideology Prehistory Political Philosophy Postcolonialism Atheism Evolution Molecules Art History Presocratic Philosophy The Elements Dada and Surrealism Egyptian Myth Christian Art Capitalism Particle Physics Free Will Myth 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 149 Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphs Medical Ethics Kafka Anarchism Ancient Warfare Global Warming Christianity Modern Art Consciousness Foucault Spanish Civil War The Marquis de Sade Habermas Socialism Dreaming Dinosaurs Renaissance Art Buddhist Ethics Tragedy Sikhism The History of Time Nationalism The World Trade Organization Design The Vikings Fossils Journalism The Crusades Feminism Human Evolution The Dead Sea Scrolls The Brain Global Catastrophes Contemporary Art Philosophy of Law The Renaissance Anglicanism The Roman Empire Photography 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 Psychiatry Existentialism The First World War Fundamentalism Economics International Migration Newton Chaos African History Racism Kabbalah Human Rights International Relations The American Presidency The Great Depression and The New Deal 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 150 Classical Mythology The New Testament as Literature American Political Parties and Elections Bestsellers Geopolitics Antisemitism Game Theory HIV/AIDS Documentary Film Modern China The Quakers German Literature Nuclear Weapons Law The Old Testament ... Capitalist Process (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939), 2:911 The Great Depression and the New Deal 36 Christina D Romer, ‘? ?The Great Crash and the Onset of the Great Depression, ’’ Quarterly Journal of... throughout the Depression The Great Depression and the New Deal however little, to spare accepted the justice of the claim, ‘‘showering dimes and quarters upon outstretched hands,’’ as the New York... the president and Congress responded to the judiciary, the electorate, and the changing world of the Depression In this very short introduction to the Great Depression and the New Deal, I offer