C++ Tutorial i C++TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning ABOUT THE TUTORIAL C++ Tutorial C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. This reference will take you through simple and practical approach while learning C++ Programming language. Audience This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts related to C++ Programming languages. Prerequisites Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this reference, I'm making an assumption that you are already aware about what is a computer program and what is a computer programming language? Copyright & Disclaimer Notice All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. 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If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at webmaster@tutorialspoint.com TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Table of Content C++ Tutorial 2 Audience 2 Prerequisites 2 Copyright & Disclaimer Notice 2 Overview 11 Object-Oriented Programming 11 Standard Libraries 11 The ANSI Standard 12 Learning C++ 12 Use of C++ 12 Environment Setup 13 Text Editor: 13 C++ Compiler: 13 Installing GNU C/C++ Compiler: 13 Unix/Linux Installation: 13 Mac OS X Installation: 14 Windows Installation: 14 C++ Basic Syntax 15 C++ Program Structure: 15 Compile & Execute C++ Program: 16 Semicolons & Blocks in C++: 16 C++ Identifiers: 17 C++ Keywords: 17 Trigraphs: 18 Whitespace in C++: 18 Comments 19 Data Types 20 Primitive Built-in Types: 20 typedef Declarations: 22 Enumerated Types: 22 Variable Types 23 Variable Declaration in C++: 23 Variable Initialization in C++: Error! Bookmark not defined. Lvalues and Rvalues: 25 Variable Scope 26 Local Variables: 26 Global Variables: 27 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Initializing Local and Global Variables: 27 Constants/Literals 29 Integer literals: 29 Floating-point literals: 29 Boolean literals: 30 Character literals: 30 String literals: 31 Defining Constants: 31 The #define Preprocessor: 31 The const Keyword: 32 Modifier Types 33 Type Qualifiers in C++ 34 Storage Classes 35 The auto Storage Class 35 The register Storage Class 35 The static Storage Class 36 The extern Storage Class 36 The mutable Storage Class 37 Operators 38 Arithmetic Operators: 38 Relational Operators: 40 Logical Operators: 42 Bitwise Operators: 43 Assignment Operators: 45 Misc Operators 47 sizeof operator 47 Conditional operator 48 Comma Operator 49 Member Operator 49 The (.) dot operator: 49 The (->) arrow operator: 50 Casting Operator 50 Pointer Operator & and Pointer Operator * 51 The Address of Operator &: 51 The Indirection Operator *: 51 Operators Precedence in C++: 52 C++ Loop Types 54 while loop 55 Syntax: 55 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Flow Diagram: 56 Example: 56 for loop 57 Syntax: 57 Flow Diagram: 58 Example: 58 do…while loop 59 Syntax: 59 Flow Diagram: 59 Example: 60 nested loops 60 Syntax: 60 Example: 61 Loop Control Statements: 62 break statement 62 Syntax: 62 Flow Diagram: 63 Example: 63 continue statement 64 Syntax: 64 Flow Diagram: 64 Example: 64 goto statement 65 Syntax: 65 Flow Diagram: 66 Example: 66 The Infinite Loop: 67 Decision Making 68 if statement 69 Syntax: 69 Flow Diagram: 69 Example: 69 if…else statement 70 Syntax: 70 Flow Diagram: 71 Example: 71 The if else if else Statement: 72 Syntax: 72 Example: 72 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning switch statement 73 Syntax: 73 Flow Diagram: 74 Example: 74 nested if statements 75 Syntax: 75 Example: 75 nested switch statements 76 Syntax: 76 Example: 76 The ? : Operator: 77 Functions 78 Defining a Function: 78 Example: 79 Function Declarations: 79 Calling a Function: 79 Function Arguments: 80 Default Values for Parameters: 84 Numbers 85 Defining Numbers in C++: 85 Math Operations in C++: 86 Random Numbers in C++: 87 Arrays 89 Declaring Arrays: 89 Initializing Arrays: 89 Accessing Array Elements: 90 C++ Arrays in Detail: 91 Two-Dimensional Arrays: 91 Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays: 92 Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements: 92 Strings 98 The C-Style Character String: 98 The String Class in C++: 100 Pointers 101 What Are Pointers? 101 Using Pointers in C++: 102 C++ Pointers in Detail: 102 Incrementing a Pointer: 104 Decrementing a Pointer: 105 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Pointer Comparisons 105 References 113 C++ References vs Pointers: 113 Creating References in C++: 113 Date and Time 117 Current date and time: 118 Format time using struct tm: 118 Basic Input/Output 120 I/O Library Header Files: 120 The standard output stream (cout): 120 The standard input stream (cin): 121 The standard error stream (cerr): 121 The standard log stream (clog): 122 Data Structures 123 Defining a Structure: 123 Accessing Structure Members: 123 Structures as Function Arguments: 125 Pointers to Structures: 126 The typedef Keyword 127 Classes and Objects 128 C++ Class Definitions: 128 Define C++ Objects: 128 Accessing the Data Members: 129 Classes & Objects in Detail: 129 The public members: 134 The private members: 135 The protected members: 136 The Class Constructor: 137 Parameterized Constructor: 138 Using Initialization Lists to Initialize Fields: 139 The Class Destructor: 139 Static Function Members: 148 Inheritance 150 Base & Derived Classes: 150 Access Control and Inheritance: 151 Type of Inheritance: 151 Multiple Inheritances: 152 Overloading 154 Function overloading in C++: 154 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Operators overloading in C++: 155 Overloadable/Non-overloadableOperators: 157 Operator Overloading Examples: 157 Polymorphism 170 Virtual Function: 172 Pure Virtual Functions: 172 Data Abstraction 173 Access Labels Enforce Abstraction: 174 Benefits of Data Abstraction: 174 Data Abstraction Example: 174 Designing Strategy: 175 Data Encapsulation 176 Data Encapsulation Example: 177 Designing Strategy: 177 Interfaces 178 Abstract Class Example: 178 Designing Strategy: 180 Files and Streams 181 Opening a File: 181 Closing a File 182 Writing to a File: 182 Reading from a File: 182 Read & Write Example: 182 File Position Pointers: 183 Exception Handling 185 Throwing Exceptions: 185 Catching Exceptions: 186 C++ Standard Exceptions: 187 Define New Exceptions: 188 Dynamic Memory 189 The new and delete operators: 189 Dynamic Memory Allocation for Arrays: 190 Dynamic Memory Allocation for Objects: 190 Namespaces 192 Defining a Namespace: 192 The using directive: 193 Discontiguous Namespaces: 194 Nested Namespaces: 194 Templates 196 TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Function Template: 196 Class Template: 197 Preprocessor 199 The #define Preprocessor: 199 Function-Like Macros: 200 Conditional Compilation: 200 The # and ## Operators: 201 Predefined C++ Macros: 202 Signal Handling 204 The signal() function: 204 The raise() function: 205 Multithreading 207 Creating Threads: 207 Terminating Threads: 208 Example: 208 Passing Arguments to Threads: 209 Joining and Detaching Threads: 210 Web Programming 212 What is CGI ? 212 Web Browsing 212 CGI Architecture Diagram 213 Web Server Configuration 213 First CGI Program 213 Hello World! This is my first CGI program 214 HTTP Header 214 CGI Environment Variables 214 C++ CGI Library 216 GET and POST Methods 216 Passing Information using GET method: 216 Simple URL Example : Get Method 217 Simple FORM Example: GET Method 218 Passing Information using POST method: 218 Passing Checkbox Data to CGI Program 219 Passing Radio Button Data to CGI Program 220 Passing Text Area Data to CGI Program 221 Passing Drop Down Box Data to CGI Program 222 Using Cookies in CGI 223 How It Works 223 Setting up Cookies 223 [...]... editor are called source files, and for C++ they typically are named with the extension cpp, cp, or c Before starting your programming, make sure you have one text editor in place and you have enough experience to type your C++ program C++ Compiler: This is actual C++ compiler, which will be used to compile your source code into final executable program Most C++ compilers don't care what extension... addition to C++ The next line // main() is where program execution begins is a single-line comment available in C++ Single-line comments begin with // and stop at the end of the line The line int main() is the main function where program execution begins TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning   The next line cout . C++ Tutorial i C+ +TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning ABOUT THE TUTORIAL C++ Tutorial. including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at webmaster@tutorialspoint.com TUTORIALS POINT. Disclaimer Notice All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in