nghiên cứu một số chỉ tiêu sinh lý, hóa sinh liên quan đến tính chịu hạn, năng suất và phẩm chất hạt của một số giống vừng (sesamum indicum l) trồng ở khu vực hà nội bản tóm tắt tiếng anh

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nghiên cứu một số chỉ tiêu sinh lý, hóa sinh liên quan đến tính chịu hạn, năng suất và phẩm chất hạt của một số giống vừng (sesamum indicum l) trồng ở khu vực hà nội bản tóm tắt tiếng anh

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HA NOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION TRAN THI THANH HUYEN RESEARCH ON SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INDEXES RELATED TO DROUGHT TOLERANCE, PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF SOME SESAME VARIETIES (SESAMUM INDICUM L.) CULTIVATED IN HANOI Major: Plant physiology Code: 62. 42. 30. 05 Summary of doctoral thesis of biology HA NOI - 2011 The thesis completed at Hanoi National University of Education Scientific supervisor: 1. Prof. Dr. NGUYEN NHU KHANH 2. As. Prof. Dr. NGUYỄN VAN MUI Reviewer 1: Prof. Dr. Hoang Minh Tan Reviewer 2: Prof. Dr. Do Ngoc Lien Reviewer 3: Prof. Dr. Le Tran Binh Thesis defense will be at the Council for State Level Thesis Marking at Hanoi National University of Education At (time) on … (date)…… 2011 The thesis can be found at: - National Library of Viet Nam - Library, Hanoi National University of Education Publications related to the thesis 1. Tran Thi Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Nhu Khanh, Nguyen Thi Lan Phuong, Hoang Thi Thu Phuong (2008), “Comparison of amino acid composition, nutritional value of sesame seed proteins in some local and imported sesame cultivars in Vietnam”, Journal of Science, Ha Noi National University of Education, Volume 53 No 5, pp. 122-127. 2. Tran Thi Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Nhu Khanh, Nguyen Thi Lan Phuong, Hoang Thi Thu Phuong (2008), “Seed quality of some local and imported black sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars in Vietnam”, Proceedings of the 4 th National Coference on Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, pp. 183-186, Science and Technics Publishing House. 3. Tran Thi Thanh Huyen, Lê Thi Thuy, Nguyen Nhu Khanh (2010), “ Fluctuation of proline content in relationship to drought resistance ability at the young age of 20 sesame varieties in artificial drought condition”, Journal of Science, Ha Noi National University of Education , Volume 55, No 3, pp 137-142 . 4. Tran Thi Thanh Huyen, Chu Thi Ngoc, Trinh Thi Thu Phuong (2010), “Evaluation of drought tolerance of 20 sesame varieties (Sesamum indicum L.)”, Journal of Science, VietNam National University, HaNoi, Volume 26, No 2S, pp. 145-151. 5. Tran Thi Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Nhu Khanh, Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy, Nguyen Thi Minh Nguyet (2010), “Study in genetic diversity of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) using RAPD”, Journal of Biotechnology, Volume 8, No 4, pp. 1847-1853. 6. Tran Thi Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Nhu Khanh (2011), “Study on indicators of water exchange that related to drought resistance of 20 sesame varieties”, Journal of Science, VietNam National University, HaNoi 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Background During the living process, plants are always influenced by external factors such as drought, cold weather, heat, salinity, flooding, insects, etc. Among these factors, high temperature, cold weather, wind and drought are considered the main causes to the dehydration in plants. A long drought can affect relevant metabolistic reactions, different stages of plant growth and development leading to low productivity and quality of agricultural products and possible dead plants. Drought is a complicated phenomenon and is widely regarded as the most important factor to optimise plant production. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is among terrestrial plants with a wide range of adaptation and traditionally cultivated in different types of soil. Sesame is known as “the queen of oil producing plants” with high nutritional values. In sesame seeds, the high lipid content of 45 – 54%, especially with presence of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, linolenic), essential amino acids, antioxidant compounds (sesamin, sesamol, sesamolin and vitamin E), has increased values of sesame seeds. Many studies in the world have been carried out to evaluate these characteristics of sesame. In Vietnam, few studies on sesame has been conducted so far, especially typical features of sesame on drought tolerance have not been systematically explored in depth. In the mean time, there have been quite many studies on drought tolerance in other cropping plants such as sweet grass, paddy rice, mung bean, tobacco, green bean, maize, etc. Drought tolerance of a plant depends on its own genotypes, agrobiological charateristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to study on the relationship between physiological and agrobiolocial characteristics, and further more at the molecular level, the characteristics related to drought tolerance of sesame. Moreover, since Vietnam is located in the monsoon tropical region, drought which is a frequently found factor that affects growth and development of crop plants, crop production and its quality. Therefore, studying to analyse influences of droughts, to assess and select varieties which are of high drought tolerance is an effective and necessary measure to minimise drought effects on crop plants in general, and sesame, in particular. On that basis, drought tolerance mechanisms, directions to improve and to select potential sesame varieties with high drought tolerance, high yield, stability and adaptability for unfavourable natural conditions in a range of different ecological regions will be identified. From the above reasons, we have carried out the study: “Research on some physiological and biochemical indexes related to drought tolerance, productivity and quality of some sesame varieties (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivated in Hanoi”. 2. Objectives of the study - To identify differences between some physiological and biochemical criteria related to drought tolerance of sesame varieties of good and poor drought tolerance. 2 Through this study, to recommend criteria which are characterised by drought tolerance of sesame varieties to be as a basis for selection of sesame varieties of high drought tolerance. - To identify genetic relationships between sesame varieties of good and poor drought tolerance among the 20 pre-screened sesame varieties. - To assess yield and seed quality of some drought tolerant sesame varieties selected during experiments of the study conducted in Hanoi. 3. Scientific and practical significance of the study Scientific significance - Data collected in the study will be scientific evidence on physiological and biochemical reactions related to drought tolerant ability of sesame varieties under the study. - Study results identified the genetic relationship between sesame varieties of high and poor drought tolerance among 20 sesame varieties under the study. - The results of sesame seed analysis will have additional contributions of scientific evidence, which is significantly important to nutritional values and uses of sesame seeds. Practical significance - Differences between physiological and biochemical criteria of high and poor drought tolerant varieties can be used for selection and generation of high drought tolerant varieties with high yield and good quality so as to reduce input materials and labour in selecting drought tolerant varieties. - Study results on sesame seeds are also a criterion of reference for selections of sesame varieties with both drought tolerance and good seed quality to be used in industries of sesame exploitation and processing as well as in medicine and pharmacy. 4. New contributions of the thesis - Identified physiological and biochemical differences between high and poor drought tolerant varieties. On that basis, classified sesame into different groups of sesame with drought tolerance at different levels. Proposed V5 and V14 varieties which are highly drought-tolerant but can give stable production and good seed quality. - Combined the assessment of drought tolerance with the analysis of genotypes with RAPD techniques and showed different sesame varieties with genetically high and poor drought tolerance. - Analysed some criteria on nutritional quality of sesame seeds such as contents of minerals, amino acids, lipids, acid indexes, especially 3 unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic). CHAPTER I. RESEARCH REVIEW 1.1. General introduction on sesame 1.2. Crops’ drought tolerance 1.3. Research situation of genetic diversity of sesame 3 CHAPTER II. RESEARCH SUBJECT AND METHODOLOGY 2.1. Research subject Sesame varieties were obtained from Department of Seed Gene Bank – Vietnam Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology. 2.2. Methodology 2.2.1. Identification of physiological criteria: Rapid assessment of drought tolerance, identification of soil’s wilting coefficient, water content in tissues when plants are withered, and associated water content were performed applying Dhopte method. Leaf tissues’ water-retaining capacity (identified with Kozushco method), osmotic pressure of cells, fluorescent chlorophyll were identified by OPTI-Sciences OS-30 Chlorophyll Flourmeter. Total chlorophyll content was identified with methods of Wintermans, De Mots, while associated chlorophyll content was identified based on Shmatco. 2.2.2. Identification of biochemical criteria: saccharose content and α-amylase activity were determined by Miller G.L method; proline content, by Bates method; lipid content, by Soxlet method. Amounts of minerals and unsaturated fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Total essential amino acid content in sesame seeds was identified by HP-Amino Quant series II. 2.2.3. Identification of genetic diversity by RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA): DNA isolation was based on Doyle method; RAPD-PCR was carried out using the method of William et al with 26 random primers CHAPTER III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1. Assess dehydration resistance of 20 sesame varieties in researched area 3.1.1. Impacts of drought on physiological criteria 3.1.1.1. Rapid assessment of drought tolerance We rapidly assessed drought tolerance of 20 sesame genotype during seedling period in laboratory including: rate of un-withered plant, rate of recovered plant and drought tolerance indexes. V14 and V5 had the highest drought tolerance indexes, which reached 22085 and 21541, respectively. Two varieties had the lowest drought tolerance indexes were V4, V8, which reached 13675 and 12646 (the higher the drought tolerance index is, the higher the drought tolerance capacity is) Based on drought tolerance indexes in the table 3.1, initially we divided 20 varieties into three groups: the good drought tolerance group has two varieties: V14 and V15; low drought tolerance group has two varieties: V4 and V8; other 16 varieties have medium drought tolerance indexes including: V18, V17, V13, V16, V12, V19, V11, V6, V15, V2, V1, V9, V10, V3, V7, V20 varieties. 4 Table 3.1. Drought tolerance indexes of 20 sesame varieties One day after drought treatment Three days after drought treatment Five days after drought treatment Sesame varieties % UWP % RP % UWP % RP % UWP % RP Drought tolerance index Drought tolerance ranking V1 97.98 100.00 85.14 70.00 77.89 55.34 17084 13 V2 100.00 100.00 83.21 83.12 69.63 50.40 17135 12 V3 95.97 100.00 79.15 63.17 64.89 42.79 14502 16 V4 93.45 100.00 78.94 62.50 55.34 40.00 13675 19 V5 100.00 100.00 99.06 100.00 80.23 66.11 21541 2 V6 98.87 100.00 89.23 75.12 67.24 57.62 17378 10 V7 96.25 100.00 80.23 60.44 63.69 43.33 14408 17 V8 94.41 100.00 73.33 55.79 49.65 38.68 12646 20 V9 98.24 100.00 87.89 70.00 66.66 58.78 16940 14 V10 100.00 100.00 90.34 73.55 60.45 54.62 16838 15 V11 97.34 100.00 94.12 74.14 62.50 59.13 17410 9 V12 95.17 100.00 93.24 80.12 69.53 60.43 18114 7 V13 100.00 100.00 90.16 82.14 76.11 61.14 18809 5 V14 100.00 100.00 96.67 99.12 84.61 72.42 22085 1 V15 96.87 100.00 88.78 79.56 66.67 53.77 17201 11 V16 100.00 100.00 87.99 87.56 64.67 62.75 18402 6 V17 100.00 100.00 91.26 84.34 76.44 61.56 19108 4 V18 99.12 100.00 92.13 83.15 78.22 64.15 19340 3 V19 100.00 100.00 89.45 77.84 76.24 49.67 17578 8 V20 94.37 100.00 72.42 63.69 64.75 43.66 14012 18 (% UWP: rate of un-withered plant; % RP: rate of recovered plant) 3.1.1.2. Soil’s wilting coefficient We identified soil’s wilting coefficient in order to determine water absorption capacity from the soil of different sesame varieties. The minimal point of soil moisture the plant requires not to wilt is defined as soil’s wilting coefficient. If moisture decreases to this or any lower point a plant wilts and thus can no longer recover its turgidity. The physical definition of the wilting point (symbolically expressed as θ pwp or θ wp ) is defined as the water content at −1500 J/kg (or −15 bars) of suction pressure, or negative hydraulic head. The results are indicated in the Table 3.2. For soil’s wilting coeficient, V5 and V14 were withered when water content in soil was low, which was only 10.89% and 11.04% compared to undried soil. V3 and V8 were withered when water content in soil was higher, reaching 14.92% and 15.08%, respectively. 5 Table 3.2. Humidity of withered plants and soil’s wilting coefficient Wilting coeficient of 20 sesame varieties fluctuated from 3.41 – 4.85g H 2 O/100g dried soil. Wilting coeficients were lowest for V5 and V14 varieties. Of which V5 had the lowest wilting coeficient, which was 3.41g H 2 O/100g dried soil. Two varieties V3 and V8 showed the highest wilting coeficients, which were 4.85 and 4.80g H 2 O/100g dried soil, respectively. That means, water content in soil, which V5 and V14 could not absorb, was lower than water content in soil, which V3 and V8 varieties could not absord. In the same soil type, the variety which can survive with lower water content in the soil, have better drought tolerance and vice versa. The results showed that V5 and V14 have the best drought tolerance and V3 and V8 have the worst drought tolerance. 3.1.1.3 Impacts of drought on water content in tissues At diferent drought levels, water content in tissues is different between varieties. Water content in tissues inffluences physical actitives in general and in leaf tissues in particular. Therefore, the water content in plant at wilting point is critial for Varieties Humidity of withered plant Soil’s wilting coefficient (g H 2 O/100g dried soil) Drought tolerance ranking V1 11.29 a 3.54 a* 4 V2 13.34 b 4.25 b* 11 V3 15.08 f 4.85 e* 20 V4 14.37 c 4.61 c* 18 V5 10.89 d 3.41 a* 1 V6 12.63 e 4.01 d* 10 V7 14.35 c 4.60 c* 16 V8 14.92 f 4.80 e* 19 V9 12.56 e 3.98 d* 9 V10 11.14 g 3.49 a* 3 V11 12.48 e 3.95 d* 8 V12 13.52 b 4.31 b* 14 V13 14.08 h 4.51 b*c* 15 V14 11.04 d 3.46 a* 2 V15 13.52 b 4.31 b* 13 V16 12.07 i 3.81 f* 6 V17 11.32 a 3.55 a* 5 V18 13.45 b 4.29 b* 12 V19 12.11 i 3.83 f* 7 V20 14.16 h 4.53 b*c* 17 6 supplementary water for plants, minimizing harmful effects of drought on crops and through this amount of water we can assess water dificit torelance capacity. Table 3.3. Water content in leaf tissues when plant withered Water content in tissue when plant withered (%) Sesame varieties Normal condition Drought condition Rate comparing with normal condition (%) Drought tolerance ranking V1 82.76 a 69.53 a* 84.01 8 V2 79.53 b 66.54 b* 83.66 6 V3 84.31 c 73.32 g 86.96 19 V4 79.56 b 68.24 c* 85.77 16 V5 85.05 f 68.15 c* 80.12 1 V6 83.03 c 69.91 c* 84.19 10 V7 82.67 a 70.69 a* 85.50 14 V8 81.03 e 70.26 a* 86.70 18 V9 81.74 c 70.13 a* 85.79 17 V10 81.53 e 67.27 e 82.50 4 V11 80.61 b 68.53 c* 85.01 11 V12 82.56 a 70.23 a* 85.06 12 V13 83.05 c 70.67 a* 85.09 13 V14 83.78 c 68.25 c* 81.46 2 V15 82.17 a 70.12 a* 85.33 15 V16 80.49 b 67.16 e 83.43 5 V17 83.56 c 68.32 a* 81.76 3 V18 83.04 c 69.78 a* 84.03 9 V19 82.15 a 68.85 c* 83.81 7 V20 85.75 d 75.46 f 88.00 20 The data showed that: under impact of drought, water content in leaf tissues of all varieties was reduced in comparison to normal condition. Water content in leaf when plants were withered ranges from 80.12 to 88% in comparison with those of insufficient water. Of which, water content in leaf tissue when plant withered was lowest for V5 variety and was 80.12 (compared to this value when plant do not wilt). This value is 81.46 for V14 variety. Water content in leaf tissue was the highest for V20 variety (88.00%) and V3 variety (86.96%). At the wilting point, variety which has lower water content in leaf tissue per water content at normal condition has higher drought tolerance. That means V5, V14 varieties can resist to drought better than V5, V20 varieties. 3.1.1.4. Impact of drought on associated water content in leaf In the drought condition, water in plant has a trend to increase associated water content and increase free water content. Therefore, associated water content and water-retaining capacity of leaf tissue have very important meaning for tolerance [...]... best, medium and the lowest drought tolerance capacity, based on numbers of fruits per tree, number of firmed seeds per fruit, and quantity of 1000 seeds Table 3.15 Factors forming productivity and net productivities of the six researched sesame varieties No of Net No of Quantity of firmed seed/ productivity Order Varieties fruits/ tree 1000 seeds fruit (100kg/ha) a a a 1 V3 30.4 83.2 2.275 14.64 a... choose cultivar which having high productivity also having good drought tolerance capacity 3.3.2 Lipid content and lipid indexes Lipid content was calculated by percentage of lipid content per seed’s quantity Fatty indexes reflect oil quality, which is a basic indicator to classify oil and select oil maintain measurement For sesame, acid indexes, iodine indexes, soap indexes were most concerned The . pp. 145-151. 5. Tran Thi Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Nhu Khanh, Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy, Nguyen Thi Minh Nguyet (2010), “Study in genetic diversity of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) using RAPD”, Journal. 122-127. 2. Tran Thi Thanh Huyen, Nguyen Nhu Khanh, Nguyen Thi Lan Phuong, Hoang Thi Thu Phuong (2008), “Seed quality of some local and imported black sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars in. 3, pp 137-142 . 4. Tran Thi Thanh Huyen, Chu Thi Ngoc, Trinh Thi Thu Phuong (2010), “Evaluation of drought tolerance of 20 sesame varieties (Sesamum indicum L.)”, Journal of Science, VietNam

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