Ministry of Education and Training Hanoi University of Education HOANG THI THU GIANG VIETNAM SHORT STORY 1945 – 1975 AS A DISCOURSE FIELD Speciality: Theory critical of literature Classification : 62.22.01.20 ABSTRACT OF THESIS DOCTORATE OF LITERATURE Hanoi - 2014 Thesis was completed in: Hanoi University of Education Advisor: A Professor Ph.Doctor PHUNG NGOC KIEM Reviewers 1: A.Pr.PhD Đoan Đưc Phương University of Social Sciences and Humanities – Hanoi National of University Reviewers 2: A.Pr.PhD.Nguyen Duy Bac Ho Chi Minh National Political Academy Reviewers 3: A.Pr.PhD Tran Manh Tien Hanoi University of Education The thesis presented at Library of Hanoi University of Education At…… , date…… , month………., year 2014 The Thesis can be found at: - National Library of Hanoi, - Library of Hanoi University of Education INTRODUCTION The reason for selecting topic Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 have long been the subject of many critical argument, literary studies However, we can see, so far, literature in general, Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 in particular has been studied only in the range of words art and based mainly on theoretical reflection That is the way of theory prosody research It separates the literary genre far from literary context which is extremely complex, makes their real lives to draw the abstract generalization For approaching the object by that way, the achievements in the research and criticism of short stories in particular and literature 1945 - 1975 in general only confirmed the consistency rather than analyzed, interpreted different literary elements in this stage Besides, because of using old approaches, Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 is considered the subject which has been exhausted and it is unable to discover anything new We believe that if using discourse theory to reseach objects in multi-dimensional looking, we will have the profound overview, comprehensive evaluation of the Vietnam short stories during 1945-1975 1.2 Focus on the way that language creates reality, discourse theory is increasingly inclined to develop powerfully and have influence in modern social science In language field, discourse theory is a very prominent area Unlike the subjects of the literature research that follows reflected theory, ontology theory, from the perspective of discourse theory, the study object is not only the "art world" but also the way, purpose of creating that art world The purpose of studying literature discourse is not only interpreting the meaning but also identifing, recreating, describing the causes, conditions, rules to create text and text's meaning Research literary genre as a form of discourse and in its discursive practices, survey of word art on the same row with the words outside the category of art, research in its multilingual environments as per the spirit of M.Bakhtin theory, we will have new findings on the almost old issues, especially for the age and characteristics of literary genres in interactive of time’s discourse, in opening the perspectives, new insights into the literary life 1.3 Researching Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 as a discursive field, we can say, is a new direction On the one hand, it enables a new understanding about the genre of short stories under a new perspective, providing a comprehensive look at, more objective assessment of short stories Vietnam period 1945 - 1975, re-interpret the cultural phenomenons which seemed too familiar On the other hand, the thesis contributes to clarify the nature of the discourse, literary discourse - the problems are increasingly interested but have not been really clear in the study of literature in Vietnam Object and scope of research 2.1 Subjects of research The object of study in this thesis is the discourse of short stories 1945 1975 with with its core and marginal parts , since it clarifies the concept and awareness of discourse, the discourse of historical literature associated with the knowledge and times power 2.2 Scope of research With the object of study defined as above, the scope of the research in this thesis includes discourse theoretical basis for the study of literature in general, short stories in particular; discourse of short stories 1945 - 1975 with its constituent parts; the competence and strategies to enforce core discourse competence and periphery discourse of short stories from 1945 to 1975 From such object and scope of research, the scope of this thesis does the survey in Vietnam stories written in the period 1945-1975 The term “short stories in Vietnam during the period 1945 - 1975 " includes many parts : the revolutionary literature ( including literary revolution in both the North and the South ), literature occupied the country in the period 1946-1954, urban literature in the American South of Camouflage and diasporas literature However, to focus on clarifying the theoretical issues of the discourse, the discourse of literary genres of short stories, in the framework of the thesis, we only focus on revolution literature (including literary revolution in the South and North) Method of the Research In order to achieve the purposes of the study, adapt to subjects and limit the research topics; we also use the general operations of literary studies such as analysis, synthesis, and statistical classification Particularly, we note the use of the method: interdisciplinary research approach, system - structure and the comparative method Missions and meanings of the thesis Clarify the complex structure in the reality of short stories 1945 – 1975, the factors of knowledge field and power to the formation of that structure’s components as well as against impact to the social, cultural and political life in this period Analyze the integral part of competence, strategies to express discourse competence of the core area and the peripheral area in Vietnam short stories discourse 1945 - 1975, which provides a comprehensive view of the short story Vietnam from 1945 to 1975 Layout of the thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, The list of research projects related to the thesis include Bibliography, Appendices and the main content of the thesis are written into chapters as follows: Chapter Overview Chapter Short stories as a discourse field Chapter Core discourse in short stories 1945-1975 Chapter Peripheral discourse in short stories 1945-1975 Chapter Overview In the overview chapter, we review the researches about Vietnam short story in the period 1945-1975 and the discourse issue in literary studies 1.2 Research situation on short stories Vietnam 1945 - 1975 In the literary genres of the period 1945 - 1975, short stories and poetry are subjects which get much attention, review and evaluation more than the other literary genres, including in 30 war years as well as in the period after 1975 In the first decade after the August Revolution, though there are not many short stories, the evaluation, discussion on revolution short story have appeared As time goes on, the number of posts as well as issues raised on short stories 1945 - 1975 get richer and more diverse However, the intensive research phase on short stories appear only after 1975, such as: People in Vietnam short stories from 1945 to 1975 (Phung Ngoc Kiem), Time style viewed from a literature genre (Nguyen Khac Sinh),Vietnam short story (Phan Cu De, Ly Hoai Thu), Vietnam short story - historical aspects of the genre (Hoa Thi Thuy), Vietnam short story during the period 1945-1975 (viewed from the perspective of genre poetics) (Nguyen Thi Bich Thu) Besides the in-depth study, there are a lot of articles which give comment, appraisal review, review, overview on short story 1945 - 1975 in general or about the individual stories of this period In these articles, Regarding the topic selection and character development in short stories 1945 - 1975 (written by Vuong Tri Nhan) and Try to find out the type of theme motif in Vietnam modern literature (written by Lai Nguyen An) are remarkable articles for researching short stories 1945 - 1975 from the perspective of discourse theory We can say that the number of works, articles about the short stories 1945 - 1975 is very huge The issues raised on short stories 1945 – 1975are rich and diverse as the object they towards However, we can see, so far, works, articles about Vietnam short stories in the period 1945 - 1975 has been concentrated mostly on the stories which expressed the Party's ideological line, the composition "recognized" of this literature However, we can see, so far, works, articles about Vietnam short stories in the period 1945 - 1975 has been concentrated mostly on the stories expressed the Party's ideological line, the composition "recognized" of this literature period We rarely talk about the stories which are not imbued Party's ideological and be criticized We think if the stories which had been considered "standard deviation" in the period 1945 - 1975 receive more attention, the look, the evaluation on characteristics of the short story genre in this stage will be certainly more comprehensive, and more accurate Besides, short stories 1945 - 1975, in most of the existing works have only been considered within the scope of word art In other words, short stories 1945 - 1975 (as well as literature in general) only be studied as a unit of art rather than a unit of communication a discourse, a kind of verbalism If literature is considered as a discourse, is studied as an unit of communication, we will have multiple looking, more comprehensive evaluation on the organism words, from the purpose to the strategy of creating words to achieve the goals of communication We think, if we consider the short story 1945 - 1975 as a discursive field as per the spirit of Bakhtin's theory, we will can see the steps, the voices which are diverse, not homogeneous in this category and also can explained their existence in time of 30 war years This is an important reason that we decided research on short stories 1945 - 1975 as a discursive field 1.2 The situation of researching discourse 1.2.1 Researching discourse in the world In the second and third decade of the 20 th century, M Bakhtin expressed his opinion about verbal types (It means the discourse by nature) in many researches Since the middle of the 20th century, the definition of discourse as a term appeared and became a centre concept circulated widely in the social sciences humanities Until now, it has taken a long time for the researching discourse With the masterpiesces of M.Bakhtin, M.Foucalt, J.Derrida, R.Barthes, T.Todorov, Chiupa, Tamachenko, the term of discourse has become more and more chaostic within the appearance of many studies about discourse researches On behalf of them, the encyclopedia of dictionary about modern literature linguistics- from discourse by M Christine (1993), The Discourse by S Mills (1997), Theories of modern discourse: experience of classification by O.F Rusakova (2006), etc are the major researches 1.2 Researching discourse in Vietnam In Vietnam, the issue of discourse has been introduced early in the field of linguistics, in the researches of Vietnamese language of Tran Ngoc, Diep Quang Ban, Nguyen Thien Giap, Do Huu Chau, Hoa Nguyen and Nguyen Thai Hoa Besides, the presence of a number of studies on the discourse of foreign authors translated into Vietnamese also contributes to the deeper understanding and how to understand the discourse of the Vietnam linguist’s generally quite uniform (universal primary allergy) Basically, the concept of discourse is understood as an active language, the language used in communication, both oral and written formats In the literary studies, the Vietnamese critical theorists exposed to theoretical discourse through the work of some scholars such as M.Bakhtin, R.Barthes, IP.Lin, Tz.Todorov, A.Compagnon, M.Foucaul, Fillingham, M.Susser, R.Jakobson, G.Gennete Through the translation and introduction of discussing the discourse of these authors, awareness of discourse and literary discourse in Vietnam were increasingly enriched On the basis of the concept of discourse and the literary discourse of these foreign authors, the study of literature in Vietnam has been analyzed, exchanged and debated Therefore, applying theoretical discourse of the area of classification contributed the explanation of the phenomenon of literature These included a number of works, articles typically social nature of aesthetic language literature (Tran Dinh Su - 2004), The Position of the pioneering postmodernist thinking (Phuong Luu – 2008), The postmodernism as a paradigm worldview (La Nguyen - 2009), The concept of discourse in literary studies today (Tran Dinh Su - 2013) Around the reciprocal terminology and some points to note in studies " discourse " today (Le Thoi Tan - 2013) It is also possible to mention more or less works related to the issues like discourse, the literary meaning and structure of Trinh Ba Dinh (2002), The method of kinky by Do Lai Thuy compiled and introduced (2004) and the work of Truong Dang Dung (2007), The theoretical and literary critics of the twentieth century in the world mentioned in file and and edited by Loc Thuy Phuong (2007) etc Along with the introduction of the concepts of the scholars in the world about analyzing and studying discourse especially some scholars such as M Bakhtin and M.Foucault mentioned a number of articles, essays applying discourse perspective to analyze the phenomenon of literature Additionally, the sexual discourse in the prose damage of Vietnam structured from the early twentieth century to 1945 by Tran Van Toan The Vietnamese novels were from the perspective of the contemporary discourse written by Nguyen Thi Hai Phuong It is confirmed that discourse is a matter being seriously interested in the study of literature in Vietnam However, through researching the studies have applied the theory of discourse, we can see, at present, there is no consensus on the notion of discourse, and much research is still going according to linguistic and culture While the concept of literary discourse is rarely mentioned In this thesis, with the aim of clarifying Short Stories 1945 - 1975 as a discursive field, we hope to contribute to clarify this open issue Chapter THE SHORT STORIES CONSIDER AS A DISCOURSE FIELD In Chapter 2, we focus on clarifying the theoretical issues: the discourse and the discourse competence, discourse field to give the overview of the discourse field of Vietnam short stories from 1945 to 1975 2.1 Discourse and discourse competence So far, the concept of discourse has a quite long history of developing, researched into many orientations, so its concept is complicated, there are many complex and overlapping features Under different research perspective, the concept of discourse has changed Inheriting typical discourse theory in the world, we think the discourse is a completed language (M.Bakhtin), a "real language” containing ideas" (M.Foucault), a "communication event" (TAVandijk) took place between the speaker and the receptor Thus, referring to the discourse, it is said to intersubject correlation among the three: the reflection, the creativity and the reception So when considering discourse as the overall competence, it is said to focus: the competence of reference, competence of creativity, competence of reception (V.I.Chiupa) The key point of this theory is the foundation for us to implement the analysis of short stories discourse in the next two chapters 2.2 Discourse field In the article Talking about the sphere symbol, Iu.Lotman said that symbol can only sign when it is in its "sphere" Acquiring the semiotic theory, namely the concept of the " sphere symbol " given by Iu.Lotman, we propose to study discourse in discourse field Discourse can only be decoded, understood when we put it in a discourse field, in relation to other discourses in one field, in the atmosphere which control the existence, the movement of that discourse field To explain the discourse thoroughly, it is necessary to put it in the discourse field in its existence On the basis of acquiring Iu.Lotman's concept of sphere symbol, we define: what kinds of literature, from the nature of discourse field understood as a discourse space Each discourse field has their own basic characteristics: (1) demarcation, (2) the intrinsic diversity and uneven development of the sub-structure of the discourse structure, (3) having nonsymmetric structures in which pairs of symmetry generally as the "core" "periphery" 2.3 The discourse field of short stories during 1945 - 1975 2.3.1 The factors controlling the formation and movement of the short stories discourse during 1945 - 1975 Being social activities, discourse is always controlled by the knowledge and power field (both M.Foucalt and M.Bakhtin had this same view) VIChiupa thought: literary creation in all sizes can be seen as a unique speech, a discourse, the event of events (communications), realization of a communication strategy in the framework of a certain form of discourse Thus, literary discourse in particular, short stories in general are not out of the control of the knowledge field and time power We can confirm: ideology and cultural ways of the Party are the basic elements under the times power which strongly control literary works including short stories in the period 1945 – 1975, created unique characters of short stories discourse in this period in comparison with the short story discourse of the previous and following period Besides, the two elements of knowledge: knowledge of life and knowledge of the art also impact to the formation of core- peripheral parts and the artistic quality of these parts in the short stories discourse field from 1945 to 1975 2.3.2 The core and peripheral parts of the discourse of Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 Looking at the short stories discourse 1945 - 1975, we can see its symmetric non-isomorphic structure which are core and peripheral discoures realistic socialist inextricably linked with class interests, the goal of political struggle as well as the world Grasping methods for creating socialist realism, short stories, always pay attention revolutionary building is the central character of the team - agriculture - War with the good qualities: the revolutionary spirit, willing to devote sacrifice for the country and socialism, full of revolutionary optimism The new man joined forces with Party building beautiful new society: solidarity, love, equality, development With the beautiful new life and new people approved so the struggle for the ideal can be mean and tough but certain forward triumphant outcomes 3.2 The competence of showing expression 3.2.1 The world with two opposing forces At the request of the Party, one of the important tasks that literature 1945 - 1975, including short stories need to is to consolidate and deepen the crowded audience - the masses firstly forces business - agriculture - War ideological tectonic revolution through vivid imagery world This task structure dominates the world of picture stories Each story is a world in which there are two opposing forces, two fronts: our side - revolution socialism with enemy - counter-revolution - anti -socialist World revolution in the short story is clearly black and white world in which, the character, or is it, or is the enemy, the dissident or revolutionary, progressive or backward, new or old, no one stands between centrist In the short stories stage system 1945 - 1975, the story was deployed mainly based on such structural opposition Picture of the world has always been in the building opposite: the destruction - reaching up power, loss - revitalized crash - construction, brutal - kindness, death - of life, pain - hope This approach is highly popular art of the short story revolution 1945-1975 3.2.2 Picture of officials 3.2.2.1 The new people of socialist society Generally, one of the important purposes of literary discourse of the Revolution of the period 1945 - 1975 included many short stories To people in literature becomes the mirror of human life, to human life and to follow the learning of literature, the writer noted exemplary character portrayed by principles of legend - the legend of the created image: the man in the fight, the brave, dare to break into dangerous places, difficult, dare to sacrifice, in the creative labor, dare think, dare to do, dare responsible to the assigned work, in life and live always conscious citizens, individuals consciously set out life thoughts, feelings With sites such stories, short stories discourse 1945 - 1975 has been working to uphold the spirit, fight, transmit to the reader the vibrations of national, ethnic, revolutionary and belief in the cause of resistance national construction 3.2.2.2 The revolutionary cadres We can say, revolutionary literature 1945 - 1975 (including the short stories) is the literary style "swimming boat with steering" And the rudder ideas from real life has transformed into literary device, go to the literature to perform communication functions, opening the way for revelation and to strengthen its position as an indispensable force in Vietnam revolutionary reality In general literature, especially the novel and short story center stage 1945 - 1975 characters always appear directions, scouting revolution This is the kind of character functions navigation, orientation or maintain public confidence They are representatives of the Party, said the voice of the Party with the task to "seed" the reader the truth 3.2.2.3 Enemies Story short discursive Vietnam 1945 - 1975 , through the fate of individuals and groups, have found that readers destroying enemy combat action is inevitable, because the enemy is synonymous with brutal , non- and human life is killer For more information, character descriptions to highlight the functionality of this character type: obstructions, the destroyer of life To highlight the nature aggressive, brutal enemy, in literary discourse, the less that they describe the shape of this, the particular focus of the animals described in the direction of It can be said of the non- absolute character enemy makes these characters are abstractions, completely cut off the roots with the living reality, become bold symbol legend This is also the stance factor which represents the country 's ethnic short stories revolutionary Vietnam from 1945 to 1975 By highlighting the crimes of enemies, pushing it to the extreme level of crime, the central discourse of short stories 1945 1975 has made communication and function in subjects evoke hatred receiving enemy altitude And the perception of crime is the premise memo to the heads up guns to kill the enemy and save country 3.2.2.4 Nature Nature of short stories period 1945 - 1975 has served as backdrop - the space of human existence, to be a factor in the context of the event is both a symbolic ambiguity: is the witness of crime caused by enemy invaders, a symbol of vitality and mettle of the people of Vietnam and is a symbol of the sacred mother earth sheltered people As can be seen, the principles of legendary, iconic nature of the short stories stage 30 years after the August Revolution had aroused in Vietnam each engagement, love, fighting consciousness, dedication and small sacrifice for the Fatherland sacred river 3.2.3 Community space and time history Vietnam History 1945 - 1975 is the history of big challenges, requiring dedication and great sacrifice Exist in the community space coordinates and time as well as a history of the times required for humans to overcome the challenges that large Historical time and space coordinates’ community is the existence of a short story character from 1945 to 1975 This is a typical characteristic of the world’s iconic short story at this stage (other than the coordinates of space - time in the art of the short story before 1945 and after 1975) Short story that has characters and the characters always exist with collective consciousness, in a mass cohesion, unity of direction Art space that beckons people to integrate and contemporaries epic “to die for the Fatherland for sacrifice" 3.3 The competence of perceive 3.3.1 Mass cultural, political - military of language and prose aesthetic 3.3.1.1 Mass of language, prose aesthetic Subject propagation of revolutionary literature is determined primarily agricultural infantry forces Writing for - agriculture - War, wrote about the life - agriculture - War Party is oriented to the literary set So writing is so easy to understand first and foremost requirement for the composer, especially in the period of years of war It can be seen to fit the recipients (as well as art objects) discourse entity creative short stories from 1945 to 1975 had a lot of attention to the words of life into every story page, to life from back page comic known for his contributions, contribute to voice "true", "eloquent" about time 3.3.1.2 Politics - militarized language, prose aesthetic As the discourse of the period when the country endured two wars, influenced by revolutionary ideology, general literature, short stories, in particular, it is absorbed into many words, the language of marked political publications - the battle is understandable At the same time , the use of class , saying he is serving for the construction of "true" , "eloquent" and the new age man The intent of this art was dominant aspect of discursive writing short stories from 1945 to 1975 Reading the stories of this 30-year period, that class military term strong political development, simultaneously, the type of slogan short, structured appearance with great frequency Today, there are many who ridiculed the slogan that sentence But put into the atmosphere in the country at war period 1945 - 1975, the short slogans, urging, it was determined he stood up 3.3.2 Tone expressed the stance of resistance, revolution Influenced by ideology, a story this stage of the revolution is a polarized world we - the enemy and the nature of the parties are clearly defined, that is, the subject is variable but the constant term This characteristic expresses dominant tone of discourse: tone reflected the national stance, ethnicity Chapter PERIPHERAL DISCOURSE OF VIETNAMESE SHORT STORY DURING THE PERIOD 1945 - 1975 4.1 The competence of creativity 4.1.1 The principles of reverse thinking to transferring popularity The spirit of innovation and dialogue are covering characteristics, of principle ideology of the short story writer’s periphery, shown particularly clearly in the composition of the group pen Humanities period products The spirit, the attitude of the writers has dominated the development of written language and the way the world is made of stories image periphery 4.1.2 Surpass methodological framework composed actualize socialist But literary expelled margin of failure to comply with basic methods for creating realistic socialist party which was oriented culture, art In the short story periphery discourse present reality sober eye of critical realism, is the expression of literary parody satire, with the tone of romanticism, the colors of magical realism etc and thi , according to the leaders of Marxist cultural criticism is unacceptable Cultural leaders, the literary critic of the party has been criticized this discourse is "distorted" , "highlight" mode, with the thought " toxic" and etc etc But with time back, from the period of renovation (1986), many literary works (including short stories) previously marginalized border has reevaluated its true value The issues raised in the discourse had been placed on the distal part of the short story 1945 - 1975 to the present time and the future is still worth listening and reflection That was bureaucratic, authoritarian, working style formula, machinery, stereotyping on the part of staff of the State agency, that's bad habits, but human conflicts on the way into the future, go to Truthfulness, honesty, which is the destruction of ancient cultures folk by the childish notion etc Short stories are considered "problematic" at that time because it was frankly, the interior of the current life problems exist in this life To express that voice, we can not face his songwriting method socialist realism However, the critical spirit of this discourse peripheral differences in the spirit of the writings by the method of critical realism period 1930-1945 Based essential spirit of the discourse was placed on the periphery of the short story period 1945 - 1975 is a constructive criticism Attitudes and opinions of the author with a new life, with the Party and the revolution is sticking attitude, hope Consequently, the principles of discourse creation stories of the peripheral area is beyond the framework of principles reflected socialist realism rather than a return to the spirit of the model creation methods before the revolution or of a different type of composition 4.2 The competence of reflection 4.2.1 Multiple sides of the world In the world of picture stories peripheral, non-polar world and the people, events, athletes, reveal themselves not as "common sense” as the literature has shown center In non-polar world, it is not easy to assess and understand people, because the people not like the blade of the short story downtown area In this world, people complex multi-faced, "natural manifold, while white on black draped time wearing a paper" (Giants - Tran Duy) It can be said that in the discursive painting is peripheral painting of a mutant of the unexpected, many crossroads and open-ended 4.2.2 Daily life of complexity 4.2.2.1 Little people’s thinking Realistic picture of peripheral discursive short stories generally not have to life with these fun pink that is exposed to sun shades picture of my morning mix There, people’s daily life appears modest with little joys and concerns with those thoughts about life about people and about themselves In the short story peripheral characters portrayed are not focused on the human side "new" positive revolution in which the people of the whole psychological complexity, their heart beats to the rhythm of life, towards life with many concerns, worries Here the value of the human being as a self- defined sense o reality and ourselves Through the mind of this little person, the writer wanted to say that new life, besides the birth of great joy, besides the good ones are "pre- ripped sculpted shell " there is still much things to worry, concern, sharing Through real life characters, with little private partnerships personal nature, is placed in the natural flow of life, seen from the perspective of living it all, through the reflection of their concern about faceted life, short story writers of the peripheral area to express sharing, empathy with people of a time working hard but heroic But in the period 1945 - 1975, only the hero is allowed to voice the sorrow - sadness in all the tones are not allowed to "discourse" This explains why the short story is full of the spirit so ripped aside the cultural life of literature However, time has proven which contains all kinds of art of joy and sadness, both heroic and tragic, always valuable and long life, or I.Lotman said then: "On the different stages of the history of each is listed allegations about the cyclical useless , even harmful for the arts But art was reborn as immutable, challenging those who chase it" (Art text structure) 4.2.2.2 Alienations In peripheral stories, besides the little people thinking, alienated figure shows up as the opposite But not so many, but this was kind of image gives the reader a more realistic view of life, from attitudes that have struggled with the masking, powerful evil, definitely for a better future Read short stories periphery, visible writers have uplifted the image building who alienation With penmanship specification interwoven portraits criticisms seem objective, but meaningful, insinuations, the author touches on the alienation of people in real life In the story, these people can be called a brother, a sister, that he, she or the boy, is he (depending on the position and relationships with small characters), but are referred to by voice dance parody Apparently, the hidden memories from real life were infused into the pen to spread the word and each line metabolized vivid imagery as the face of life The character is alienated public image for a subset of people in real life are not "red” nor “expert", but using tricks, flattery has crept into the ranks of the revolutionary cadres Short story periphery, through those who have warned such a life risk injustices in society are forming new that people should be aware of the struggle to identify and remove 4.2.3 Space -time individual and secular With intentions to the world and characters recipients living in the center of the personal knowledge I received in contemporary social life, mostly short stories periphery cord not created - individual time, associated with secular life , mood privacy Can confirm , not - time of short stories were selected peripheral and built on the basis of full consciousness creative spirit of reflection On the space - time writer for the character to life and true to yourself so that readers feel the deep heart of man 4.3 The competence of perceive 4.3.1 The creative use of language, prose Starting from the principle of ideology: to promote the human values, truth and creativity, short stories periphery represents the material behavior from completely different language of discourse center of short story 1945 - 1975 Short stories are peripheral attention polished language, prose, particularly class conscious use of language implications Read the short story of the periphery, that language is evident from the wording artistic, intellectual sparkle In the distal short stories, picture language, the text is polished There may meet with classroom discourse from grace terminology of literary romance to 1945 Along with polishing, filing words, short stories discursive peripheral also very conscious of using these methods gradually to achieve the discourse purpose Suicide methods are used quite a lot of stories that is comparable, metaphor, to create discursive crystal parable has meaning, which the stage arts management 1945 - 1975 more suspicion In many works of peripheral discourse, human or world image actually is not really special, but it was noticeable the “critical duty “vehemently criticized What makes them feel uncomfortable is perceived to be "with subtext” is written in the language classroom Thus, it can be seen that short stories are not only peripheral attention to human problems, but also pay attention to the nature of art, written language class 4.3.2 Express tone and spirit of critical human 4.3.2.1 Voice parody Parody is a way for people to recognize the non- standard life Read short stories periphery, so that the pen can lodge building parody voice With aspirations to the frustrating problem of life and create a powerful artistic discourse, short stories usually peripheral area saying allegory - a bubble or am just saying , from that parody pop out , creating the impression of socalled " two-sided icon" This is taboo in literary center 4.3.2.2 Trade oranges Writing about the negative side of the society, the tone of the short story is peripheral parody, when writing about small lives, voice tone is compassionate embraces It can be seen compassionate tone of peripheral stories contain human philosophy and the deep sense of existence, gives readers the intensity and long The human voice is full This is one of the main factors to help them "against human forgetfulness" as Kundera's words CONCLUSION During the decades, Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 were studied a lot Because of being studied in many ways, many people believe that this subject was "exhausted" without anything to say However, from it’s overview, the entire study executed in Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975, researchers have not followed M.Bakhtin’s guidances yet It means Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975 have been studied only in the literature - art range, word art system within the literature but they have not been studied as the specific verbal type as well as put into a row with the out- art words and in multilingual environments to be considered as a unit of lively communication practices with the specific communication strategy and purpose On the other hand, although the works discussed the short stories during Vietnam 1945 – 1975 are very rich and diverse as the object they toward but now most of the works, articles about Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975 focus only on the typical parts with direct and positive contributions to the two resistance wars against the French and Americans, for the building of socialist life in the North during the years 1954 - 1964 without adequate attention to all aspects In other words, in the previous studies, short stories and Vietnam literature during 1945 - 1975 confirmed mainly in consistency, scope, distinct elements which coexist and operate in the process of 30 years of which the war literature has not been clarified There have also been a few sporadic studies, critical works, authors who didn’t follow the Party’s direction but those works mainly evaluate the articles from the perspective of social function of literature without exploring the characteristics of literary works, literary genres in a field of discourse Researching Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975 as a field of discourse, we will have the opportunity to the specific and more comprehensive surveys of Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975, on the other hand, on the basis of comparing the components for short stories discourse during 1945 - 1975, we will have a more objective assessment of the characteristics, achievements and limitations of the parts that constitute the discourse of short stories from 1945 to 1975 In Chapter 2, we clarified the theoretical arguments, the key concepts by the foundation for the deployment of practical discourse analysis of Vietnam short stories from 1945 to 1975, in the next two chapters, they are discourse, the discourse competence (creation competence, the jurisdiction of the expression, the power to receive) and the discourse field The discourse has been considered by many researchers in terms of linguistics, sociology but with the literature researchers, the notion of rhetoric - poetics oriented discourse of Chiupa is very noticeable On the basis of inheriting the concept of " word holistic " of M.Bakhtin, discourse is defined by Chiupa as a complete communication event, the whole of discourse competence: creation competence, the jurisdiction of the expression (reflected) and competent to receive Clarifying the jurisdiction of the discourse, we will get the three basic aspects of verbals, including subject matter, style and organizational structure And that is the way to dominate the discourse Absorbing the signing theory, namely the concept of the book sign from I.Lotman, we propose using the concept of discourse field to talk about discourse space Each discourse field - discourse space brings the following basic characteristics: (1) sex distinguishment, (2) the intrinsic diversity and uneven development of the sub-structure of the discourse structures , (3) nonsymmetric isomorphic structure, in which pairs of symmetry generally as "core" - "peripheral" These are characteristics that are universal in all fields of discourse Such concept of discourse and the discourse, may find Vietnam short stories themselves during the period 1945 - 1975 a discourse field, it contains many kinds of discourse: there are ethnic - historical discourse, tales discourse, privacy discourse, anecdotes discourse, etc These kinds of discourse have been separated into two core - border areas: the works written in the policy of the Party and in the propaganda for revolution, and for socialism protection, mainly ethnic-historic discourse have been encouraged by the official power, the articles which not follow the party line such as privacy discourse, anecdotes discourse are pushed out by the power Looking at the short stories in such discourse field, we can see an inhomogeneous structure of Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975, which have not been pointed out yet by many previous works At the same time, from the perspective of discourse theory, we can see the ideology and knowledge field are the dominant factors to the formation of core-peripheral structure of the discourse of short stories from 1945 to 1975 Proletarian ideology, cultural undertakings of the Party line as the power factors affecting the writers have been instilled by the authors in various degrees in order to form the core-peripheral discourse The core discourse can demonstrate the compliance with the proletarian ideology, cultural undertakings of the Party line The discourse was assessed as non-compliant proletarian ideology and policies of the Party line art discourse is considered "standard deviation" and being pushed out to the periphery of the literary discourse from 1945 to 1975 Besides, as any art creations, the discourse of short stories is dominated by two powerful elements of the knowledge: life and art knowledge In general, the writers during 1945 - 1975, due to the isolation of the ideological and world’s art, have not revealed their things and the impact of knowledge field for its literary discourse That situation and the differences in absorption have been influenced by ideological factors which create differences in the nature and artistic quality, the attractiveness, vitality of literary discourse in general, short stories discourse in particular during 1945 to 1975 There are talented writers who are influenced by ideology have composed wholeheartedly as per the policy of the Party, that thing creates the valuable works for the core discourse in the revolution short stories Some other writers appreciate the creative consciousness beyond the influence of ideology and the party’s policy to form the peripheral discourse The overall discourse of competence: creation competence, the jurisdiction of which is reflected, competent to receive Those three competences are linked closely to create discourse union and institutionalized by the features of the communication scope and situation, of which the era power and knowledge field are strong factors to dominate the discourse competence To the core discourse in the short stories in Vietnam during 1945 – 1975, its creation competence is the propaganda principle, make examples according to pre-defined stories: describe life in the way of " from grief valley to happy field " with the style of happy ending, the characters with optimistic and struggle spirit etc All access to the goal to encourage and cheer the masses in protecting and building the country in the period of historical stage We can say that most of the short stories during 30 years of war stories are stories and words intended for the purpose of revolutionary propaganda With such creative competence, the expression competence - the world painting in the core discourse is the bipolar world, picture of the positions new socialist people and workers – farmers - soldiers above all They are normal, simple but noble human beings who work everyday to build and protect the country Being created on the principles of cultural myths – each person is a legend which exists in the community space and history, the world picture in the core discourse gave the readers the spiritual emotions, belief and dedication, sacrifice for our country As the discourse of the period when the country had experienced two wars, the composers are writers - soldiers, writers - soldiers, receptors will be workers – farmers – soldiers, the revolutionary proletariat, therefore competence to receive fot the core discourse is confirmed in the verbal field, its words are in the propaganda, political, military way and the tone of nation’s viewpoint Using the basic words and expressions in the era's style is considered to be suitable with the receiving tmosphere and psychology of humans In the discourse field of Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975, the peripheral discourse has themes content, styles and other organizational structures different from the core discourse Considering the creative competence, the expression and reception competence, we will see that thing clearly In peripheral discourse, the creativity competence is expanded by the reflection principle (thinking backwards) with the propaganda articles Giving the statement of not against the Party and State, but the writers of periphery discourse of which Humanity groups want to be free to the facts and creativity by their works The expression competence is expanded according to multi-principles to demonstrate colorful picture of life and the central characters are little people Recipients of peripheral discourse are limited in forces of workers – farmers - soldiers Their subjects are intellectuals and artists Thus, the competence of peripheral discourse is verbal text which is constructed on the multi-meaning, principle expressing the spirit of " for the arts" In the peripheral discourse there is parody voice for those alienations, compassionate tone with the little people The tone is considered to be the voice of the human spirit Therefore in spite of being considered as "standard deviation" literature, considered peripheral discourse but this is still a part of the national literature which should be highly appreciated by the spiritual values Doing researches on Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975 from the perspective of discourse theory provide new vision and conclusions about an old subject From this research result, the discourse theory can be expected to bring new discoveries about the literary objects On the other hand, we think, not just discourse theory is capable of bringing new view on the subject of Vietnam short stories from 1945 to 1975 Besides discourse theory, theories such as signing or inter-text theory can be used to study this subject and bring very interesting discoveries, new findings These theories are not new in literary studies in the West but still quite new in the study of literature in Vietnam Thus, the object of short stories during 1945 - 1975 is very attractive to researchers with new researches, but not any researches fit well with this object LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS OF AUTHORS • Hoang Thi Thu Giang (2009), The plot structure in Vietnam short stories in early twentieth century - the change in the direction of modern, Arts Magazine of Armies, No 19, pp 63-68 • Hoang Thi Thu Giang (2012), Thinking more about literature called "right literature" - Receipt Literature Books and Arts Publishing House, National University, Hanoi, pp 387-397 • Hoang Thi Thu Giang (2013), Thinking about Vietnam short story during 1945 - 1975 - Journal, Hanoi University of Education 2, No 25, pp 29-40 • Hoang Thi Thu Giang (2013), Taking a look back on a short story considered “standard deviation” in the period of Vienam literature 1945 – 1975 – The previous incarnation’s voice of flute written by Tran Duy, Journal of Science and Technology, Hung Vuong University, No 1, pp 37-40 • Hoang Thi Thu Giang (2013), How to creat the image of nature in Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975, Ha Long Report, No 443, page • Hoang Thi Thu Giang (2013), (2013), The status of the warriors dominated the artists of the discourse subject in Vietnam short story center 1945 – 1975, Journal of Education, Special No, September, pp 123 - 125 • Hoang Thi Thu Giang (2013), The language text layers of revolution short stories during the period 1945 – 1975 from the point of discourse theory, Journal of Science, Hanoi University of Education, No 10, December, page 49 – 54 ... stories 1945- 1975 Chapter Peripheral discourse in short stories 1945- 1975 Chapter Overview In the overview chapter, we review the researches about Vietnam short story in the period 1945- 1975 and... discourse field from 1945 to 1975 2.3.2 The core and peripheral parts of the discourse of Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 Looking at the short stories discourse 1945 - 1975, we can see its... short stories during Vietnam 1945 – 1975 are very rich and diverse as the object they toward but now most of the works, articles about Vietnam short stories during 1945 - 1975 focus only on the