Pressure drop, p, kPa Mass flow rate, W, kilograms/second 60 0 0.2 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 ∆𝑊 = 0.72𝑘𝑔/𝑠 𝑊 = 0.6𝑘𝑔/𝑠 tangent to curve at ∆𝑃 = 52𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑄 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 𝑘 0 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 𝑘 𝑖 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘 2 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘 1 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑,𝑇 𝑖 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑,𝑇 0 𝑀 spring moving part cylinder 𝐹 force dashpot fluid velocity 𝑣 lower mount upper mount piston rod oil reserve cylinder base valve pressure tube extension compression 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑,𝑇 0 𝑄 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑,𝑇 𝑖 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑,𝑇 0 𝑄 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑,𝑇 𝑖 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑,𝑇 0 𝑄 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑,𝑇 𝑖 velocity 𝐹 𝑣 F = F C + R m . v force Coulomb friction force, 𝐹 𝐶 𝑅 𝑚 = ∆𝐹 ∆𝑣 ∆𝑣 ∆𝐹 velocity 𝐹 𝑣 F = R m . v force 𝐹 𝑣 𝑅 𝑚 = 𝐹 𝑣 velocity 𝐹 𝑣 F = K . v 2 force 𝐹 𝑣 𝑎 𝑅 𝑚 = ∆𝐹 ∆𝑣 = 2𝐾𝑣 ∆𝐹 ∆𝑣