1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINNING UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * NGUYỄN THỊ HỒNG MAI IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN URBAN AREAS Study Field: Transport Organization and Management Code: 62.84.01.03 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS HA NOI- 2014 2 Training Institution: University of Transport and Communications Supervisors: 1- Assoc.Prof.Dr Tu Sy Sua 2- Dr. Le Xuan Lan Examination Committee Member 1: Prof.PostDr Nguyen Huu Ha Examination Committee Member 2: Prof.Dr Ngo Thang Loi Examination Committee Member 3: Prof.Dr Bui Xuan Phong The thesis is defended in front of Examination Committee at University Level In : The University of Transport and Communications At , ………… 2014 The thesis can be found in the Information Center of The University of Transport and Communications. 3 INTRODUCTION 1- THE NEED FOR THIS STUDY The rapid economic growth along with the urbanization led to the explosion of travel demand in urban areas, especially in metropolitans. To meet the increasing travel demands of urban transit has been also a challenge of public transport system. The Government along with the urban authorities have been trying to explore several tools to deal with this position, in which urban public passenger transport is considered an effective solution. Over the past decade, Ha Noi and HCM city has taken steps to develop polices and public transport system, but the fact that the capacity of this components limited (satisfied about 10% travel demand in Hanoi, and in HCMC is approximate 7%); in contrast, this rate is actually high in the similar cities in the global. There are many objective and subjective reasons leading to this situation, which must include asynchronous development of urban transport network, the weakness of the infrastructure serving public transport and the disproportionate number of public transport vehicles. Besides that, the poor management, enforcement the performance of vehicles on streets leads to low service quality and decrease the attractions of public transport to passengers. The low proportion of public transport users will lead to the low effective of system performance. In this context, how to improve the performance public transport system to satisfy the travel demands of citizens and meet the goals of sustainable development and urban socio-economic issues are top concerns of urban government. From the urgent problems posed by reality and perfection requires reasoning about the performance of public transport system, the author chose the subject of the thesis: “Improve the performance efficiency of public transport system in urban areas". 2- PURPOSESOF THE STUDY Systematize and clarify the rationale of performance efficiency of public transport system in urban areas; Analyze the status quo of system performance and suggest solutions to improve performance efficiency of Hanoi bus system, concentrated on performed solutions. 3- OBJECTS AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY The objects of study are:performance efficiency of bus system 4 Scope of study:In study’s field: Bus system and its performance efficiency; In space: Vietnamese large and special cities, particularly is Hanoi; In time: data in period of 2002-2012, Governmental and Hanoi’s oriented indicators until 2020 and visions to 2030. 4- SCIENTIFIC AND REALISTIC CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY Scientific contribution:Systematize the rationale; Analyze perspective of efficiency and evaluated indicators; suggest solutions to improve performance efficiency of bus system Realistic contribution:Evaluate the performance efficiency and existing problems of Hanoi bus system; Summarize the experience form large cities on the world; Suggest solutions to improve performance efficiency of bus system OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION IN VIETNAM AND ON THE WORLD 1-Research situation in Vietnam Until now, the researches on public transport and efficiency of public transport system are mostly achieved form science schemes as Ministry-level projects No KC10-02 and KHCN 10-02 of Ministry of Transport and directed by University of Transport and Communications; or several project funded by international organization such as Project of improving Vietnamese urban transport by SIDA in 1994; Master Plan of urban transport in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city by JICA; Research project preparation urban transport development in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city by World Bank conducted during 2004 – 2007; Urban bus transportation scheme in Hanoi (2010 - 2020). Besides that, there are several related thesis researching on efficiency of public transport system in different aspects. In general, the analyses of urban transportation’s effectiveness remained incoherent; the effectiveness was presented in several certain aspects, have not applied to assess specifically to establish orientations and solutions to improve effectiveness of urban transportation system. 2- Research situation on the world Researches to assess effectiveness of urban transportation: Richard Layard and Stephen Glaisteranalyzed benefits and costs of urban transportation to appraise effectiveness of urban transportationeffectiveness of urban transportation; Geoff Gardner 5 (United Kingdom) analyzed benefits and costs to select public mass transportation vehicle; Bruno De Borger et al. (Belgium) represent the analyzing model of social costs of urban transportation. DimitriosTsamboulaand George Mikroudis stated the EFECT (Evaluation Framework of Environmental impacts and Cost of Transport) combining multi correspondence analysis (MCA) and cost – benefit analysis (CBA). Researches became the foundation to improve effectiveness of urban transportation: Vukan R.Vuchic in Urban transit: operation, planning and economics assessed effectiveness and represented basis of vehicle performance improvement; Johan Holmgren researched on performance effectiveness of urban transportation by random variable analysis; analyze operation effectiveness on urban transit system of Sampaio et al. (2008) conducted on 12 systems in Europe and 7 systems in Brazil. The study focused on performance issues over investment costs, operation costs, comparing and evaluating the results of operations and investment policies to support public transportation. The issue of urban structure, distribution of power between beneficial groups, competition issues and constraints to create differences between the actual cost and the optimal cost of the investment plan,modal choice behavior of users has been studied and considered. However, network structure, hierarchical routing capabilities to optimize transport capacity of the transportation system, improving connectivity for passengers, increasing operational efficiency has not been thoroughly studied. 3- OBJECTS OF THE THESIS Based ondomestic and international research results are concerned, thesis tried to make up and complete both the theoretical basis and practical of performance efficiency of the public transport system in urban areas. Research on existing problems which decrease efficiency of current bus system. As a result, suggest solutions to improve performance efficiency of bus system based on combining rationale and practical of improve performance efficiency. 4- METHODOLOGY OF THE THESIS 6 Thesis used several general research methodology such as dialectical materialism and historical materialism; Specialized research methodology such as deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis, comparison and assessment. Moreover, thesis also used several other methodology such as passenger survey and interview, economical mathematics, optimizing mathematics. 4- CONTENTS OF THE THESIS Beside the introduction and conclusion parts, the study report comprises of 3 chapters which are: Chapter 1: Rationale and practices to improve performance of urban transit systems Chapter 2: Analyze and assess the current efficiency of public transport system in Hanoi Chapter 3: Improve efficiency of public transport system in cities CHAPTER 1: RATIONALE AND PRACTICES TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE OF URBAN TRANSIT SYSTEMS 1.1 URBAN AREA AND URBAN TRANSPORATION SYSTEM 1.1.1 Urban - Urbanization 1.1.1.1 Concept and classification of urban area a-Definition:Urban area is the concentrated high-density area, mostly non-agricultural workers, people live and work in urban style, the general center or specialized centers have a role to promote the economic social development. b-Classification * Classification on the world: including 6 types: metropolitan, urban area Type 1 to Type 5. * Classificationin Vietnam:including 6 types: special city, urban area Type 1 to Type 5. 1.1.1.2 Urbanizationis a process that transforms the area into urban territory, it is an inevitable trend of historical objectivity of social development.Besides the positive side there are many problems, especially the increase in travel demand and pressure to solve urban transportation issues and ensuring environment. 1.1.2 Travel demand in urban area. 1.1.2.1 Concept and classification of travel demand 7 * Travel demand is the average trips of a person in a certain time unit. Trip is the movement on purpose of a person with the distance not less than 500 metres. * Travel demand is classified by Travel purpose, land boundary, Trip behaviour, Trip distance. 1.1.2.2 Characteristics of travel demand: Travel demand is a derived demand, travel demand could be filled by different vehicles, travel demand is difficult to replace, price impacted slowly to travel demand, travel demand is a seasonal and timed demand, travel demand displays profound social feature 1.1.3 Urban transit system 1.1.3.1 Struture of Urban transit system - Urban Transport system:including dynamic transport system and static transport system. - Urban transit system:including transport modes and vehicles. 1.1.3.2 Characteristics of Urban transit system:High density of road network; Low traffic speed;High investment and operation cost … 1.2 URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN AREA 1.2.1 Definition: Urban public transportation is the combination of all transport modes and infrastructure serving for vehicle performance and services supporting for travel demand of citizens. 1.2.2 Role of Urban public transportation:Create relationships between the areas of the city; Being effective measures to reduce traffic density on the road; Being primary solutions to improve efficiency of transport infrastructure; Reduce traffic accidents and reduce pollution; Contributing to cost savings for society. 1.2.3 Transport modes of Urban public transportation - Metro/Mass rapid transit (MRT) - Tramway - Bus - Monorail - Light rail transit (LRT) - Trolley bus - Bus rapid transit (BRT) 1.3 RATIONALE FOR EFFECTIVENESS OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN AREA 1.3.1 Rationale of efficiency 1.3.1.1Definition:Efficiency is a concept used to describle the relationship between the results of the operational objectives of the 8 subject and that subject waste to spend to achieve that result in certain conditions. 1.3.1.2 Classification of efficiency:According to the field of social work; In view of the benefits; According to calculations; Under the scope of impact. 1.3.1.3 The principles of effective assessment: The principle of the relationship between goals and performance indicators; The principle unification of benefits; Principles of accuracy, adequacy and science. Principles to ensure realistic. 1.3.2 Efficiency of urban public transportation 1.3.2.1 Definition:Efficiency of urban public transporation reflect the use of resources are invested to achieve certain goals staining related to the field of socio-economic and environmental issues. Efficiency of urban public transportationis assessed through 3 aspects: By state’s view, aimed to reduce environmental pollution, to promote social equality, rational land use; By operator’s view, maximizing the profit or minimizing costs; By passenger’s view, gaining best service quality on minimum trip cost. 1.3.2.2 Method of evaluating the efficiency of urban public transporation Method of comparison Method of marking evaluation Method of multi indicator analysis Method of cost-benefit analysis 1.3.2.3 Indicator to assess the efficiency of urban public transporation a-By state’s view 1- Benefit by saving on infrastructure costs 2- Benefit for society on costs 3- Benefit for environment on costs. 4- Ratio of travel demand satisfy 5- Average total cost for one passenger delivered ( HK C  ) 6- Average subsidy for one passenger ( HK TG M ) b-By public transportation operator’s view 1- Efficiency of inputs 2- Rate of returns of inputs 9 3- Average operating costs for one passenger (C HK ) 4- Average operating costs for 1 kilometer vehicle operated 5- Average operating costs for 1 hour vehicle operated c-By passenger’s view (public transport user’s view) 1- Time from origin to destination 2- Total cost for one trip 3- The indicators to evaluate public transport service 1.3.2.4 Factors influencing to efficiency of urban public transportation a- Objective components:Transport infrastructure, Travel demand and characteristics of travel demand, institution and policies, inputs of public transport b- Subjective components:Human factor;Public transport operation;Public transport management and enforcement, Public transport service quality. 1.3.3 Improving performance effectiveness of urban public transportation by bus There are 3 ways to improve efficiency: (1)- Increase results (benefit) obtained at the output on the basis of unchanged inputs (or input increases with slower speed); (2)- Maintaining the results obtained on the basis of reduction of inputs; (3)- Increase results (benefit) obtained at the output on the basis of reducing the inputs and this is the most efficient path. 1.3.3.1 By state’s view:Improve efficiency is to find the way saving investment cost for infrastructure, reduce subsidy and increase social and environmental benefit. 1.3.3.2 By public transportation operator’s view: Improve efficiency is to find the way saving operating costs and improve service quality to attract passenger and also increase revenue 1.3.3.3 By passenger’s view:Improve efficiency is find solutions to provide a rapid, cheap and qualitative public transport service. This will be the determined factor of modal shift from private to public transport, therefore generally improve the efficiency of urban public transportation system. 1.4 CASE STUDY OF IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN SEVERAL CITIES ON THE WORLD. 10 Streamline planning and spatial development of urban functional areas. Urban public transport planning becomes the backbone of land use planning, in public transport planning, concentrating on urban transit Develop public transport’s infrastructure insynchronization and compatibility. Public transport’s infrastructure could be co-financed by people benefited from increasing property values. Establish classified transport network clearly (backbone line operated by MRT or BRT, bus route covered the rest of network) Cooperate all transport mode with unique agency has responsibilities in operation and management of public transportation (PTA). Applied ITS to operate and manage urban public transportation system. Provided information for passenger more accurately and adequately. Information might be accessed via mobile phone and internet. Control the growth of private vehicle by the regulated role of government. To conclude, chapter 1 provided an overview of issues relating to urban public transport and its performance; systemize and establish more detailedindicators of efficiency of public transport system by the view of government, operators and passengers; analyze the factors influencing to system performance efficiency, concentrated on bus system and the methods to evaluation. Particularly, the thesis argued the issues of improving the efficiency of bus system. Also in this chapter, the thesis introduced several case studies in operating public transport system in representative cities, thus concluded lessons learned to establish a better and effective public transport system. CHAPTER 2: ANALYZE AND ASSESS THE CURRENT EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HANOI 2.1. OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAMESE URBAN AREAS. Until 2012, there are 755 urban areas, including 2 special cities are Hanoi and HCMC, 10 cities type I, 12 cities type II, 47 cities type III, 50 urban areas type IV and 634 urban areas type V. Bus is currently [...]... the following: (1) Systematize and enrich the theoretical basis for public transport related issues and the performance efficiency of public transport system in urban areas The new ideas are: - Affirming that developing public transport system is the main factor ensuring the sustainable development in urban areas Mass transit must become the backbone, ensuring the connectivity to other public transport. .. evaluation the performance efficiency of bus system in Hanoi As a result, thesis indicated the weakness which influenced to the bus system performance This will be meaningful basis to suggest solutions to enhance performance efficiency of system in the future CHAPTER 3: IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN CITIES 3.1 ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN LARGE... establish an united public transport system 23 - Amended and detailed the indicators to assess the efficiency of public transportbased on 3 aspects: government’s view, operator’s view, passenger’s view - Based on the development of public transport system in several cities in global, summarized the experience to improve the performance efficiency of public transport system, especially bus system (2) Analyze... solutions to improve the performance efficiency of bus system in cities The new results are: - Argued for the needs and basis to improve the performance efficiency of public transport system - Suggested the structure of network to ensure performance efficiency, presented the process to determine bus stop location based on optimizing the passenger’s accessibility - Using multi optimization method to find out... environment in urban areas To conclude, based on the rationale in chapter 1, conclusion achieved from status quo analysis in chapter 2, and the oriented development of public transport system in chapter 3, thesis suggested several solutions to improve the performance efficiency of bus system, in particular situation of Hanoi until 2020 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS CONCLUSIONS: The main results of thesis is the. .. protection of nonmotorized vehicles such as walking and cycling; Control the development of the motorbike, minimizing the use of private cars; Improved the connectivity between transportation modes; Improved freight transportation by reasonable traffic flow distribution 17 3.1.2 Oriented development of public transport system Develop public transport system according to principle of “Leading supply”,... improve efficiency of whole system RECOMMENDATION: Suggested to Government, Urban Area Authorities, State Owned Agency: To Government:Affirming that policies of developing public transport system is the foundation of urban and urban transport 24 planning Concentrated resources to develop public transport system is a priority program of Government in 10-20 continuous years To Ministry of Transport: Coordinated... of travel demand satisfied; Social benefits from public transport 2.3.1.2 Passenger attitude: Trip duration, Trip costs, the convinience and safety 2.3.1.3 Operator attitude:Economical and Financial benefits, maximum returns In the scope of thesis, evaluating the efficiency of public transport system based on the Government attitude and passenger attitude 2.3.2 Evaluating the efficiency of public transport. .. ticket are mainly in paper form Smart card is only applied in Route No 32 2.2.6 Performance results of public transport system Bus network coverage is expanding, passengers increase day-byday; Positive contribution in reducing traffic congestion; Increase passenger load factor; Powerful Innovation in mechanism of bus operations EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC 2.3 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HANOI 2.3.1... CITIES IN VIETNAM 3.1.1 Oriented development of urban transportation 3.1.1.1 Development objectives of urban transportation Ensure the smooth traffic for all demands, Traffic safety, Minimize impacts on the environment, Promoting economic development in urban and adjacent areas 3.1.1.2 Oriented development of transport modes in urban transit system Prioritize the development of public passenger transport, . the performance of public transport system, the author chose the subject of the thesis: Improve the performance efficiency of public transport system in urban areas& quot;. 2- PURPOSESOF THE. enhance performance efficiency of system in the future. CHAPTER 3: IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN CITIES 3.1 ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM. transport, therefore generally improve the efficiency of urban public transportation system. 1.4 CASE STUDY OF IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN SEVERAL CITIES ON THE WORLD.