ABSTRACT Though The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is one of excellent works by Mark Twain, which has great impacts on American literature, there have been little to no research on the way professional translators translate it into Vietnamese As an attempt to gain more insights into translation methods in literary translation, this research aims to investigate the translation methods used by the two translators Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong in translating The Adventures of Tom Sawyer into Vietnamese Besides that, the research succeeds in identifying the frequency of every translation methods as well as their effectiveness Finally, some suggestions would also be given These goals were achieved by a research using questionnaire and document observation Questionnaire were delivered to all th year students majoring in Translation and Interpreting, FELTE, ULIS, VNU Findings from the study show that there are up to out of translation methods according to Peter Newmark’s theory being used throughout the story The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The most common translation method applied is communicative translation – a surprise to the researcher as the most appropriate method which are usually used in literary works is semantic translation method The study also suggests a non-traditional point in translating literary works Moreover, the researcher also suggest some better issues for further research i TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .i TABLE OF CONTENTS .ii LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES .i CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Mark Twain 12 3.2 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer .13 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 14 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 17 1.1 Semantic translation 19 1.3 Faithful translation 29 1.5 Idiomatic translation 33 1.6 Adaptation .36 2.1 Participants 38 2.2 Time 38 2.3 Process .38 2.4 The result for translation methods applied in translating The Adventures of Tom Sawyer decided by students .39 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION 42 REFERENCES .45 APPENDIX 47 APPENDIX 52 ii LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES Page Abbreviation SL: Source language Figure TL: Target language Translation methods applied in The Adventures of Tom Table Sawyer Translation methods applied in translating The Adventures of Tom Sawyer decided by students i 9 18 40 ii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Statement of the research and practical rationale for the study As the country is increasingly integrating into the world, Vietnam has more and more chances to raise its competitiveness, develop the economy and enhance the living standard for people However, the integration also requires proper conditions and preparations Language difference is one of the most basic one That is why the role of translation is more important than ever It has great impact and relation to many aspects in daily modern life Being aware of the need for qualified translators in the near future, in recent years, the University of Language and International Studies has made great progress in enhancing the quality of training translators and interpreters Being a senior student of the Translation – Interpretation Training Division at University of Language and International Studies - Vietnam National University, researcher decided to make a study on the field of English –Vietnamese translation as the graduation paper to improve my understanding and preparation about my future career Translation is a complex academic field “Translation is not merely an interlinguistic process It is more complex than replacing source language text with target language text and includes cultural and educational nuances that can shape the options and attitudes of recipients.” (Bernacka, 2012) In the field of translation, one key concept which cannot be ignored is the translation methods The concept is not new It is a powerful measure to make the most appropriate translation There are many types of document which need to be translated To make standard translation, the translator has to apply a proper translation method which is suitable with each type of document The understanding and distinguishing of translation methods are still limited and controversial Yet, the main subject of the study is about translation methods In order to make an effective study on translation methods, literary works such as novels, stories and poems are good suggestions Various types of works as well as the flexible contents which need to be transferred to readers enable the study to make a thorough analysis on translation methods Therefore, a study on translation methods in literary should be scientifically conducted As a famous and highly-evaluated short story, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is chosen as the subject of the study More specifically, the Vietnamese version by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong is the subject to make comparison with the original one It is regarded as one of the most common and successful literary translation For all those reasons, the study “The translation methods applied in Vietnamese version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain” is conducted to make a better view on the field of translation methods Aims and objectives By researching the work The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain and its Vietnamese version, the study aims to: - Identify all the translation methods which professional translators apply in the translated version The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - Identify the main translation methods which mostly applied in the translated version The Adventures of Tom Sawyer - Make recommendations for further researches on translation studies In order to achieve those goals, the research aims to answer these following research questions: What are the translation methods Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong applied in the Vietnamese version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain? 2 What are the most common and effective translation methods Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong applied in the Vietnamese version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain? Significance of the study The study aims at supporting translators-to-be of Translation and Interpretation Division, University of Language and International Studies, Vietnam National University as well as novice translators in particular and anyone who has the same interest in literary translation Firstly, the study is expected to provide readers with a better view on academic translation methods More specifically, the study provides concepts and uses of all kinds of translation methods which are applied in Vietnamese version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer To some extent, it can help to develop the understanding of readers about the translation methods which can be useful for literary translation Thanks to this, readers can find it useful in their process of mastering translation theory Secondly, readers can find here the most common and effective translation methods which are applied properly in Vietnamese version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer To this extent, the study helps to make deep and thorough view about some specific translation methods which are useful for professional researches about translation Thirdly, the study provides readers with better suggestions about the translation methods which can be applied in translating literary works of Mark Twain, which supports better translations on these ones This can provide researchers with some useful and reliable information for their further studies in the future Scope of the study Translation is a complex and sophisticated concept, so it is impossible to discover all the aspects of this issue Within the scope of this graduation paper, this study focuses on translation methods Main dimensions of translation methods will be mentioned such as semantic translation, communicative translation, literal translation, word-for-word translation, faithful translation, adaptive translation, free translation and idiomatic translation All the quotations and examples, comparisons in the study are extracted from the English and Vietnamese versions of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain (translated by Nguy Mong Huyen and Hoang Van Phuong) Organization of the study The structure of the study is as following: Chapter - Introduction: Provide an overview of the study with rationale, aims and objectives, significance and organization of the study Chapter - Literature review: Provide key concepts in translation and linguistic in order to understand the concept of translation and translation methods Chapter - Methodology: State methods of the study including selection of subjects, research instrument, procedures of data collecting and procedures of data analysis Chapter - Findings and discussion: Discuss the results of the study and explain how these results are discovered, then explain how they answer the research questions Chapter - Conclusion: Summarize discussed points, limitation of the study as well as suggestions for further researches CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW Definitions of translation Translation is a complex concept and many key thinkers have introduced its definition R Jakobson (1959) mentioned it in his theory “On linguistic aspects of translation” Following this theory, there are three types of translation as follow: • Intralingual translation (or rewording): An interpretation of verbal signs by means of other sign in the same language • Interlingual translation (translation paper): An interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages • Intersemiotic translation (transmutation): An interpretation of verbal signs of non-verbal system This classification seems quite obscure, as it describes the translation from a panorama view In this definition, translation does not merely concern linguistic units like words, sentences, texts but also refers to non-linguistic measures like nonverbal language system In a simpler way, the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 7th edition, defines that "translation is a process of changing something from written or spoken form into another language" This definition shares something in common with second type of translation mentioned in Jakobson's essay Besides, translation as defined in Le & Nguyen (2008), is "the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence" By this, translation in common sense is the talking or writing about one thing using a different language The definition also clearly states two most significant criteria for translation: unaffected information and the style of the source language text But translation is not only a process, but also a product in which the translator must convey as exactly as possible the message from the source text to the target text, remaining the scrutiny of language In other words, translation, as a product, requires achievement in both linguistic and artistic effects, or three criteria of faithfulness, good form, and accuracy To further clarify "translation", another question may be put forward "What is translation for?" Venuti (1995, p.18) stresses that aim of translation is “to bring back a cultural other as the same, the recognizable, even the familiar, and this aim always risks a wholesale domestication of the foreign text, often in highly selfconscious projects, where translation serves an appropriation of foreign culture for domestic agendas, cultural, economic, and political.” In this analysis, the writer highlighted the function of translation: turning an exotic culture into something familiar with the readers, implying that translation, in the end, seeking to blur the language barriers between cultures In the context of intensive and extensive integration, this function day by day proves to be increasingly vital Translation methods 2.1 The definition of translation methods Newmark (1995, p.5) introduces a very clear and comprehensive concept of translation which “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.” Roger Bell (1991, p.5) defines translation as “the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.” Mildred L Larson (1984, p.10) otherwise claims: little with the hope that she had been near nhiên, để tự an ủi, Tom thầm nhủ có lẽ bé some window, meantime, and been aware đứng nấp sau cửa sổ thấy of his attentions Finally he strode home rõ tình ý Cuối cùng, thất vọng, reluctantly, with his poor head full of Tom bất đắc dĩ phải quay trở về nhà, visions đầu óc đáng thương tràn ngập khơng biết ảo ảnh PERSONAL DETAILS Name: _Email: _ Class: Telephone: Your personal information is to be kept confidential Thank you very much for your help! APPENDIX Translation methods collected in chapter - Busy with War and Love N.o English version Vietnamese version Translati Tom về đến nhà vừa gặp lúc dì Polly Tom presented himself before Aunt 52 method Semant ngồi bên cửa sổ mở toang, Translati phịng rộng rãi mát mẻ phía đằng sau Polly, who was sitting by an open window apartment, in a pleasant which breakfast-room, was rearward bedroom, dining-room, and library, combined The balmy summer air, the restful quiet, the odor of the flowers, and the drowsing murmur of the bees had had their effect, and she was nodding over her knitting for she had no company but the cat, and it was asleep in her lap Her spectacles were propped up on her gray head for safety She had thought that of course Tom had deserted long ago, and she wondered at seeing him place himself in her power nhà, phòng vừa dùng làm buồng ngủ vừa làm phòng ăn phòng đọc sách Trời mùa hạ khơng khí dễ chịu, cảnh vật tĩnh mịch êm đềm, hoa thơm ngào ngạt, đàn ong vo ve ru ngủ, tất có hiệu quả: bà cụ ngồi đan, lim dim đôi mắt, đầu lắc la lắc lư muốn gật – cụ Polly ngồi mình, có mèo ngủ nằm trịn lịng làm bạn, kính cụ, cụ sợ rơi nên gài đơi gọng lên mái tóc hoa râm cho chắn Cụ đinh ninh Tom thể trốn việc chơi từ lâu rồi, nên không khỏi ngạc nhiên thấy Tom dẫn xác về, tự đặt quyền cụ cách gan again in this intrepid way He said:"Mayn't I go and play now, Tom nói: aunt?" “Bây dì cho cháu chơi chứ?” “Thế nào! Đã đòi chơi à?Thế "What, a'ready? How much have you done?" công việc làm đến đâu rồi?” “Thưa dì xong hết ạ.” “Này Tom, khơng đươc nói dối, dì chúa "It's all done, aunt." Communic translati ghét đứa nói dối.” "Tom, don't lie to me I can't bear it." “Thưa dì, cháu khơng nói dối đâu; xong hết thật ạ.” "I ain't, aunt; it is all done." Chỉ nghe không thôi, cụ Polly Aunt Polly placed small trust in such evidence She went out to see for herself; and she would have been content to find twenty per cent of Tom's 53 chưa lấy làm tin cho bà cụ liền tận nơi xem có thật khơng, có hai mươi phần trăm thật lời Tom nói cụ lấy làm hài lòng Communic translati Khi cụ thấy tất chỗ hàng rào statement true When she found the entire fence whitewashed, and not only whitewashed but elaborately coated and recoated, and even a streak added to the ground, her astonishment was almost unspeakable She said: quét vơi tươm tất, khơng qt nước mà cịn quét hai bac nước, chân hàng rào qt vạch vơi dài, cụ lại ngạc nhiên khơng tả xiết Cụ nói: “Thật dì không ngờ đấy! Việc "Well, I never! There's no getting round it, you can work when you're a mind to, Tom." And then she diluted the compliment by adding, "But q rõ, khơng chối cãi nữa, cháu để tâm làm làm trò – Cụ vừa khen xong vội vã thêm it's câu để làm nhạt bớt tác dụng lời khen Communic powerful seldom you're a mind to, I'm translati – Nhưng khốn nỗi dì buộc lòng phải bound to say Well, go 'long and play; but mind you get back some time in a week, or I'll tan you." nhận cháu chịu làm Thôi đấy, cho chơi, vịng tuần lễ có lúc phải nhớ mà về nhé, khơng lại chết địn.” She was so overcome by the splendor of Cụ Polly trước thành tích rực rỡ Tom Communic his achievement that she took him into cảm động quá, dẫn cháu về nhà, mở tủ, translation the closet and selected a choice apple chọn táo ngon cho Tom, and delivered it to him, along with an không quên thuyết hồi về giá improving lecture upon the added value trị hương vị đặc biệt and flavor a treat took to itself when it vậy, kết came without sin through virtuous cố gắng theo đường đạo lí effort And while she closed with a đường tội lỗi Trong happy Scriptural flourish, he "hooked" dì Polly kết thúc diễn văn a.doughnut câu văn hoa bóng bẩy lấy Kinh Thánh nghe hay Tom liền “thó” ln bành be-nhê Then he skipped out, and saw Sid just Tom vừa nhà nhảy ngồi Communic starting up the outside stairway that led gặp Sid đầu cầu thang translation 54 to the back rooms on the second floor ngồi sân lên buồng phía sau gác hai Sẵn Clods were handy and the air was full of có hịn đất, nháy mắt them in a twinkling They raged around khơng khí bụi mù, đất cát rơi rào rào Sid like a hail-storm; and before Aunt xuống chung quanh người Sid Polly could collect her surprised trận mưa đá, dì Polly sửng sốt chưa faculties and sally to the rescue, six or kịp định thần chạy bổ tới cứu Sid seven clods had taken personal effect, có dăm bảy đất ném trúng người Sid and Tom was over the fence and gone Tom nhảy vượt qua hàng rào There was a gate, but as a general thing vườn chạy Thật vườn có he was too crowded for time to make cổng, Tom vội use of it His soul was at peace, now nên chẳng qua lối Từ that he had settled with Sid for calling Tom trả thù Sid về việc nhắc nhở attention to his black thread and getting người khác để ý đến cổ áo Tom khâu him into trouble đen để làm khổ Tom Tom skirted the block, and came round Tom vịng quanh khu nhà rẽ Communic into a muddy alley that led by the back quặt vào đường nhỏ lầy lội translation of his aunt's cowstable He presently got ngang qua sau chuồng bò dì Polly Đi safely beyond the reach of capture and lát, Tom chắn khơng cịn Idiomatic punishment, and hastened toward the sợ bị bắt về trừng phạt nữa, rẽ rảo translation public square of the village, where two bước về phía quảng trường làng, "military" companies of boys had met nơi tụ họp bọn trai, chia thành hai Semantic for conflict, according to previous “đại đội”, hẹn trước đến để đánh translation appointment Tom was General of one of these Tom tướng huy hai đội Communic armies, Joe Harper (a bosom friend) qn đó, cịn Joe Harper (một thằng bạn translation General of the other These two great nối khố Tom) huy đội quân commanders did not condescend to fight Hai viên đại tướng khơng thèm hạ Faithful in person that being better suited to đích thân xơng vào đánh – việc translation the still smaller fry but sat together on thích hợp với lũ tiểu u – mà an eminence and conducted the field ngồi mô đất cao, để Free operations by orders delivered through huy tác chiến thông qua sĩ quan translation 55 aides-de-camp tùy tùng Tom's army won a great victory, after a Sau trận ác chiến kéo dài, quân Tom Communic long and hard-fought battle Then the đại thắng Hai bên kiểm lại số binh sĩ tử translation dead were counted, prisoners trận, trao đổi tù binh, thỏa thuận với exchanged, the terms of the next về điều kiện tranh chấp tới xong, Semantic disagreement agreed upon, and the day ấn định ngày tái chiến Sau đó, translation for the necessary battle appointed; after quân đội hai bên xếp thành hàng ngũ which the armies fell into line and về, cịn Tom trở về nhà marched away, and Tom turned homeward alone As he was passing by the house where Khi qua trước cửa nhà Jeff Thatcher, Semantic Jeff Thatcher lived, he saw a new girl in Tom thấy vườn thấp thống có translation the garden a lovely little blue-eyed bóng bé Tom chưa gặp bao creature with yellow hair plaited into giờ, cô bé tuyệt xinh, mắt xanh biếc, Faithful 10 two long-tails, white summer frock and tóc vàng tết thành đơi bím dài, translation embroidered pantalettes The fresh- mặc quần áo mùa hạ trắng, quần crowned hero fell without firing a shot thêu hoa Vị anh hùng vừa đại thắng trận oanh liệt chúng ta, lần chưa bắn phát súng liền ngã gục A certain Amy Lawrence vanished out Hình ảnh bé Amy Lawrence Semantic of his heart and left not even a memory liền bị xóa nhịa trái tim Tom, translation of herself behind He had thought he khơng cịn để lại dấu vết loved her to distraction; he had regarded Trước Tom tưởng yêu Amy 11 his passion as adoration; and behold it đến thành si; Tom cho tình u lên Faithful was only a poor little evanescent đến cao độ, gần giống tôn thờ; translation partiality mà té mối cảm tình nhỏ chẳng có dễ bị tiêu tan 12 He had been months winning her; she Tom tháng rịng tìm cách Semantic had confessed hardly a week ago; he chiếm trái tim Amy Amy translation had been the happiest and the proudest bộc lộ tình yêu với Tom cách có boy in the world only seven short days, tuần lễ Tom chàng trai sung sướng 56 and here in one instant of time she had kiêu hãnh đời vẻn vẹn có bảy gone out of his heart like a casual ngày trời ngắn ngủ đây, stranger whose visit is done chốc lát, hình ảnh Amy rời khỏi trái tim Tom người khách lạ sau đến chơi thăm hỏi xã giao He worshipped this new angel with Tom mê tít, lấm lét nhìn nàng tiên Semantic furtive eye, till he saw that she had giáng trần thấy cô bé translation discovered him; then he pretended he trơng thấy mình, khơng biết có did not know she was present, and cô bé đây, Tom ta bắt đầu giở đủ trò trẻ Communic began to "show off" in all sorts of ranh lố bịch, cố “giương vây” khoa mẽ để translation 13 absurd boyish ways, in order to win her làm cho cô bé phải khâm phục Tom admiration He kept up this grotesque tiếp tục làm trị lúc lâu, Adaptation foolishness for some time; but by-and- lúc biểu diễn trò by, while he was in the midst of some nhào lộn nguy hiểm, Tom liếc mắt dangerous gymnastic performances, he nhìn thấy bé quay lưng trở vào nhà glanced aside and saw that the little girl was wending her way toward the house Tom came up to the fence and leaned on Tom tiến lại gần, buồn rầu ngả người vào Communic it, grieving, and hoping she would tarry hàng rào, hi vọng cô bé nán lại lát translation yet awhile longer She halted a moment nữa, chưa vào nhà vội Cô bé bước lên bậc on the steps and then moved toward the thềm, đứng lại lát lại bước lên 14 door Tom heaved a great sigh as she về phía cửa Tom thở dài đánh sượt put her foot on the threshold But his cô bé đặt chân qua ngưỡng cửa face lit up, right away, for she tossed a Nhưng nhiên nét mặt Tom tươi hẳn pansy over the fence a moment before lên; trước vào nhà, cô bé vứt she disappeared qua hàng rào cho Tom lan tử la 15 The boy ran around and stopped within Tom chạy vịng quanh đến cách bơng hoa Communic a foot or two of the flower, and then độ vài bước đứng lại, lấy tay translation shaded his eyes with his hand and began che mắt quay về phía đường phố, làm to look down street as if he had mải nhìn thấy thú vị discovered something of interest going phía 57 on in that direction Presently he picked up a straw and Rồi Tom nhặt cọng rơm để lên mũi, Communic began trying to balance it on his nose, ngửa mặt lên trời, vừa giữ cọng rơm cho translation with his head tilted far back; and as he thăng vừa lắc người lúc moved from side to side, in his efforts, nhích lại gần bơng lan tử la Cuối cùng, Idiomatic 16 he edged nearer and nearer toward the Tom để chân đè lên bơng hoa lấy ngón translation pansy; finally his bare foot rested upon chân khéo léo quặp lấy vật báu it, his pliant toes closed upon it, and he nhảy lò cò thẳng, đến chỗ góc hopped away with the treasure and đường lẩn disappeared round the corner But only for a minute only while he Nhưng lẩn độ phút thơi – đủ Communic could button the flower inside his để cởi khuy nhét hoa gần vào translation jacket, next his heart or next his áo, gần trái tim – hay gần 17 stomach, possibly, for he was not much dày chưa biết chừng, Tom không hiểu Idiomatic posted in anatomy, and not biết về phận thể translation hypercritical, anyway người, về điểm Tom khơng khó tính He returned, now, and about the Tom quay trở lại quanh quẩn chỗ Semantic fence till nightfall, "showing off," as hàng rào, tiếp tục trò mua may trổ tài translation before; but the girl never exhibited lúc trước sẩm tối, cô herself again, though Tom comforted bé khơng thấy ló mặt lần Idiomatic 18 himself a little with the hope that she Tuy nhiên, để tự an ủi, Tom thầm nhủ có translation had been near some window, meantime, lẽ cô bé đứng nấp sau cửa sổ and been aware of his attentions Finally thấy rõ tình ý Cuối cùng, he strode home reluctantly, with his thất vọng, Tom bất đắc dĩ phải quay trở poor head full of visions về nhà, đầu óc đáng thương tràn ngập khơng biết ảo ảnh Bữa cơm tối hơm đó, Tom vui vẻ khác Communic 19 All through supper his spirits were so high that his aunt wondered "what had got into the child." He took a good scolding about clodding Sid, and did not seem to mind it in the least He tried to 58 hẳn mọi người, làm cho dì Polly phải translation ngạc nhiên khơng hiểu “thằng bé có chuyện gì” Tom bị dì mắng về tội ném đất vào người Sid, Tom bất chấp không thèm quan tâm chút Tom steal sugar under his aunt's very nose, and got his knuckles rapped for it tìm cách thó đường trước mắt dì, liền bị đánh vào ngón tay Tom nói: He said: Communic “Thế dì khơng đánh thằng Sid translation "Aunt, you don't whack Sid when he lấy đường dì?” takes it." 20 Faithful "Well, Sid don't torment a body the way you You'd be always into that sugar “Thằng Sid khơng có tệ q mày translation Mày để sểnh lúc ăn vụng đường được.” if I warn't watching you." Idiomatic translation Một lát sau, cụ Polly xuống bếp Đắc chí Communic Presently she stepped into the kitchen, and Sid, happy in his immunity, reached for the sugar-bowl a sort of glorying over Tom which was wellnigh unbearable But Sid's fingers slipped and the bowl dropped and broke Tom was in ecstasies In such ecstasies that 21 he even controlled his tongue and was silent He said to himself that he would not speak a word, even when his aunt came in, but would sit perfectly still till she asked who did the mischief; and then he would tell, and there would be khơng sợ bị dì đánh mắng, Sid thị tay translation với bình đường, thái độ kẻ đắc thắng, làm cho Tom tức tưởng đến lộn Idiomatic ruột lên Nhưng Sid tuột tay, bình translation đường rơi xuống đất, vỡ tan mảnh Tom khoái quá, cố giữ im lặng, Tom Free định khơng nói nửa lời dì translation bếp lên, ngồi yên dì hỏi thủ phạm Bấy Tom nói Thật đời khơng thú vị thấy cháu u cháu quý dì, đứa trai gương mẫu “bị ấy” nothing so good in the world as to see 22 that pet model "catch it." He was so brimful of exultation that he Tom thích chí quá, phải cố Communic could hardly hold himself when the old giữ vẻ thản nhiên, cụ Polly translation lady came back and stood above the bếp lên thấy việc dổ vỡ tai hại đó, wreck discharging lightnings of wrath tức giận đứng nhìn, mắt long lên đôi Faithful 59 from over her spectacles He said to kính trễ sống mũi, Tom nghĩ thầm, translation himself, "Now it's coming!" And the “đã đến lúc đấy”, liền sau Tom next instant he was sprawling on the nằm đất, bàn tay phũ floor! The potent palm was uplifted to phàng dì Polly giơ lên sửa giáng strike again when Tom cried out: "Hold on, now, what 'er xuống Tom vơi kêu to: you “Đánh cháu? Cháu làm mà đánh Free belting me for? Sid broke it!" cháu? Thằng Sid đánh vỡ bình đường translation chứ.” Aunt Polly paused, perplexed, and Tom looked for healing pity But when she got her tongue again, she only said: Dì Polly ngừng tay, lúng túng khơng biết Communic xử trí Cịn Tom nhìn dì van translation lơn xin dì rủ chút lịng thương cho 23 "Umf! Well, you didn't get a lick amiss, I reckon You been into some other audacious mischief when I wasn't đỡ khổ Bà cụ lặng thinh khơng nói nữa, sau nói câu: “Hừ! Mày tưởng phải địn oan Tao đánh mày về tội mày lếu láo around, like enough." giở trò tinh nghịch táo bạo trước tao vắng Thôi tha cho.” Then her conscience reproached her, Nói xong bà cụ lại hối muốn nói Communic and she yearned to say something kind vài lời ngọt ngào âu yếm với Tom, translation and loving; but she judged that this lại nghĩ làm vậy, 24 would be construed into a confession chẳng hóa nhận lỗi cịn Semantic that she had been in the wrong, and thể thống khuôn phép Vì cụ đành translation discipline forbade that So she kept nín thinh bỏ làm cơng việc khác, silence, and went about her affairs with lòng bứt rứt không yên 25 a troubled heart Tom sulked in a corner and exalted his Tom dỗi chạy vào xó ngồi, nghĩ Communic woes He knew that in her heart his aunt thêm cay đắng Tom biết translation was on her knees to him, and he was thâm tâm dì muốn xin lỗi Tom; lòng Tom morosely gratified by the consciousness vừa buồn rầu vừa nhận thấy Faithful of it He would hang out no signals, he điều Tom định không để lộ translation would take notice of none tí bên ngồi khơng 60 thèm để ý đến dấu hiệu khác He knew that a yearning glance fell Tom biết dì lại liếc nhìn Communic upon him, now and then, through a film mình, qua màng nước mắt cách hết translation of tears, but he refused recognition of it sức thiết tha, Tom không muốn He pictured himself lying sick unto biết đến Tom hình dung ốm Faithful 26 death and his aunt bending over him chết nằm giường, dì Polly translation beseeching one little forgiving word, but cúi xuống cầu xin lời tha thứ he would turn his face to the wall, and Tom quay mặt vào tường, khăng khăng Idiomatic die with that word unsaid khơng chịu nói nửa lời hồn lìa translation khỏi xác Ah, how would she feel then? And he Lúc dì nghĩ nào? Rồi Tom lại Semantic pictured himself brought home from the tưởng tượng có người vớt xác translation river, dead, with his curls all wet, and Tom ngồi sơng đưa về nhà, tóc his sore heart at rest How she would quăn ướt dính bết, trái tim đau đớn Idiomatic throw herself upon him, and how her Tom khơng cịn đập Dì Polly translation tears would fall like rain, and her lips ơm chồng lấy xác cháu, nước mắt pray God to give her back her boy and mưa, môi mấp máy cầu xin Chúa ban 27 she would never, never abuse him any phúc trả lại cho thằng cháu xin more! But he would lie there cold and hứa khơng bao giờ, khơng cịn white and make no sign a poor little đối xử với cách tàn tệ oan uổng sufferer, whose griefs were at an end Nhưng Tom nằm đó, lạnh cứng trắng bệch trước mắt dì, thằng bé đau khổ đáng thương chết đi, dứt hết mọi nỗi phiền não 28 đời He so worked upon his feelings with the Trí tưởng tượng nung nấu, Tom Communic pathos of these dreams, that he had to nghĩ miên man, giấc mơ trở translation keep swallowing, he was so like to nên bi thảm làm cho Tom không ngừng choke; and his eyes swam in a blur of nuốt nước mắt thấy muốn nghẹt Semantic water, which overflowed when he thở Mắt Tom đẫm lệ, chìm ngập translation winked, and ran down and trickled from nước lờ mờ chớp 61 the end of his nose chớp đôi lông mi lại trào chảy ròng ròng theo đầu mũi xuống And such a luxury to him was this Tom tìm thấy khoái cảm đặc biệt Communic petting of his sorrows, that he could not việc ấp ủ vuốt ve đau khổ translation bear to have any worldly cheeriness or mình, làm cho Tom khơng thể any grating delight intrude upon it; it chịu đựng vui sướng hão Semantic was too sacred for such contact; and so, huyền đời hay hân hoan translation presently, when his cousin Mary danced lạc điệu đến xen vào đó; khối cảm in, all alive with the joy of seeing home Tom thiêng liêng quá, không Idiomatic again after an age-long visit of one thể để có đụng chạm được, translation 29 week to the country, he got up and cho nên, lát sau, Mary, cụ moved in clouds and darkness out at one Polly, vào, vừa vừa nhả chân door as she brought song and sunshine sáo, nhanh nhẹn, với nỗi vui sướng in at the other trở về nhà sau tuần lễ về quê chơi, tuần lễ xa nhà tưởng chừng dài kỉ, Tom nhỏm dậy, theo cửa bên ngồi, đàu óc bao phủ lớp mây đen ảm đạm, vừa lúc Mary từ cửa khác vào, mang theo ánh nắng mặt trời lời ca giọng hát He wandered far from the accustomed Tom lang thang đi, tránh xa nơi Communic haunts of boys, and sought desolate bọn trai làng thường hay lui tới, translation places that were in harmony with his tìm chốn cảnh vât tiêu điều phù spirit A log raft in the river invited him, hợp với tâm trạng Dưới sơng có Idiomatic and he seated himself on its outer edge bè gỗ chào đón Tom Tom translation 30 and contemplated the dreary vastness of xuống ngồi bè gỗ, gần mạn bên the stream, wishing, the while, that he ngồi, ngắm nhìn mặt nước mênh mang Free could only be drowned, all at once and ảm đạm, muốn đam đầu xuống sông translation unconsciously, without undergoing the chết quách cho rảnh, chết khơng cịn uncomfortable routine devised by biết nữa, qua thể nature thức không thú vị chút tạo hóa vạch 62 Then he thought of his flower He got it Tom nhớ đến lan tử la Tom lấy Free out, rumpled and wilted, and it mightily hoa áo Hoa nát héo translation increased his dismal felicity He khơ, khối cảm u uất lại tăng Tom wondered if she would pity him if she tự hỏi khơng biết rõ cảnh ngộ Semantic 31 knew? Would she cry, and wish that she Em có thương khơng? translation had a right to put her arms around his Khơng biết Em có khóc cầu mong neck and comfort him? Or would she có qùn qng tay ơm cổ để Adaptation turn coldly away like all the hollow an ủi khơng? Hay quay lưng đi, world? lãnh đạm tất cõi đời vô vị This picture brought such an agony of Những ý nghĩ làm cho Tom Communic pleasurable suffering that he worked it đau khổ, đồng thời vui translation over and over again in his mind and set sướng, Tom cố ấp ủ vuốt ve, lật lật lại 32 it up in new and varied lights, till he đưa trước ánh sáng Semantic wore it threadbare At last he rose up khác nhau, kì khơng hứng translation sighing and departed in the darkness thú Cuối cùng, Tom đứng dậy, thở dài tiếng đêm Idiomatic tối translation About half-past nine or ten o'clock he Vào khoảng chín rưỡi, mười giờ, Tom Communic came along the deserted street to where đến phố Người đẹp vô danh Phố vắng translation the Adored Unknown lived; he paused a tanh, Tom dừng lại lát, tai không 33 moment; no sound fell upon his nghe có thấy tiếng động Một ngọn Adaptation listening ear; a candle was casting a dull nến chiếu sáng lờ mờ vào rèm glow upon the curtain of a second-story cửa sổ gác ba Phải biểu Free 34 window Was the sacred presence there? có mặt thiêng liêng ai? translation He climbed the fence, threaded his Tom trèo qua hàng rào vườn, nhẹ Communic stealthy way through the plants, till he nhàng luồn qua đám đến đứng translation stood under that window; he looked up cửa sổ Tom hồi hộp, ngước mắt lên nhìn at it long, and with emotion; then he laid cửa sổ lúc lâu nằm dài xuống đất, him down on the ground under it, mặt ngửa lên trời, đôi bàn tay chắp để disposing himself upon his back, with ngực, hoa héo tội nghiệp his hands clasped upon his breast and cầm tay 63 holding his poor wilted flower And thus he would die out in the cold Tom muốn chết chết Semantic world, with no shelter over his homeless giới lạnh lẽo này, translation head, no friendly hand to wipe the đầu khơng có mái nhà che, chết death-damps from his brow, no loving khơng có người bạn thên để lau Free face to bend pityingly over him when hộ cho giọt mồ tốt trán translation the great agony came And người chết, khơng có thus she would see him when she mặt thân yêu thương hại cúi xuống Adaptation looked out upon the glad morning, and với bắt đầu hấp hối Sáng 35 oh! would she drop one little tear upon mai mở cửa sổ đón ánh sáng mặt trời his poor, lifeless form, would she heave tươi vui nhìn xuống, Em thấy anh one little sigh to see a bright young life Em ơi! Không biết Em có rỏ giọt so rudely blighted, so untimely cut lệ nhỏ xuống xác không hồn down khơng? Khơng biết Em có khẽ thở dài tiêngs đời son trẻ rực rỡ nhường bị chôn vùi cách phũ phàng vào lúc nửa chừng xuân hay không? The window went up, a maid-servant's Cửa sổ mở Có tiếng nói ông Adaptation discordant voice profaned the holy người hầu gái làm ô trọc yên tĩnh calm, and a deluge of water drenched thiêng liêng đêm khuya vắng, Free the prone martyr's remains! nước đâu đổ xuống thác vào translation xác nằm sóng sồi chàng trai “tử The strangling hero sprang up with a 36 relieving snort There was a whiz as of a missile in the air, mingled with the murmur of a curse, a sound as of shivering glass followed, and a small, vague form went over the fence and shot away in the gloom đạo” tội nghiệp Communic Vị anh hùng bị sặc nước vội translation đứng dậy, miệng phun phì phì, cảm thấy nhẹ nhõm hẳn người Có tiếng giống Faithful đạn rít, xen lẫn tiếng người lẩm bẩm translation chửi rủa! Sau có tiếng kính loảng xoảng, bóng đen nhỏ lờ mờ nhảy qua hàng rào biến vào đêm tối 37 Not long after, as Tom, all undressed for Một lát sau, Tom về nhà thay quân áo Communic 64 bed, was surveying his drenched ngủ, mang chỗ quần áo ướt sũng translation garments by the light of a tallow dip, xem xét ánh ngọn nến mỡ bò Sid woke up; but if he had any dim idea lù mù Sid thức dậy; Sid có Idiomatic of making any "references to allusions," ý nghĩ lờ mờ muốn nói “bóng gió” translation he thought better of it and held his Tom phải biết suy nghĩ peace, for there was danger in Tom's muốn yên thân không dám môi Adaptation eye đơi mắt Tom có trơng đáng sợ Tom turned in without the added vexation of prayers, and Sid made mental note of the omission Tom lên thẳng giường nằm không bị thêm tội phải cầu kinh trước ngủ, Sid tâm niệm ghi nhớ khuyết điểm 65 ... Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain? ?? is conducted to make a better view on the field of translation methods Aims and objectives By researching the work The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain and... reference in translation Mark Twain and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 3.1 Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American... The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain. ” Research instrument The main instrument of the study is also its subject, the story The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in English by Mark Twain and its Vietnamese