Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology 1 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn GRAMMAR Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology 2 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn NOUN 1 Countable Noun >< Uncountable N o un S i ngu l a r P l u r a l w i t hou t a/an/ -s a /an/the R e gu l a r I rregu l a r Note 1 Noun – s / es a m ea n s / s e r i e s / s p e c i e s – means a c h il d – c h il d r e n a f oo t – f ee t a tooth – teeth a l ou s e – li c e a person – p e op l e a goose – geese a mouse – m i c e a man – men a woman – women on ox - oxen a fi s h - fi s h a carp – carp a cod – cod a s a l mon – s a l mon a d ee r – d ee r a sheep - sheep a c r i s i s – c r i s e s a t h e s i s – t h e s e s a d i a gno s i s - d i a gno s e s a h y po t h e s i s – hypotheses a p a r e n t h e s i s - p a r e n t h e s e s an a x i s - a x e s an o a s i s - oases a phenomenon – phenomena a c r i t e r i on - c r i t e r i a a memorandum – memoranda a c u rr i c u l um – c u rr i c u l a a b a c t e r i um - b a c t e r i a a s y ll a bu s – s y ll a b i a cactus – c a c t i a f ungu s – f ung i a s t i mu l u s – s t i mu li a ra d i u s – r a d ii an a pp e nd i x – a pp e nd i c e s an i nd e x – i nd i c e s Note 2: Tw e l ve nouns e nd i ng i n f o r fe drop the f o r fe and ad ves But: a c a lf - c a l v e s a h a lf - h a l v e s a k n if e - k n i v e s a l ea f - l ea v e s a lif e – li v e s a l o a f - l o a v e s - s e lf - - s e l v e s a s h ea f - s h ea v e s a s h e lf - s h e l v e s a t h i e f - t h i e v e s a w if e - w i v e s a w o lf – w o l v e s a hoo f – hoo v e s / hoo f s a r oo f – r oo f s a c liff – c liff s a s a f e – s a f e s a h a nd k e r c h i e f – h a nd k e r c h i e f s a b e li e f - b e li e f s Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology 3 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn NOUN 2: Compound N o un s 1. N o rm a ll y the l a st word i s made p l u r a l boy fri e n d s travel a ge n t s shop w i n do w s h i t c h - h i k e r s traffic w a r de n s river b a n k s c i t y s t r ee t s corner s h op s s t r ee t ma r k e t s s p ri n g fl o w e r s N ove m be r f og s church be ll s co ll ege li b r a ri e s driving li ce n s e s 2. But when man and woman i s pre fi xed both parts are made p l u r a l men d ri ve r s women d ri ve r s 3. The fi rst word i s made p l ura l w i t h compounds f o rm e d o f verb + er or compounds composed o f noun + prepo s i t i on + noun l oo k e r s -o n r unn e r s -u p s i s te r s -i n -l a w NOUN 3: Q uan tifi e r s 1. Ma n y / s eve r a l/ v a ri o u s / nu m e r o u s / d i ve r s e >< Mu c h 2. A number o f/ nu m b e r s of >< An amount of/amounts of 3. (A) few >< (A) little 4. F e w e r/ the fewest >< L e ss / the l e a s t NOUN 4: N u m b e r s 1. a /two/three… hun d r e d / th o u s a n d / m illi o n / b illi o n / tr illi o n + Noun 2. hun d r e d s / th o u s a n d s / m illi o n s / b illi o n s + OF + Noun 3. Compound a d j ec ti ve s A t h r ee - ye a r -o l d bo y A 16,000- page boo k 4. one/two/three p e r ce n t (no – s ) of Noun ; but a/the p e r ce n t a g e of Noun VERB Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology 4 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn (1) S ub j e ct _ V e rb A g r ee men t (2) T e n ses (3) A ct i ve >< P a ssi v e T ran si t i ve V + O b j V + No O b j e ct / P repo s i t i on a l phrase (by, i n, w i t h …) (4) Form a. Aft e r modal v e r b + Ba r e inf (can, cou l d, may, might, sh a ll , sh ou l d, must, w ill , w ou l d, w ou l d rather, had better, have to, ought to, be to, be supposed to) V- ing ( a ct i v e / con t i nuou s t e n se s) b. A f t e r ‘ b e ’ P. P (passive) Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology 5 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn c. Aft e r ‘ hav e ’ + P. P ( p e rf e ct t e n se s) d. G e r und >< I n fi n iti v e e. Fi n it e V e r b >< Pa r ti c i p l e ( P re se n t P a rt i ci p l e >< Past p a rt i c i p l e ) PARALLEL S T RUC T URE 1. , 2. and 3. but 4. o r 5. e it h e r …or 6. n e it h e r … n o r 7. not only… but a l s o 8. both … and 9. r a t h e r than 10. w h e t h e r … o r 11. as well as P RONOUN 1. P r o n o un /N o un A g r ee m e n t they >< i t/ h e / sh e /w e t h e i r >< i t s/ h i s/ h e r/ ou r them>< i t/ h i m/ h e r/ u s t h e mse l v e s><i t se lf / h i mse lf / h e rse lf / ou rse l v es who/whom>< w h i ch 2. W h i c h type? that (o f ) >< those (o f ) (p l u r a l ) a. S ub j e ct i ve Pronouns (I / Y ou /H e / S h e / I t/ W e / Y ou /T h e y) Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology 6 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn - S ub j e ct o f a V e rb - After ‘ B e ’ b. O b j e ct i ve Pronouns (me / yo u / h i m/ h e r/ i t/ u s/ yo u /t h e m) - O b j e ct o f a V e r b - O b j e ct o f a P repo si t i on c. P o ssess i ve A d j e ct i v es (my/ yo u r/ h i s/ h e r/ i t s/ ou r/ yo u r/t h e i r) - B e f ore a Noun - B e fo r e a G e r und : We a r e s u r p r i s e d by t h e i r n e s t i n g i n such harsh c ond i t i on s d. P o ssess i ve Pronouns (m i n e / yo urs/h i s/ h e rs/ours/ yo urs/ t h e i rs) e. R e fl e xi ve Pro ( m y s e lf /y ou r s e lf / h i m s e lf / h e r s e lf / i t s e lf / ou r s e l v e s /y ou r s e l v e s /t h e m s e l v e s ) 3. W r o n g s p e lli n g ( h i ss e lf / t h e i r s e l v e s / ou r s e lf / t h e m s e lf ) 4. T h e >< P o ss e ss i v e A d j ec ti v e Ex: H i s s n a k e i s a re p t il e . He devoted the lif e to s c i e n c e . 5. Double s ub j ec t/ o b j ec t Ex: Black I s l a nd i n Long I s l a nd Sound it i s surrounded by c o l d, dangerous waters. 6. U nn ece ss a r y r e l a ti v e p r o n o un >< N ece ss a r y r e l a ti v e p r o n o un Ex: C e rt a i n types o f t u rt l e s that may li v e as l ong as 100 years. The woman li v e s next door i s too nosy. WORD FORM Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology 7 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn - g e n e r a l >< g e n e r a ll y - po ss i b l e >< po ss i b l y - b a s i c >< b a s i c a ll y - p r ob a b l e >< p r ob a b l y - p a rt i c u l a r >< p a rt i c u l a r l y - u s u a l >< u s u a ll y 1. A d j ec ti v e s a. B e f ore nouns Ex: an i m p o r t an t me e t i ng b. A f t e r „ b e ‟ and other li n k i ng ve rb s - b e / b ec o m e - l oo k / s ee m / a pp e a r/ s o un d - t a s t e /f ee l/ s m e ll - s t a y /r e m a i n ( = continue to b e ) - turn/get/grow/go (= b ec o m e ) - prove/find Ex: She l oo k s angry. c. Some a d j e ct i v es end i n – l y: fri e n d l y / c o s t l y / c o w a r d l y /l o ve l y /li ve l y / lonely/likely/ugly/early/monthly/weekly/daily/hourly/nightly/year l y / q ua r t e rl y / t i m e l y / s c h o l a rl y / w o m an l y / m an l y / m o t h e rl y /f a t h e rl y / kindly 2. A dv e r b s a. M od if y verbs: Ex: Ann e a g e r l y accepted the c h a ll e ng e . b. M od if y a d j e c t i v e s Ex: Ted seemed e x t r e m e l y c u r i ou s about that top i c . c. M od if y p a rt i c i p l e s Ex: A rapidly c h a ng i ng s i t u a t i on / A b r i g h tl y c o l o r e d d r e ss . d. M od if y p r e po s i t i on s / c l a u s e markers: soon a f t e r / immediately a f t e r/ long b e f o r e / s h o r tl y b e f o r e e. M od if y adverbs: Ex: The a cc i d e n t occurred i n c r e d i b l y qu i c k l y . f . M od if y the w ho l e s e n t e n c e - o r i g i n a l >< o r i g i n a ll y - i nn a t e >< i nn a t e l y Ex: G e n e r a ll y , I li k e my c l a ss 7 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn 3. Note a. f a st (ad j )  f a st (adv) b. l ong ( a d j )  l ong (adv) c. hard (ad j )  hard >< h a rd l y d. h i gh ( a d j )  h i gh >< h i gh l y (f i gura t i v e m ea n i ng ) e. ea r l y (ad j )  ea rl y (adv) f. good ( a d j )  w e ll (adv) VERB NOUN AD J EC T I V E VERB NOUN AD J EC T I V E D iff e r D iff e renc e D iff e ren t R e st ri ct R e st ri ct i on R e st ri ct i ve I nven t I nven t i on I nven t i ve C u l t i va t e C u l t ure C u l t ura l Compete C o m p e t i t i on C o mp e t i t i v e A g ri cu l t ure A g r i cu l t u r a l F e rt ili ze F e rt ili z e r/ f e rt ili ty F e rt il e Empower Power P o w e rf u l Decide D e c i si on Decisive I mp o rt a n ce I mp o rt a n t P ro h i b i t P ro h i b i t i on P ro h i b i t i ve S i gn ifi ca nc e S i gn ifi c a n t Prevent P reven t i on P re v e n t i ve A n a l yze A n a l ysi s A n a l yt i ca l B ea u t if y Beauty B ea u t if u l F a mi li a r i ze F a mi li a ri ty F a mi li a r O ri g i n a t e O ri g i n O ri g i n a l P opu l a ri ze P opu l a ri ty P opu l a r Emphasize Emp h as i s Emp h a t i c C l a ssi f y C l a ssi fi ca t i on C l a ssi fi a b l e G l o r if y G l o ry G l o r i ou s C a t e go r i ze category C a t e go r i ca l Myst if y Myst e ry Myst e ri ou s A b se n t A b se nc e A b se n t S oc i a li ze Society S oc i a l I n t e re st I n t e re st I n t e re st i ng G e n e ra li ze G e n e ra li za t i on G e n e ra l Bore Boredom B o r i ng S i mp lif y S i mp li city S i mp l e Fascinate F a scin a t i on F a scin a t i ng Free Freedom Free Produce P ro du ct i on P ro du ct i ve Construct C on st ruct i on C on st ruct i ve Necessitate Necessity Necessary L i ve L if e L i ve / li v i ng C o ll e ct C o ll e ct i on C o ll e ct i ve F I E L D PERSON F I E L D PERSON F I E L D PERSON Mu s i c Mu si c i a n Surgery Surgeon D e n t i st ry D e n t i st Poetry Poet A rch i t e ct ure A rch i t e ct E ng i n ee ri ng E ng i n ee r A d m i n i st ra t i on A d mi n i st ra t o r Farming Farmer F i n a n ce F i n a nc i e r Photography Photographer B i o l og y B i o l og i st P hys i cs P h ysi c i st A t h l e t i cs A t h l e t e Theory T h e o ri st S c i e n ce S ci e n t i st P h il o s oph y P h il o so ph e r Chemistry Chemist I nven t i on I nven t o r C re a t i on Creator P o li t i cs P o li t i ci a n C ri me /crimi no l og y C ri m i n a l 8 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn L a w L a w ye r Humor Humorist Mat h e ma t i cs ma t h e ma t i c i a n H i st o ry H i st o r i a n B i ograph y B i ograph e r Ma nu f a ct ure Ma nu f a ct u r e r E d i t i ng E d i t o r W ri t i ng W ri t e r A ct i ng A ct o r/ a ct re ss Ma g i c Ma g i ci a n Geography Geographe r C o ll e ct i on C o ll e ct o r Forecast Forecaster H un t i ng Hunter Emp l o yme n t Emp l oye e / e r T ra i n i ng T ra i n e r Dance Dancer C o mp e t i t i on C o m p e t i t o r Contest Contestant Beauty B ea u t i c i a n L a bo r L a bore r D i sco ve ry D i sc overe r Carpentry Carpenter NOUN VERB AD J EC T I V E NOUN VERB AD J EC T I V E Strength Strengthen Strong Heat Heat Hot Hardness Harden Hard L i gh t L i gh t e n L i gh t S o f t n ess S o f t e n S o f t B ri gh t n ess B ri gh t e n Br i gh t/ b ri lli a n t Depth Deepen Deep T h i ckn ess T h i cken T h i ck R i p e n ess R i p e n R i p e R i chn ess Enrich R i ch S o li d i ty S o li d if y S o li d H u m i d i ty H u m i d if y Humid L e ng t h L e ng t h e n Long F l a t n e ss/ fl a t F l a tt e n F l a t Shortness Shorten Short H e i gh t H e i gh t e n H i gh W e i gh t W e i gh W e i gh ty/w e i gh t l ess Darkness/dark Darken D a rk B l a ckn ess B l a cken B l a ck W h i t e /w h i t e n ess W h i t e n W h i t e Fat Fatten Fat L a rg e n ess E n l a rg e L a rg e N o un s : h e a r i n g / s i g h t/ sme ll /t a st e /t ouch V e r b s : h e a r / s ee / sme ll /t a st e /t ouch WORD C H O I CE 1. W r o n g c h o i ce of MAKE o r DO 1) MAKE an ag r ee m e n t/ an announcement/ an attempt/an e ff o r t/ a decision/a d i sco v e r y/ an o ff e r / a p r o f i t/ a p r o m i se / advances i n / a co m pa r i so n / a con t r i bu t i on / a d i st i n ct i on / a f o r e ca st / a l a w / a po i n t/ an i n ve stm e n t/ a p l an / a p r e d i ct i on / a sound/ no i se / u s e of/ a cho i ce / a l oan / an appo i n t m e n t 2) MAKE UP OF (= be composed o f ); MAKE UP (= compose) 3) DO an assignment/the d i sh e s/ the w a sh i ng - up /t h e sh opp i ng / the i r on i ng /t h e cooking/a f avo r / ho m e w o r k/ t h e l aund r y/ a pap e r // r ese a r ch / 9 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn a j ob / on e ’ s w o r k/ business w i t h / j u s t i ce to/ w r ong / a k i ndn e ss/ on e ’ s du t y/ ha r m / on e ’ s best/a se r vi ce / da m ag e / w ond e r 2. W r o n g c h o i ce of lik e / alike/like o r as 1) L i ke /U n li ke A, B + V e r b 2) A, li ke / un li ke B, + V e r b 3) A i s li ke / un li ke B 4) A and B a r e a li ke 5) L i ke + Noun Ex: My re su l t s were much like P a u l ‟ s 6) As + S ub j e ct + V e r b Ex: I d i d my e xp e r i men t j u st as P a u l d i d 7) As + Noun ( = i n the r o l e of) 8) se r ve as/ f un ct i on as/ use sth as/ be used as/ be thought of as/ be r e f e rr e d to as 9) r e ga r d / con si d e r / na m e / choo se / e l e ct / s e l e ct / d e si gna t e / appo i n t/ d e cl a r e / no m i na t e / p r o cl a i m / announc e s.o/sth (as) s.o/sth 3. W r o n g c h o i ce of so, s u c h , t oo 1) so + ad j e ct i v e / ad ve rb + that S ub j e ct + Verb 2) so + many/few + Noun (c) that S ub j e ct + V e r b + much / li tt l e + Noun (u) that S ub j e ct + V e r b 3) so + ad j e ct i v e + a/an + Noun (c, si ngu l a r) that S ub j e ct + Verb 4) such + (a/an) + Noun that S ub j e ct + Verb 5) too ad j e ct i ve + (f o r someone) + to do some t h i ng 6) enough + noun +( f o r someone) to do some t h i ng 7) ad j e ct i ve / ad ve r b + enough + (f o r someone) to do some t h i ng [...]... Verb of the Noun (plural) Each boy/ each of the boys has a gift Note: Each boy and each girl is to do this exercise 7 Everyone Everybody Everything Someone Somebody Something Anyone Anybody Anything No one Nobody Nothing + Singular Verb Ex: Everyone has his or her own idea Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn 29 8 a A/the majority of A number of A lot of + Plenty of Some of None... take a singular verb Ex: Five minutes is not enough to do this exercise Thirty-five dollars is too much for this shirt Four -hundred miles is too much to drive in one day 15 The + Ex: Adjective + Plural Verb The poor need help Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn 31 Uncountable Noun + S ingular Verb baggage garbage mail clothing hardware makeup equipment jewelry money food junk... early Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn 22 VII SPECIAL CASES 1 STOP He stopped smoking (He gave up smoking; he is not going to smoke any more.) He stopped to smoke (He stopped doing something in order to smoke) 2 TRY TRY + TO INF: make an effort to do something Ex: I was very tire I tried to keep my eyes open, but I couldn‟t TRY + V-ING: do something as an experiment or test... a ticket – Neither/Nor have I Never before had I been asked to accept a bribe Not only do they rob you, they smash everything too On no account must this switch be touched Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard Only in an emergency should you use this exit Rarely did this remedy fail So suspicious did he become that … So confusing was the map that we had to ask a police officer for directions... the poor 10 Before a specific noun Ex: The coffee I had this morning was Brazilian (specific) Coffee originated in Ethiopia (general) The rice that I bought today is in the bag (specific) Rice is a staple in many countries.(general) The trees in this park are mostly evergreens (specific) Trees provide shade (general) Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn 19 11 The + subject +... … Ex: Tom is anxious to see his family It is very dangerous to drive in this weather We are ready to leave now Note: be busy/worth + V-ing Ex: He is busy doing his homework The book is worth reading VI PREPOSITION + V-ING 1 VERB + PREPOSITION + V-ING approve of give up rely on insist on succeed in count on keep on think about think of depend on put off dream about look forward to object to confess... certain expressions a dozen a/one half a couple a/one third a/one hundred/thousand/million a/one quarter a great many fifty miles an/per hour a great deal ten kilometers an/per hour a lot of $10 a/per day 4 With names of professions Ex: He is an engineer She is a doctor THE 1 Only one example of the thing/person or the identity of the person or thing is clear Ex: The moon is full today Please open... addition) 23) costume (=clothing) >< custom (traditional practice) 24) farther/further (distance) >< further (= more) 25) formally (=officially) >< formerly (=previously) 26) hard >< hardly 27) imaginary (= not real/fictional) >< imaginative (=creative) 28) later >< latter 29) lay laid laid laying +Object (= put/place) lie lay lain lying (= be situated/located) Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn... risk recall recollect resent resist miss tolerate involve stop understand suggest include I dislike driving long distances I can‟t help worrying about it Would you mind not smoking in this class? Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn 21 IV VERB + V-ING/ TO INFINITIVE begin start continue can‟t stand hate love prefer like Ex: It began to rain/ raining Note: would like/love/prefer... If + Subject + auxiliary can be replaced in formal English by inversion of auxiliary and subject with if omitted If I were in his shoes … = Were I in his shoes … If you should require anything… = Should you require anything … If he had known … Ex: = Had he known… Double Comparison The + comparative + S + (V), the +comparative + S + (V) Note: the worse (not the worst), the less (not the least), the better . Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology 1 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn . Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology 2 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn NOUN 1 Countable Noun >< Uncountable N o un . b e li e f s Công ty Cổ phần Đầu tư Công nghệ Giáo dục IDJ Technology 3 Biên soạn: Trung tâm Ngoại Ngữ 24h http://tienganh.hoc360.vn NOUN 2: Compound N o un s 1. N o rm a ll y the l a st