MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRANING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & RURAL DEVELOPMENT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFANIMAL SCIENCE ============ NGO THANH VINH GROWTH, REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, MEAT PRODUCTION AND SOME SOLUTIONS TO ENHANCE MEAT PRODUCTION OF PHANRANG SHEEP Major: Animal production ID: 62 62 01 05 SUMMARY OF PhD THESIS HANOI, 2014 ii The thesis was completed at: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCE Supervisors: Associate Prof Dinh Van Binh Associate Prof Nguyen Kim Duong Opponent 1: Opponent 2: Opponent 3: The thesis is submitted before the Thesis Examination Committee (Institute Level) Meeting at the National Institute of Animal Science At [Time] [Date] [Month] [Year] Thesis can be found at: National Library Library of National Institute of Animal Science iii SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Ngo Thanh Vinh, Trinh Xuan Thanh, Đinh Van Binh, Pham Thi Thu Thuy, Le Đinh Phung and Nguyen Kim Duong 2013 Growth and development of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan Province and Bavii districtHa Noi capital Journal of Animal Science and Technology, National Intitute of Animal Science, Issue 42, July 2013, pp: 9-12 Ngo Thanh Vinh, Trinh Xuan Thanh, Đinh Van Binh, NguyEn Kim DUOng.2013 Reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan and Bavi and some factors affecting reproductive performance Journal of Animal Science and Technology, National Intitute of Animal Science, Issue 42, July 2013, pp: 21-35 Introduction Background and retionale Phan Rang sheep is a sheep breed, which were imported into our country hundreds of years ago and most of them are kept in Phan Rang, Ninh Thuan Province, South Central of Vietnam Phan Rang is a hot area, the average annual temperature is 270C-290C around the year and cold season is not so common Average rainfall in this area is very low, only 717mm/year, the highest rainfall per year is 1300mm In recent years, the number of sheep in Vietnam has increased Before 1975, total population was approximately 14000-15000 heads, in 2004 and 2012 these figures more than 47000 and 87743 heads, respectively (Department of Livestock, 2012) The population of sheep in 2012 was almost as two times as the population of sheep in 2004 Phan Rang sheep is characterized by a small body size, low performance, good meat quality, disease resistance Phanrang sheep also gentle, can live well in hard conditions and eat many kinds of feed available Therefore, Phanrang sheep still exists in this area and is widely adopted in small and medium sized farms in Ninhthuan, Binhthuan Provinces In the North of Vietnam, most of Phanrang sheep is raised in Goat and Rabbit Research Center and small holder farms in: former Hatay, Hanam, Ninhbinh, Phutho So far, sheep production in Northern provinces had been developing well because sheep is easily managed It can be said that sheep production is the strengtheness of Ninhthuan province, as it adapted well to the sunny, and dry climate year-round However, inbreeding of Phanrang sheep seemed to be high because of uncontrolled mating for many years (Le Viet Ly, 1991; Doan Duc Vu, 2006; Dinh Van Binh, 2009) Inbreeding appeared to lead to a reduction in growth, reproductive performance of sheep over many generations therefore it gave the risk of degeneration, fecundity, growth of sheep tended to decrease (Le Viet Ly, 1991; Doan Duc Vu, 2006; Dinh Van Binh, 2009) Therefore, implementation of ram rotation from one flock to another and crossbreeding program to minimize inbreeding status and improve performance would be a viable solution In order to have a holistic view of Phanrang sheep production and also to complete a data base of Phanrang sheep for further development of sheep farming, Phanrang sheep needs to be carrefully and fuly evaluated For the above purposes, a study on growth, reproductive performance, meat production and some solutions to enhance meat production of Phanrang sheep was undertaken 2 Objective of study - Evaluating growth, reproductive performance and meat production of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan province and Bavi district, Hanoi Capital - Evaluating influence of rations on fattening performance of Phanrang sheep - Evaluating potentials for increasing productivity of Phanrang sheep by crossbreeding of Dorper rams with Phanrang ewes Scientific and practical values of study 3.1 Scientific values of study Results of study partly contributed to a national data base on growth, reproductive performance, meat production of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan and Bavi and F1 crossbred sheep (Dorper x Phanrang) as well Results of study from thesis were valuable references for students, postgraduated students, lecturers, researchers at universities and research institutions 3.2 Practical values of study The thesis provided us with overall data on current situation of Phanrang sheep and factors affacting growth, reproduction, meat quality of Phanrang sheep The thesis also provided us with evident that crossbreeding of Dorper rams with Phanrang ewes was an alternative to increase meat production of sheep in Ninhthuan New contribution of the thesis Although there have been some studies on sheep, this was the first time, when growth, reproduction and meat production of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan and Bavi and of F1 crossbred sheep (Dorper x Phanrang) as well were systematically and logically studied Structure of the thesis The thesis included 153 papers, chapters, 32 tables, 01 figure and 328 references, scientific articles related to the thesis and appendixes Chapter 1: LITERATURE REVIEW For more than 100 years, Phanrang sheep has been intergrated in mixed farming systems of farmers Phanrang sheep is a meat type sheep, originated from tropical regions, where climatic condition is charaterised by a high ambient temperature Existence of Phanrang sheep indicate that they adapt well to hot areas Therefore, Phanrang sheep is a valuable genetic resources, which need to be conserved and developed Growth of sheep depends considerably on age, weight, purity and sex Each different sheep breed has difference body weight at adult Live weight at birth is affected by litter size and weight of ewe at lambing (Gonzalez, 1972; Combellas et al., 1979) Martinez, (1983) showed that there are relationship between birth weight and development of body of sheep in next phase According to Gatenby, (1986) body weight at birth is one of the important factors, a newborn heavier sheep is not from twin lambing or is delivered by a heavier ewe With a good feeding systems, newborn heavier sheep grow faster than a newborn sheep with a normal live weight As a result, live weight of newborn heavier sheep is higher than that of others Live weight at birth has a significant effect on live weight at weaning, at months and at slaughter (Khan and Bhat, 1981) According to LaesFettback and Peters, (1995); Petrovice et al (2012) sheep with higher live weight at birth has more opportunities to be survival Growth of sheep in the first phase of breastfeeding was affected by milk yield of ewe and availability of feed resource in terms of quantity and quality Nutrition is also an important factor affecting reproductive performance of sheep, especially before mating Supplementation of nutrients to ewes significantly increased ovulation rate (Branca et al., 2000) There are two basic approaches to improve productivity of sheep They are breed selection, crossbreeding of local breed with exotic breeds and improvement of environmental conditions, feeding management and quality of feeds (David and Thomas, 2006) Crossing has been applied to maximize genetic diversity of sheep Crossing combines the desired traits in offsprings, overcome weaknesses of a particular trait in ewe or rams breeds Chapter 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS The study results reported in this thesis come from four experiments (Exp): Exp 1: Comparison of the growth of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan province and Bavi district - Hanoi Capital Exp 2: : Comparison of reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan province and Bavi district - Hanoi Capital and some factors affecting reproduction of Phanrang sheep Exp 3: Influence of rations on fattening performance of Phanrang sheep Exp 4: Investigation of growth and meat production of crossbred sheep (Dorper x Phanrang) in Ninhthuan 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Methods used for all experiments - The Exp and was conducted in sheep at different ages such as at birth; 3; 6; and 12 months of age Number of animals used at different ages in Goat and Rabbit Research Centre in Bavi, Sontay and in Station for Livestock Research and Technology Transferee in Ninhthuan were: 320; 301; 276; 252; 226 and 258; 216; 201; 176, 153 sheep, respectively Number of ewes used for our Exp and in Bavi and Ninhthuan were 53 and 49, respectively On average, ages at first mating of ewes in Bavi and Ninhthuan were 8-9 and 7.5-9 months of age Total litters observered in Bavi and Ninhthuan was 209 (first litter: 53; second litter: 51; thirst litter 3: 50; fouth litter: 37; fifth and sixth litters: 18) and 215 (first litter: 49; second litter: 48; thirst litter: 45; fouth litter 4: 39; fifth and sixth litters 5;6: 34 lứa0 Number of rams used for our Exp and in Bavi and Ninhthuan were 12 and 8, respectively - Feeding standard used in all study was Feeding standard for tropical sheep of Kearl (1982) - University of Utah (USA) - Feed was sampled and analyzed for chemical compositions according to the Vietnam standards (TCVN) for animal feed 2.2.2 Methods for four experiments Exp 1: Comparison of the growth of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan province and Bavi district - Hanoi Capital - Sheep was managed individually based on their information such as: birth date, sire and dam - In Ninhthuan, sheep was grazed 6-7 hours per day and supplemented with 0.15 kg concentrate feed and 0.5-1 kg grass per day - In Bavi, sheep was grazed 2-3 hours per day and supplemented with 2-2.5 kg elephant grass and 0.15 kg concentrate feed per day In the case of raining days, sheep was housed in cages, and fed kg forage (3 meals per day), kg concentrate (twice a day Mineral blocks were available at any time in pens Water was given freely via a water nipple system Sheep both in Ninhthuan and Bavi were dewormed and vaccinated periodically - Measurements taken: Body weight, average daily gain, body size Exp 2: Comparison of reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan province and Bavi district - Hanoi Capital and some factors affecting reproduction of Phanrang sheep - Management for sheep in this experiment was similar to that in Exp.1 - Factors to be investigated in this experiment included influence of places (Bavi, Ninhthuan), parties, rams, mating and lambing seasons on reproductive performance of Phanrang sheep - Measurements taken: all parameters of reproduction of sheep was recorded and calculated Exp 3: Influence of rations on fattening performance of Phanrang sheep The Exp was conducted at Bavi Goat and Rabbit Research Center, Sơn Tay, from March to May in 2013 The experiments included experiments called Exp 3.1 and Exp 3.2 In Exp 3.1 Fifteen male sheep, (initial weight: 15.2 to 15.7 kg, nearly months of age) were used in a completely random arrangement with treatments and replications Three treatments in this Exp were three rations with of ratios of forage to concentrate (70:30 – treatment 1; 60:40: treatment and 50:50: treatment 3) Sheep was fed individually and were adapted to the experimental rations for 10 days before data collection Experiment 3.2 was designed similar to experiment However 15 male sheep (initial weight: 18.3 to 18.5 kg, nearly months of age) were used The layout of Exp 3.1 and 3.2 was presented in Tables 2.1 and 2.2 Table 2.1 Layout of experiment 3.1 Forage to concentrate (%) Parameters Number of animals (head) Initial age (Months) Initial weight (kg) Adaptation period (day) Experimental period (week) 70-30 5,7 15,7 10 60:40 5,9 15,63 10 50:50 5,9 15,23 10 Table 2.2: Layout of experiment 3.1 Forage to concentrate (%) Parameters 70-30 8,5 19,1 10 Number of animals (head) Initial age (Months) Initial weight (kg) Adaptation period (day) Experimental period (week) 60:40 8,5 19,05 10 50:50 8,3 18,93 10 Concentrate feed was made from different ingredients and its ingredients, chemical composition and nutritive value were presented in table 2.3 Elephant grass used in experiment was cut at 40-45 days old The grass was finely chopped (1-3cm long) for easily mixing with concentrate feed Before feeding to animals, chopped elephant grass and concentrate was carefully mixed according to layout of each treatments based on DM (%) Table 2.3 Ingredients, chemical composition and nutritive value of concentrate feed and elephant grass Chemical composition Ingredient of Mixing rate % and nutritive value of Value concentrate feed Corn flour Cassava chip Soybean meal Molassaes 30 30 7,5 concentrate feed VCK (%) CP (%) Ash (%) NDF (%) 11.99 11.51 0.735 71.36 Brewer Mineral , vitamins Salt DM (%) (cỏ voi) CP (%) ME (MJ/kg DM) 6,5 ADF (%) 0,5 ME (MJ/kg DM) 0,5 Elephant grass 88.31 10.66 10.66 41.62 9.11 Nutritive value of rations for each treatment was presented in Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Nutritive value of rations for each treatment Forage to concentrate (%) Parametters DM (%) CP (%) ME (MJ/DM) 70-30 34.9 11.3 9.6 60:40 42.5 11.2 9.7 50:50 50.2 11.1 9.9 Measurements taken: Feed offered and refused was individually recorded daily for calculation of feed intake and feed conversion ratio Body weight of animals was determined at the beginning of experiment and at fours week intervals by using scale At the finishing point of experiments (3.1 and 3.2.) three sheep for each treatment were slaughtered to determine meat production (carcass components Meat quality parameters such as pH value of loin and semicircle muscles, meat color in semicircle muscle at 24 hours after slaughter were determined using a pH meter Star (Germany) with repeatations for each sample, Minolta color meter CR-410 (Japan) with repetitions Tenderness of meat was also determined using Warner Bratzler machine 2000D (USA) with repetitions After steaming by Memmert Waterbath at temperature 75°C for 60 minutes, sample weight change after processing was determined Exp 4: Investigation of growth and meat production of crossbred sheep (Dorper x Phanrang) in Ninhthuan Number of F1 crossbred sheep (Dorper x Phanrang) in Ninhthuan farm used for this experiment was 130; 110; 86; 64 and 42 heads for different ages: at birth, 3, 6, and 12 months of age, respectively Data collection was from 1/2009 to 12/2012 Mating program include 63 Phan Rang ewes and Dorper rams Sheep was grazed for 6-7 hours/day and fed in houses 0.2 kg concentrate and 0.7 to 1.2 kg grass/day In the case of raning weather, sheep were housed in barns and fed on rations containing kg of forages (3 meals/day) and 0.25 concentrate kg/head/day Measurements taken were similar to experiments and Meat production ans quality were determined similar to experiment 2.2.3 Data analysis Data obtained in Exp.1, and were statistically analysed using descriptive statistics procedures with Minitab software 16.0 (2010) Means was compared using a paired test procedure also with Minitab software 16.0 (2010) Data obtained in Exp.3 were statistically analysed using GLM (General Linear Model) procedures with Minitab software 16.0 (2010) Difference in treatmen means was analysed using Tukey's method Chapter 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Live weight and body size at birth to 12 month ages of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan and Bavi Chest girth was the most important indicator related to the growth of animals There was a difference in chest girth of sheep in Ninhthuan and Bavi at 3, 6, and 12 months of age (P 0.05) Chest girth and live weight of sheep of our result was similar to these of sheep in Philippine Faylon, (1989) indicated that live weight of sheep could be predicted by using chest girth, cross body length and whither height of sheep However, the most used parameter in predicting live weight of sheep was the chest girth (Benyi, 1997) Table 3.1 Live weight, chest girth, cross body length and whither height at birth – 12 months of Phanrang sheep in Ninhthuan and Bavi Age Parameter n (head) Live weight (kg) n (head) Live weight (kg) Chest girth (cm) months Cross body length (cm) Whither height (cm) n (head) Live weight (kg) Chest girth (cm) months Cross body length (cm) Whither height (cm) 9months n (head) At birth Bavi (Mean ± SE) 320 2.32 ± 0.016 301 12.43± 0.083 58.77a ±0.127 Ninhthuan (Mean ± SE) 258 2.41 ± 0.085 216 12.65 ± 0.098 59.27b ± 0.149 Both places (Mean ± SE) 578 2.36 ± 0.039 517 12.52 ± 0.063 58.98 ± 0.097 0.212 56.83 ±0.137 57.18 ± 0.162 56.97 ± 0.105 0.101 a b P 0.080 0.012 54.16 ±0.152 276 17.17 ±0.767 62.17a ±0.143 53.53 ± 0.179 201 17.29 ± 0.089 63.17b ± 0.168 53.89 ± 0.117 477 17.22 ± 0.058 62.59 ± 0.111 0.008 60.19 ±0.137 60.43 ± 0.160 60.29 ± 0.104 0.256 56.99 ±0.141 252 57.36 ± 0.165 176 57.15 ± 0.107 428 0.089 0.323 0.000 11 104.24 ± 0.34 106.93b ± 0.46 105.35 ± 0.29 0.000 105.93a ± 0.33 110.49b ± 0.51 107.81 ± 0.32 0.000 127 116 243 102.69a ± 0.40 104.31b ± 0.43 103.46 ± 0.30 0.006 104.92 ± 0.32 105.86 ± 0.41 105.37 ± 0.26 0.067 107.64a ± 0.34 110.35b ± 0.48 108.93 0.30 0.000 96 131 227 107.07a ± 0.40 108.29b ± 0.34 107.78 ± 0.26 0.019 105.36 ± 0.40 105.37 ± 0.36 105.36 ± 0.27 0.098 112.72a ± 0.41 114.03b ± 0.38 113.48 ±0.28 0.023 67 138 205 108.96a ± 0.53 111.91b ± 0.40 110.95 ± 0.34 0.000 12 a 107.24 ± 0.47 104.87b ± 0.32 105.65 ± 0.28 0.000 116.79 ± 0.59 117.27 ± 0.37 117.11 ± 0.32 0.480 Female n (head) 151 111 262 BLI 105.45a ± 0.41 104.08b ± 0.49 104.87 ± 0.32 0.032 BRI Mean ± SE 105.87 ± 0.38 106.97 ± 0.48 106.34 ± 0.30 0.070 BWI 111.53 ± 0.42 111.22 ± 0.55 111.40 ± 0.33 645 n (head) 134 100 234 BLI 104.08 ± 0.39 104.81 ± 0.47 104.39 ± 0.30 0.230 BRI Mean ± SE 106.44a ± 0.38 105.05b ± 0.53 105.85 ± 0.32 0.032 BWI 110.70 ± 0.45 110.01 ± 0.59 110.40 ± 0.36 0.340 No n (head) 116 85 201 BLI 105.05a ± 0.35 106.79b ± 0.54 105.79 ± 0.31 0.005 BRI Mean ± SE 106.69 ± 0.41 105.73 ± 0.50 106.28 ± 0.32 0.134 BWI 112.01 ± 0.44 112.82 ± 0.62 112.36 ± 0.37 0.274 n (head) 96 78 174 BLI 107.05a ± 0.44 108.71b ± 0.48 107.79 ± 0.33 0.012 12 BRI Mean ± SE 105.70 ± 0.46 105.12 ± 0.51 105.44 ± 0.34 0.403 BWI 113.05 ± 0.46 114.22 ± 0.62 113.58 ± 0.38 0.124 Note: BLI: Body length index, BRI: body round index,BWI:body weigh index, a, b, means within rows with different superscripts differ significantly (P