1 VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES - DO PHUONG LAM CHARACTERISTICS OF SINO-VIETNAMESE FUNCTION WORDS IN VIETNAMESE Major: Vietnamese linguist Major code: 62.22.01.20 DOCTORAL THESIS SUMMARY OF LINGUISTICS & LITERATURE … Ha Noi – 2014 The thesis was completed at: Graduate Academy of Social Sciences Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Supervisor: Prof.Dr Nguyen Van Khang Phản biện 1: Phản biện 2: Phản biện 3: The thesis is assessed in Council of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences at … Thesis can be found at: Viet Nam National Library Graduate Academy of Social Sciences Library INTRODUCTION The reason for selecting topics 1.1 1.1 Vietnamese belongs to the type of language “đơn lập” (words don’t changes morphological when changing function syntax), means primarily based grammar tools are order of words and function words "Burden" to show the grammar relations in Vietnamese is even set on the function words Research function words very useful for elucidating the issues of vocabulary and grammar in Vietnamese 1.2 Usually, borrowed words between languages takes place primarily in the real non-function words However, Vietnamese borrowed a large amount of function words from ancient Chinese Exotic nature of the Sino-Vietnamese function words also makes users difficult to use them The phenomenon of false talk, gibberish written by Sino-Vietnamese function words system is quite popular 1.3 Most Vietnamese function words derived from ancient Chinese Even function words from the ancient Vietnamese documents such as mựa, sá, tua, khắng, huống, đối (với), bui, chỉn, cái, chiếc, nhé, etc also be borrowed from the ancient Chinese Thus, "study appearing of function words and determine fairly accurately the time of its occurrence can prop to study the level of expression and the language development." "Learn the sources of words and the processes of loan words to Viet (Nom) documents can also help us visualize somewhat general view of the development of Vietnamese history " 1.4 Function words is one of the most complex problems of any language For example, you want to be good at learning a foreign language you need to master the function words In general, results of research Vietnamese function words system and Sino-Vietnamese function words parts have a significance is tremendous applications, especially for the compilation of teaching materials for overseas Vietnamese For these reasons, we choose the research topic: "Characteristics of SinoVietnamese function words in Vietnamese" Overview of Research 2.1 Researches of function words in Vietnamese Overall, "most of the Vietnamese grammar researchers are directly or indirectly were mentioned function words However the problem of function words has yet to be an issue was closed now." Below we summarize researching on function words of the Vietnamese under different angles Nguyen Anh Que (1988) conducted a survey and describe the characteristics of semantics and grammar of function words with each group and each specific function words In that argument, comparing the different uses of the same function words either of the function words significant similarities Some authors studied the function words in pragmatics, which is not study function words as themselves, which studies them as ability of activities Such as: Le Dong (1991) with "semantics , pragmatics of Vietnamese function words: The Significance assessment of the function words" , "Semantics , pragmatics of Vietnamese function words" , Le Dong, Hung Viet (1995), " Stresses as a phenomenon characterized pragmatics and the semantics pragmatics of support from some Vietnamese stressed auxilliry words"; Nguyen Thi Luong (1996), Nguyen Van Chinh (2000), and his thesis: The role of Vietnamese function words in shaping sentence informed; Phung Thi Thanh Lam (2003) with The possibility of operating of Vietnamese adverbs in the background of the situation; Vu Thi Kim Anh (2005) with The primary role of the state from the last words of sentence into force in the words of the sentences, etc In addition, there are studies towards the application, which is useful for teaching overseas Vietnamese For foreign language learning, to understand the grammar of a language to capture the function words system is crucial These include a few articles such as The last words of sentence in Vietnamese and how to teach elementary magnetic Vietnamese sentences for foreigners (Le Thi Hoai Duong, 2003), Vietnamese conjunctions in some books teach Vietnamese for foreigners and the issues of teaching conjunctions to foreigners (Nguyen Thi Thanh Ngoc, 2004) Some of this work is the in-depth study of a sub- category of function words Pham Hung Viet (1996) with a doctoral thesis Some functional characteristics of auxiliary words in modern Vietnamese This thesis later (2003) be developed to Auxiliary in modern Vietnamese He has taken the criteria to realize Vietnamese auxiliary words, a kind word very complex and confusing to abverbs Vu Duc Nghieu (1985 , 2000) with: "Some evidences of function words class in Quốc âm thi tập and Hồng Đức Quốc âm thi tập XV century”, “function words Truyền kì mạn lục”, etc attention to the study function words from a particular text Bui Thanh Hoa (2012) in the thesis: "The synonymous of function words" was stressed that function words are not emty words or only plain grammatical meaning." And then, she classified the Vietnamese function words to 36 synonymous groups 2.2 Researches of Sino-Vietnamese function words Researchers: A de Rhodes (1651), Truong Vinh Ky (1889), Huynh Tinh Paulus Cua (1895), Maspero (1912) were the ones that laid the foundation for the study of Chinese original words in Vietnamese Maspero has given data: in Vietnamese, 60% words are Chinese original Researchers from China, Vuong Luc (1958) in Hán Việt ngữ nghiên cứu, took Han-Viet phonetic to delivery the Chinese original words into three categories: Hán Việt cổ, Hán Việt and Hán Việt Việt hóa Nguyen Tai Can (1979) have a book named Nguồn gốc trình hình thành cách đọc Hán Việt in which deeply studied issue of phonetic explanations about Han Viet phonetic Since then, many other lexical researchers also interested in research Chinese original words in many different angles: Ho Le, Nguyen Van Tu (1978), Phan Ngoc (1983, 1985, 1991), Nguyen Van Khang (1986, 1991, 1994), Dinh Trong Lac (1964, 1997), Cu Dinh Tu (1983), Phan Van Cac (1991), Nguyen Ngoc San (1993), Stankievic N (1991), Nguyen Duc Ton (2001), Le Dinh Khan (2002), etc The study of Sino-Vietnamese function words today is still very modest Could name some authors have research related to Sino-Vietnamese function words: Le Dinh Khan (2001, 2002), Pham Thi Hong Trung (2003, master thesis), Vu Duc Nghieu (2006), Dao Thanh Lan (2007, Hanoi National University) Le Dinh Khan (2001) have "Sino-Vietnamese function words and the way to Vietnameselize." In this article, the greatest contribution of the author is listed 39 Sino-Vietnamese function words, grouped into three categories: adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions The book Vocabulary Chinese original in Vietnamese have chapter 5: "Sino-Vietnamese function words and the way to Vietnameselize." According to the author, function words consist subcategories: “phó từ (phụ từ), giới từ, liên từ (kết từ), trợ từ, thán từ, từ tượng thanh” Pham Thi Hong Trung ( 2003), in "Survey functioning of function words from the Chinese origin of modern Vietnamese " has established a list of 150 function words, including adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions Here, because she didn’t clearly define the problem of function words theoretically, she omitted tình thái từ, trợ từ while support from the survey The National University Research project "Survey characteristics of function words derived from Chinese in modern Vietnamese" chaired by Dao Thanh Lan (2007) In this monograph, the authors have investigated 13 books to make a list of Sino-Vietnamese function words in Vietnamese, including: 46 adverbs, 22 conjunctions, prepositions and Hán Việt Việt hóa function words: adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions Vu Duc Nghieu (2006) in the article “The fifteenth century Vietnamese function words in Quốc âm thi tập and Hồng Đức Quốc âm thi tập" has established a list of 135 function words present in the fifteenth century Vietnamese As above, the works are study extensive Chinese original function words in general, not particular study about Sino-Vietnamese function words Purpose and research tasks Through studying the grammatical characteristics and semantic characteristics of the Sino-Vietnamese function words, the thesis contributes to the research issues of function words in generaly, function words in Vietnamese particulary, contributing to further research the contact bilingual Chinese Vietnamese and Chinese loanword phenomenon in Vietnamese; study the influence of the Chinese grammar into Vietnamese through the function words system, alterations and research trends of n Sino-Vietnamese function words during activities in Vietnamese From the above purposes, the thesis set out a number of tasks: - Formalized some theoretical issues related to the thesis - Define the concept of Sino-Vietnamese function words and established a list of Sino-Vietnamese function words - Survey and study grammar - semantics characteristics of SinoVietnamese function words - Survey and study the using characteristics of Sino-Vietnamese function words Research Methodology Thesis and coordinated use of multiple research methods, in which, there are some basic methods: Statistical methods and classification: Help statistical language processing materials The method of calculation and plotting values: For the unit from damage should be compared in relation to each other, this approach helps establish the value system (frequency, grammatical features) facilities for the preparation of table and chart Methods of analysis and description grammar: helping to describe the characteristics of grammar of Sino-Vietnamese function words Comparative method, comparing languages, including comparative synchronic and diachronic comparison Research subjects and resources 5.1 Research Subjects According to the theoretical concepts used in the thesis, we conducted a survey on Sino-Vietnamese function words by category: adverb, conjunctions, prepositions and auxiliary words In order to establish a list of 149 Sino-Vietnamese function words (see Section 1.2.3.2.) We have carried out in three ways: - Based on Vietnamese dictionary and function words dictionary, thesaurus tool Vietnamese through checking the Sino-Vietnamese phonetic - Based on the work of previous authors about function words and original Chinese function words on Vietnamese in order to draw out the Sino- Vietnamese function words - Through surveys on Vietnamese texts from the fifteenth century back here 5.2 Resources survey To obtain evidence about the operation of the Sino-Vietnamese function words in Vietnamese vocabulary through the historical period, we rely on the Vietnamese text in periods: ancient - middle, early modern, modern The practice and scientific significance of research + Theory significance: - The thesis has launched a comprehensive look at the Vietnamese function words theory and presents views on the concept of sub-categories function words and Sino-Vietnamese function words Through the study of the grammatical characteristics of the sub-categories of function words, the thesis put forward the views of how to deal delineation adverbs to auxilliry words in Vietnamese By doing so generalized rules of adverb combinations, the thesis suggests methods to distinguish adverbs to auxilliry words Vietnamese have a series of words lying between the two boundaries between types of adverbs and auxilliry words cause of their meaning Based on their position in the sentence where the function of words are just shaped - Describe the characteristics of grammar and pragmatics of the SinoVietnamese function words + Practical significance: From the study results of the thesis can be applied on: - As a basis for scientific research related to grammar and vocabulary Vietnamese - Compiled function words textbooks for foreigners Vietnam - Compiled from Sino-Vietnamese function words dictionary Layout of the thesis Besides the introduction, conclusion, thesis is organized chapters, including: Chapter Theoretical basis related topics Chapter Grammatical semantics characteristics of Sino-Vietnamese function words Chapter Characteristics of Sino-Vietnamese function words on using CHAPTER THEORETICAL BASIS RELATED TOPICS 1.1 SOME ISSUES OF THE FUNCTION WORDS 1.1.1 function words and classification them in general linguistics Issue of classifying content words - function words from a complex matter of linguistics, which is derived from the grammar of Indo-European languages Function words (grammatical words / synsemantic words / words-class structure / function words / 虚 虚 ) is placed in opposition to content words (open class words / lexical words / autosemantic words / notion words / 虚容 虚) Content words communicate meaning; function words represents the grammatical relations The division of the vocabulary of a language into opposition from two arrays content words - function words not always be carried out easily 1.1.2 Function words and classification in Chinese 10 1.1.2.1 Trước “Mã thị văn thông” (1898) Right from the time of Han age there was conceived research is about 助 字, 虚 助, 助 虚 虚 (function words Luu Hiep with Văn tâm điêu long 文心雕虚 center based on the location and function of words divided into “từ phát đoan” (the beginning words) and “tống mạt” (the ending words) From the Han Dynasty to the Thanh Dynasty for over 2000 years, the content words between just based on the function words from the lexical meaning, therefore, does not fall within the categories of types of grammar school which is the subject of tu từ học and huấn hỗ học 1.1.2.2 From “Mã thị văn thông” (1898) to the 1950 “Mã thị văn thông” 虚氏文通 (1898) by Mã Kiến Trung 虚建忠 is the first book to apply linguistic modern theory to the study Chinese grammar (ancient and modern) In this book, the concept of “thực tự” 實字, “hư tự” 虚字 became the first grammar concept Book division between “hư tự” 虚字into categories giới tự, liên tự, trợ tự, thán tự After Mã thị văn thông, a movement from the study of Chinese function words was nowhere raised The authors have presented enormous impact study must include: Le Cam Hy 黎 虚 熙 , Vuong Luc 王力, La Thuc Tuong 虚叔湘, Truong The Loc 虚世虚, Chu Duc Hy 朱德熙 1.1.2.3 Since 1950 to present The authors of Modern Chinese language grammar 虚代 虚虚 虚法 虚虚 (1952-1953) was homogeneous based on the nature and usage of the words to divided into 10 categories: nouns, pronouns, numbers, quantity words, abject, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions 1.1.3 Function words and classification in Vietnamese From Nowhere groups from intermediate types Author Nguyễn Tài Cẩn Classification Criteria - phrases Groups Function words phó từ, quan hệ từ, trợ từ Intermediate types thán từ 12 Classification Author Criteria Groups Function words tiểu từ, thán từ) - generalized Quang Ban types từ tình thái (trợ từ, positions Diệp Intermediate mạo từ, phó từ, meaning quan hệ từ, tiểu từ - combining ability tình thái (ngữ thái từ, trợ từ), thán từ đại từ -syntactic positions - generalized Đào Thanh Lan phụ từ (định từ, meaning phó từ) - combining ability kết từ (liên từ, giới từ) tình thái từ -syntactic positions - generalized Hồng Trọng Phiến đại từ, động từ tình meaning thái, phó từ, quan - combining ability 10 hệ từ, tiểu từ, trợ từ, thán từ, tiểu từ, -syntactic ngữ khí từ, quán positions ngữ 1.1.4 Viewpoint about function words and classification 1.1.4.1 Criteria for determining subtype distribution Vietnammese function words We apply a criteria most researchers accept, including: (1) generalized meaning, (2) phrases structrure (the role of words in the phrases), (3) syntactic positions (the role of words in the sentence) 1.1.4.2 The concept of Vietnamese function words 13 Function words have not meaning vocabulary In which, some extra elements in the phrases (adverb), other denote the grammatical relations (conjunction & preposition) or modal meaning in the sentence level (auxiliary words) 1.1.4.3 1.1.4.3 Divide sub categories from function words Step (based on generalized meaning) Content word Step (based on phrases structure) PHÓ TỪ Step (based on syntactic positions) Function words TRỢ TỪ QUAN HỆ TỪ Figure 1.1 Subtype distribution map from Vietnamese function words 1.2 SINO-VIETNAMESE FUNCTION WORDS 1.2.1 Sino-Vietnamese exposed bilingual and Chinese loanwords in Vietnamese 1.2.1.1 Exposure language Exposure language (language contact) is a common phenomenon for all languages around the world Lexical borrowing as a result of the mutual influence between languages during language exposure 1.2.1.2 Loanwords "Borrowed vocabulary is one of the important methods to complement the vocabulary of a language." Words borrowed from other languages is called "loanword." 14 1.2.1.3 Loanword 1.2.1.4 Divergent processes Sino-Vietnamese exposed Period Period direct BC Period indirect indirect X Cen Period indirect XV Cen XX Cen Figure 1.2 Performing the Sino-Vietnamese exposure period 1.2.2 Sino-Vietnamese words 1.2.2.1 Sino-Vietnamese phonetic Sino-Vietnamese phonetic is the product of the interaction between Chinese and Vietnamese and Chinese letters occurred in the Đường dynasty, according to the Chinese phonetic system that is Đường phonetic (about VIII-X century ) 1.2.2.2 Khái niệm từ Hán Việt 1.2.2.2 Concept of Sino-Vietnamese words Sino-Vietnamese words is an open range, are not fixed, it can change over time Among Sino-Vietnamese words are not all Chinese origin If the source distribution terms can be divided into groups of Han Vietnam: Sino-Vietnamese words Chinese origin Other origin quốc gia, đạo đức chủ nghĩa, dân chủ VIỆT made bác sĩ, tin tặc Figure 1.4 Distinguish origin of Sino-Vietnamese words 1.2.2.3 Issue of Sino-Vietnamese words structure In parts vocabulary is still referred to as the current Sino-Vietnamese words, there are units uncapable of operating independently as words They are just images, composed of elements Or the equivalent units from (fixed phrases, 15 idioms, proverbs, military) Here we use the term "word" (word) to collectively refer to as lexical units equivalent to words and words 1.2.2.4 Criteria for determining and views about the Sino-Vietnamese words - Not all the words have Sino-Vietnamese phonetic words are SinoVietnamese words - Can not be based on the degree of assimilation or so-called "sense of language" to define a word is Sino-Vietnamese word or not - Regardless of the origin of the word: to borrow directly, indirectly or Vietnam created, they are considered Sino-Vietnamese words - Although Vietnam has a number of Chinese phonetic variations, but in that case the variant used in the Vietnamese text and separated, they are considered Sino-Vietnamese words We perceive Sino-Vietnamese words have Sino-Vietnamese phonetic, activities in the Vietnamese texts, are borrowed directly or indirectly from the Chinese or created by the Vietnamese themselves on the basis of coupling elements of Sino-Vietnamese 1.2.3 Sino-Vietnamese function words 1.2.3.1 The view of Sino-Vietnamese function words We excluded from the list Han function words have ancient Chinese phonetic or “Hán Việt Việt hóa”, such as: (đương), (cộng), (cánh), dầu, dù (do), etc We also don’t survey variation of tone dialect SinoVietnamese, as: phúc-phước, vũ-võ, etc We accept the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation variants of the same letter, such as giá/giả 1.2.3.2 List and classify Sino-Vietnamese function words Based on the criteria for classification Sino-Vietnamese function words, we have established a list of 149 words, divided into three sub-categories: adverbs (71 words), prepositons & conjunctions (36), auxilliry words (41) 16 Primary of Chapter Sino-Vietnamese function words occupies a significant proportion (1/3) in function words from Vietnamese and is a important part vocabulary to express the grammatical categories of Vietnamese However, studies on the function words from Chinese general and Sino-Vietnamese function words in particular even very brief This is the basis for us to conduct further research tasks about them Chapter GRAMMAR - SEMANTICS CHARACTERISTICS OF SINO-VIETNAMESE FUNCTION WORDS 2.1 BACKGROUND 2.1.1 Study grammar - semantics Research grammatical semantics is the study the combination rules of language elements and point out the relationship between the market participants are indicated with a The trend combines research-semantic grammar can be applied to the study of language units of different levels: words, sentences 2.1.2 Applying grammatical semantics to Sino-Vietnamese function words studies 2.1.2.1 Meaning of the Sino-Vietnamese function words Function words meaning is the meaning of grammar In other words, it is the function definition, the true meaning of grammatical roles 2.1.2.2 Look at the semantic grammar characteristics of the SinoVietnamese function words Describe the characteristics of the semantic grammar-oriented from: a Grammar: that the grammatical composition of charge; The type of grammatical structure that holds components in that role; The ability to combine with other words in the sentence in the short term and a linear 17 direction; The ability to combine to structure of phrases, for example, động tí là, etc b Semantics: functional meaning of the word in the sentence; Modal means that some groups of function words have the ability to expression (from assistant, associate and even the relationship between words) 2.2 GRAMMAR - SEMANTICS CHARACTERISTICS OF SINOVIETNAMESE FUNCTION WORDS 2.2.1 Sino-Vietnamese adverbs 2.2.1.1 Adverbs of quantity Adverbs of quantity of Vietnamese are 12, including: các, cái, mấy, mỗi, độ, độ chừng, tất cả, những; từng, mọi; gần, khoảng, including SinoVietnamese (các, mỗi, độ), accounting for 25% Tiếng Việt có 12 phó từ số lượng, gồm: các, cái, mấy, mỗi, độ, độ chừng, tất cả, những; từng, (Nguyễn Tài Cẩn coi số từ); gần, khoảng, có từ Hán Việt (các, mỗi, độ), chiếm 25% 2.2.1.2 Adverbs of Negative Vô, phi, bất are adverbs of negative response from Chinese into Vietnamese very soon They are commonly used in the writing stages XIVXVIII centuries When in Vietnamese, they got the "assignment" function quite clear 2.2.1.3 Adverbs of time Adverbs of time to interpret or to the place of the predicate variables in the process Deputy from the time period is divided into time and process time It can be classified according to the time axis response from the past - presentfuture 2.2.1.4 Adverbs of unexpected happenings This group included Sino-Vietnamese adverbs: đột nhiên, đột ngột, hốt nhiên, bất đồ, bất giác, lập tức, tức khắc, tức thời 18 2.2.1.5 Adverbs of frequency + Expressing low frequency: tạm thời, hy hữu, thời + Expressing repetition: tái Tái equivalent response from lại However, the use of two from this distinction + Expressing high frequency: thường, thường thường, thường xuyên, thường nhật, hằng, liên tục 2.2.1.6 Adverbs of degree Degree adverbs are words associated with the adjectives, verbs to express the state level, nature and action Vietnamese have 15 adverbs 2.2.1.7 Adverbs of range Vietnamese have only has 19 adverbs of range: chuyên, chuyên môn, chuyên trị, duy, đán, sinh, toàn, toàn bộ, chỉ, tận, thuần, duy, đại để, đại thể, đại khái, đa phần, bất cứ, bất kì, 2.2.1.8 Adverbs of synergistic Adverbs of synergistic consisting of words: đồng thời, tề, luật, nhất, song song This adverbs always come before the verb to denote the action of the object (the subject) occur simultaneously, at the same time One of the basic characteristics of a synergistic response is always standing in front of the subject is plural 2.2.2 Sino-Vietnamese conjunctions & prepositions (C&P) C&P are "words not phrases component parts, nor subcomponents of the sentence Their function is link " The first group, C&P express "syntactic relationships need to word structrure", or other words that denote the relationship between the structural elements in the phrases, called a preposition; The second group, the relationship between expression of syntactic relations needed for the sentence, or in other words thatdenote the relationship beyond phrases structures, called conjunctions 2.2.2.1 Compare conjunctions group One of the basic functions of is connection as compared to what is comparable In such a comparison and a comparison can be a noun/noun 19 phrase, verb/ verb phrase, adjective/adjectival phrases, clauses or phrases perimeter Other than như, thể can not express parity comparisons, similarities Như thể can be used to denote the comparison at similar level, almost, have sharp similarity between what seems to be compared with the comparison 2.2.2.2 Conditions , assuming conjunctions This group included from : price , giá, giá như, nhược, quý hồ, giá dụ/ giả dụ, giá sử/ giả sử, giá thử/ giả thử, 2.2.2.3 Conjunctions denote cause , reason: tại, sở dĩ, do, động 2.2.2.4 Relations manifest themselves through market relations 2.2.2.5 Group conjunctions denote the inverse relationship to 2.2.2.6 Group conjunctions denote position (head - end) 2.2.2.7 Conjunctions denote exclusion relations 2.2.3 Sino-Vietnamese auxilliry words 2.2.3.1 Overview of Sino-Vietnamese auxilliry words - The evaluation team "function to show the speaker's assessment of the quantity and severity of a portion of the content mentioned in the mouthpiece "This group consists of 10 words, 24% support from - Group emphasizes: " function expressed particular emphasis on the speaker's assertion or negative for the content part of spokesperson stated " This group consists of 31, accounting for 76 % Sino-Vietnames This group consists of 10 words, 24%: giá, giá như, nhược, quý hồ, giá dụ/ giả dụ, giá sử/ giả sử, giá thử/ giả thử, 2.2.3.2 Auxilliry words ssessing the number and scope Evaluation of the amount can also follow a two-way analysis: assessment (-) and evaluation (+) In support of the assessment of the number of Vietnamese, we noticed there seems to be a clear assignment: support from the Sino-Vietnamese dimensional evaluation indicated (-)chỉ, độc, mỗi, trần; Axilliry words dimensional evaluation indicated (+):đến, những, tới, cả, hẳn Depending on 20 usage, the additional support from inside the mouthpiece will make meaningful assessment of the amount of support from'll have more nuances 2.2.3.3 Asessment: đặc, chí 2.2.3.4 Conjecture assessment 2.2.3.4 Powered by emphasizing the difference 2.2.3.5 Emphasizing authenticity 2.2.3.6 Group emphasizes meaningful support from confirmed 10 auxilliry words: dĩ nhiên, tất nhiên, đương nhiên, hiển nhiên, cố nhiên, quả, nhiên, thực/quả thật, thực/ thật, phàm have a common characteristic: the emphasis denote the assertion one might have, the truth, the truth somehow They are used in affirmative sentences, narratives 2.2.3.7 Emphasizes accidental 2.2.3.8 Emphasizes inverse problem (contradiction) 2.2.3.9 Emphasizes absolute negation Group emphasizes absolute negation includes pairs: tịnh/ tịnh vô; tuyệt/ tuyệt vô/ tuyệt nhiên; quyết/ nhiên All of this are associated with a negative abverb from behind to strengthen the role of negative shades 2.2.3.10 Emphasizes the subjective State to Chapter Sino-Vietnamese function words consists of sub-categories with a total of 149 Adverbs highest proportion of 71 words (48%), the C&P: 36 (25%) and auxilliry words: 41 (27%) After split the function words to group (grammar), and function, the primary types are divided into groups: adverbs are divided into groups, C&P divided into 10 groups, auxilliry words: 10 groups support CHAPTER USING OF SINO-VIETNAMESE FUNCTION WORDS 3.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OPERATION OF SINO-VIETNAMESE FUNCTION WORDS 3.1.1 The phenomenon of being morpheme 21 In practical use Vietnamese, there are function words groups competition was "being morpheme" of completely become constituent words and lose the ability to operate independently of the word, but the most typical negative abverds: vô, phi, bất The function words being morpheme often sub-elements in the compound before Statistics show that 11 probably being morpheme, including adverbs This group is divided into two categories: those words were being morpheme completely, seemingly, vô, phi, bất and the words not entirely, such as natural nguyên ~, ~, đương ~, toàn ~, etc 3.1.2 The phenomenon of conversions on Sino-Vietnamese function words Conversion is a kind of extremely complex characteristics of the Vietnamese Due to Vietnamese conversion are very common and in many cases it is difficult to identify and define, so the placement of a particular word in a word class is very difficult This is a job that does not require discrete, hard molds and non-fixed For Sino-Vietnamese function words, the conversion taking place mainly around adverbs and auxilliry words 3.1.2.1 Conversion in adverbs A total of 24/41 (59%) Sino-Vietnamese adverbs are converse Conversional phenomenon occurs mainly in a group of adverbs: adverbs of frequency, adverbs of degree, adverbs range 3.1.2.2 Conversion in C&P Number of Sino-Vietnamese C&P have not many conversion, only 7/36 of (19%) 3.1.2.3 Conversion in auxilliry words Within the scope of auxilliry words, there is a total of 14/41 (34%) units have conversion between these classes with auxilliry words Thus, compared with the adverbs, C&P, auxilliry words have amount of conversion highest In particular, most of the conversion are adjectives, have the capacity to take the role of syntax in other contexts It is the such dĩ nhiên, đương nhiên, hiển nhiên, 22 ngẫu nhiên, tất nhiên, định In stark contrast is the content words has been used as auxilliry words in sentence 3.1.3 Grammaticalisation of Sino-Vietnamese function words a Grammaticalisation b In the process of grammaticalisation, the words have undergone phase changes are complex, and then to rank last conversion, traces the etymological meaning has been changed so far 3.1.4 The phenomenon of shrinking and expanding the scope of function words 3.1 4.1 Sino-Vietnamese function words have been replaced Some function words which is very popular with thousands of years of falling off and has completely disappeared from the Vietnamese The most typical are the words: hòa, hằng, tằng, khả, bất, vô, phi, thời, tự hồ, etc 3.1 4.2 The Sino-Vietnamese narrowing the scope of activities The Sino-Vietnamese function words would not fall in the living language of modern Vietnamese but being competitive, powerful overwhelmed by the damage from the other functions That was the response from: đương, vạn bội, vạn nhất, thậm, luật, tề; quan hệ từ: huống, phương chi, song, chí, quý hồ, vạn nhất; trợ từ: hồ, phàm, tịnh vô, etc 3.1.4.3 Viet function words replacing Sino-Vietnamese In contrast with the trend being replaced, a number of significant function words has imported and positive addition to the Vietnamese capital, especially from the field of grammar tool This has proved more dominant and have complete replacement of ancient Vietnamese function words Some SinoVietnamese function words had completely replaced and those from parallel exists with Viet function words as: duy, = bui, chỉn; bất = mựa; = bằng, etc 3.1.4.4 The Sino-Vietnamese function words newly added In survey process, some Sino-Vietnamese function words entirely new These words are not present in most Vietnamese dictionary as function words 23 That is the case: adverb: chúa, chuyên môn, chuyên trị; conjunctions: a động; đặc, độc, trần 3.1.5 Survey extent of using Sino-Vietnamese 3.1.5.1 Statistics amount of Sino-Vietnamese function words over the period The statistical results showed that the amount of Sino-Vietnamese function words before the fifteenth century this had increased to nearly 10 times Of these, only about a century ago, the amount of Sino-Vietnamese function words has developed very strong This is due to the exact requirements of expression, needs transmission of information modern society This also demonstrates a clear change of direction Vietnamese grammar more complete 3.1.5.2 Evaluate the using of the Sino-Vietnamese function words The Sino-Vietnamese function words have quantity and frequency of the greatest works in literary style and lowest in administrative style In style news, scientific and administrative support from and relationships from a high percentage, dealing from a very low proportion Hư từ Hán Việt có số lượng từ tần suất hoạt động lớn phong cách văn chương thấp phong cách hành Ở phong cách thơng tấn, khoa học hành chính, trợ từ quan hệ từ chiếm tỉ lệ cao, phó từ chiếm tỉ lệ thấp 3.2 THE CASE STUDY: CHARACTERISTICS OF USING SOME FUNCTION WORDS COMMONLY USED 3.2.1 Some commonly used adverbial group 3.2.1.1 Adverb of number 3.2.1.2 Adverb of negative: vô, phi, bất, cấm 3.2.1.3 Adverb of time: nguyên, hiện, đương, chuẩn bị 3.2.1.4 Adverb of level 3.2.2 Một số nhóm quan hệ từ thường dùng 3.2.2 Several C&P groups commonly used 3.2.2.1 Denotes comparisons 24 3.2.2.2 Conjunctions denote relations assumptions 3.2.2.3 Preposition of positioning 3.2.2.4 Conjunctions denote cause 3.2.2.5 Conjunctions denote the inverse relationship 3.2.3 Some groups of auxilliry words 3.2.3.1 Auxilliry words assessing the amount, scope 3.2.3.2 Auxilliry words emphasizing authenticity 3.2.3.3 Auxilliry words emphasizes problem 3.2.3.4 Auxilliry words emphasizes absolute negation State to Chapter Along with the movement and develop Vietnamese vocabulary, parts of Sino-Vietnamese function words positive impact on the Vietnamese grammatical perfection Over the past five centuries, Sino-Vietnamese function words has grown by a factor of times Of the 149 damage from SinoVietnamese surveyed, 121 from loan and the remaining 28 are from Vietnam created from nothingness In the fifteenth century, only about 15 SinoVietnamese function words Over time, some words have become from the old, rarely used or is replaced by another from the other CONCLUSION We propose a method of determining function words in three steps: based on generalized sense, based on phrase organizational positions and syntax checking Since then identified: those from parts made in the phrase called adverbs; words denoting the relationship between language units called state indicates significance at the level of the subsidies from the sentence Sino-Vietnamese function words general traits of grammar - semantics and is an integral part of the Vietnamese They are 149 words thesis is divided into three sub-categories, including: 71 adverb, 36 C&P and 41 auxilliary 25 words Each sub-categories divided into smaller groups for ease of survey, comparative: adverbs divided into groups (adverb number, negative adverb, etc.); C&P divided into 11 groups (conjunctions comparison, only conjunctions of conditions, assumptions, etc.); auxilliary words divided into 10 groups In the function as representing grammatical meaning of the Vietnamese , Viet function words and Sino function words mandates separation clearly Such Sino-Vietnamese denotes time no word denoting the recent past and future Viet function words and Sino-Vietnamese function words clearly distinguish the semantic nuances they bring as well as writing style which they usually appear Hư từ Hán Việt nằm xu biến động từ vựng tiếng Việt Số lượng hư từ Hán Việt gia tăng theo thời gian So với thời kì trước kỉ XV, số lượng hư từ Hán Việt tăng lên xấp xỉ lần Khảo sát hoạt động hư từ Hán Việt, rút số kết luận xu hướng vận động chúng, cụ thể là: Function words located in trends of Vietnamese vocabulary The number of Sino-Vietnamese function words increased over time Compared with the period before the fifteenth century, the current number of function words has increased approximately times Survey of corrupt activity from SinoVietnamese, we draw some conclusions about the trends of our athletes, namely: - Trends in “being morpheme": some Sino-Vietnamese function words, which mainly monosyllables tend to shrink, become the constituents of component parts in the structure of word - A lot of Sino-Vietnamese function words have the ability to converse from the active category The conversion takes place between sub-types of contents words and function words - Trend "being emty word", also known as the " Grammaticalisation" of some content words 26 - Some Sino-Vietnamese function words over time has gradually become the old and be cleared, replace it with another word Conversely, there are also many new Sino-Vietnamese function words have been added overwhelms and replaces all Vietnamese equivalent The results from the study of Sino-Vietnamese function words can apply for the study of Vietnamese history and the Vietnamese teaching In the future need to compile teaching materials Sino-Vietnamese function words dictionary ... Hư từ Hán Việt nằm xu biến động từ vựng tiếng Việt Số lượng hư từ Hán Việt gia tăng theo thời gian So với thời kì trước kỉ XV, số lượng hư từ Hán Việt tăng lên xấp xỉ lần Khảo sát hoạt động hư. .. -syntactic từ, positions trợ từ, phụ từ (ngữ khí từ, cảm thán từ) Hoàng Văn -syntactic Thung phụ từ (định từ, - phrases positions phó từ) kết từ, tiểu từ (trợ thán từ từ, tình thái từ) - generalized... ability phụ từ quan hệ từ -syntactic positions Nguyễn - combining Hồng Cổn ability -syntactic 10 lượng từ, số từ, định từ, từ, phó từ, liên từ, giới từ, tình thái từ (trợ từ, tiểu từ, thán từ) 12