TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communication Series, please turn to the back of this book. The Artech House Universal Personal Communications Series Ramjee Prasad, Series Editor CDMA for Wireless Personal Communications, Ramjee Prasad IP/ATM Mobile Satellite Networks, John Farserotu and Ramjee Prasad OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Richard van Nee and Ramjee Prasad Radio over Fiber Technologies for Mobile Communications Networks, Hamed Al-Raweshidy and Shozo Komaki, editors Simulation and Software Radio for Mobile Communications, Hiroshi Harada and Ramjee Prasad TDD-CDMA for Wireless Communications, Riaz Esmailzadeh and Masao Nakagawa Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems, Ramjee Prasad, Werner Mohr, and Walter Konhäuser, editors Towards a Global 3G System: Advanced Mobile Communications in Europe, Volume 1, Ramjee Prasad, editor Towards a Global 3G System: Advanced Mobile Communications in Europe, Volume 2, Ramjee Prasad, editor Universal Wireless Personal Communications, Ramjee Prasad WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Tero Ojanperä and Ramjee Prasad, editors Wideband CDMA for Third Generation Mobile Communications, Tero Ojanperä and Ramjee Prasad, editors Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet, Sudhir Dixit and Ramjee Prasad, editors WLAN Systems and Wireless IP for Next Generation Communications, Neeli Prasad and Anand Prasad, editors Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet Sudhir Dixit Ramjee Prasad Editors Artech House Boston • London www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wireless IP and building the mobile Internet / Sudhir Dixit, Ramjee Prasad, editors. p. cm. — (Artech House universal personal communications series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-354-X (alk. paper) 1. Wireless Internet. 2. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol). 3. Wireless communication systems. I. Dixit, Sudhir. II. Prasad, Ramjee. III. Series. TK5103.4885 .W572 2002 621.382’12—dc21 2002027778 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Wireless IP and building the mobile Internet. — (Artech House universal personal communications series) 1. Wireless Internet—Congresses 2. Mobile communication systems—Congresses 3. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol)—Congresses I. Dixit, Sudhir II. Prasad, Ramjee III. International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (4th : 2001 : Aalborg, Denmark) 621.3'845 ISBN 1-58053-354-X Cover design by Igor Valdman. Text design by Darrell Judd © 2003 Sudhir Dixit and Ramjee Prasad All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa - tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade - mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-354-X Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2002027778 10987654321 To my wife Asha, daughter Sapna, and son Amar, who have been endless sources of strength, encouragement, and purpose in my life —Sudhir Dixit To my wife Jyoti, to our daughter Neeli, to our sons Anand and Rajeev, and to our granddaughters Sneha and Ruchika —Ramjee Prasad . Chapter Contents Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv Chapter 1 Wireless IP 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Wireless IP 1 1.3 Challenges for the Heterogeneous Environment 4 1.4 QoS and Resource Management 5 1.4.1 QoS Network Model 8 1.4.2 Resource Management Problems 9 1.5 Seamless Mobility and IP 10 1.6 Ubiquity and Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks 11 1.7 Security Considerations 12 1.8 Concluding Remarks 13 References 14 Part I: Wireless IP Evolution 15 Chapter 2 17Evolution to Wireless IP 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Motivation for High Data Rates and IP 18 2.3 Radio Interface Technologies 20 2.4 Cost Advantages of 3G Wireless IP 22 2.5 Technology Trade-Offs for 3G Voice and Data 23 2.6 Other Market Segments 24 2.7 Open Application Platforms for Wireless Devices 25 2.8 Concluding Remarks 26 Chapter 3 Wide-Area Wireless IP Connectivity with the General Packet Radio Service 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 GPRS Overview 28 3.2.1 GPRS Bearers 30 vii 3.2.2 GPRS Protocols 31 3.3 Attach Procedure 34 3.4 Setting Up PDP Contexts 37 3.4.1 Routing and Tunneling 40 3.5 Mobility Handling 41 3.5.1 Cell Change 43 3.5.2 Intra-SGSN Routing Area Change 44 3.5.3 Inter-SGSN Routing Area Change 45 3.6 Summary 47 References 47 Chapter 4 3G Networks and Standards 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Evolution from 2G to 3G 50 4.3 3G and Its Releases 51 4.3.1 Release 3 (R3) 54 4.3.2 Release 4 (R4) 56 4.3.3 Release 5 (R5) 57 4.4 3G Deployment Scenario 59 4.5 Conclusion: Impact on the Existing Network 61 References 64 Chapter 5 UTRAN Evolution to an All-IP Architecture 67 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 3GPP Reference Model 68 5.3 UTRAN Overview 72 5.3.1 SONET/SDH 73 5.3.2 ATM 74 5.4 UTRAN Transport Network 74 5.4.1 LIPE 76 5.4.2 CIP 78 5.4.3 MPLS 79 5.4.4 PPPmux/AAL5/ATM 81 5.4.5 PPP/AAL2 81 5.5 Comparison of IP-over-SONET and IP-over-ATM 82 5.5.1 Protocol Overheads 82 5.5.2 Bandwidth Management 83 5.5.3 Network Management 83 5.5.4 QoS 83 5.5.5 Flow Control 84 5.6 Summary 84 References 85 Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet viii CONTENTS Chapter 6 Beyond 3G: 4G IP-Based Mobile Networks 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Drivers for the 4G Architecture 88 6.2.1 Support for IP-Based Traffic 88 6.2.2 Excellent Mobility Support 89 6.2.3 Support for Many Different Wireless Technologies 90 6.2.4 Free from Unnecessary Operator Linkage 90 6.2.5 Support for End-to-End Security 91 6.3 4G Architecture and Research Issues 92 6.4 4G Research Efforts 94 6.5 The NTRG 4G Test Bed 96 6.5.1 The Layered Architecture 96 6.5.2 Wireless Alternatives 97 6.5.3 Software Radio 97 6.5.4 Routing Protocols 98 6.5.5 Emulation Facilities 98 6.5.6 The Security Architecture 100 6.5.7 Real-Time Payment 101 6.5.8 Applications 102 6.6 Concluding Remarks 102 References 103 Chapter 7 Ad Hoc Networks: A Mobile IPv6 Viewpoint 105 7.1 Introduction 105 7.1.1 Ad Hoc Networks 106 7.1.2 IPv6 110 7.2 Mobility of Ad Hoc Devices 113 7.3 Ad Hoc Mobility 114 7.3.1 Flooding 115 7.3.2 Proactive Routing Protocols 115 7.3.3 Reactive Routing Protocols 116 7.3.4 Hybrid Routing Protocols 116 7.3.5 Protocols That Make Use of the Known Physical Location 117 7.4 Macro-Mobility: Mobile IP 117 7.5 Micro-Mobility 119 7.5.1 Cellular IP 119 7.6 A Mechanism to Provide Global Connectivity for 7.6 Ad Hoc Devices 121 7.6.1 Addressing 121 7.6.2 Finding an AR 122 7.6.3 Obtaining a COA 123 7.6.4 Communicating with an AR 124 7.6.5 Switching Between Ad Hoc and Global Communication 124 Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet CONTENTS ix [...]... information both for the industry professional and the academic in the combined field of wireless and Internet protocols Any feedback that would improve the book or correct any errors is greatly appreciated Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet PREFACE Figure P.1 xxiii Illustration of the topics covered in the book and their organization into sections Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet Chapter... operators, and those working in research laboratories and universities Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet is the first book to take a comprehensive look at the convergence of wireless and Internet technologies giving rise to the mobile wireless Internet as we know it In short, the book endeavors to provide an overview of all the elements required to understand and develop the future IP- based wireless. .. authorization and accounting servers, in order to install and tear down QoS policy in Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)-enabled routers These parameters may apply to either mobile or fixed end access points Mobile IP has been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to support mobile users and Internet devices Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet 8 WIRELESS IP 1.4.1 QoS... mechanisms Uniform Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet 1.4 QoS and Resource Management 7 mapping of IP QoS over the layer 2 QoS classes (at radio layer and core network) will enable the terminals to roam globally and operate across heterogeneous networks Parts II and III of this book address many of the above issues in QoS and resource management, and TCP /IP in wireless IP networks, respectively... and meaningful end-to-end In this book we have focused on the different aspects of wireless IP Keeping this objective in mind, the book is divided into five different sections: (1) wireless IP evolution, (2) QoS and resource management, (3) TCP /IP in wireless IP networks, (4) handoff, mobility, and signaling, and (5) services and applications Figure 1.3 All -IP network architecture Wireless IP and Building. .. Example Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet 303 304 305 305 306 307 307 307 310 310 312 313 316 316 317 319 321 324 325 327 327 327 xiv CONTENTS 15.5.3 15.6 Future Directions 330 Summary Acknowledgments References 330 330 331 Part IV: Handoff, Mobility, and Signaling 333 Chapter 16 Mobile IP: A Challenge in the Mobile World 335 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.3 Introduction The Need for Mobile IP The Mobile IP. .. trend of the fusion of the packet IP wireless networks This task was assigned to us We realized the importance of the area, as well as the shortage of technical material in a single place in the field of wireless IP and closely related technologies that form the critical success factors Therefore, we decided to invite the experts who are truly active in the field: the equipment manufacturers, mobile. .. universally deployed From a QoS perspective, the various services and Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet 6 WIRELESS IP Figure 1.5 Frequency ranges of second- and third-generation networks and beyond applications can be categorized in real-time and nonreal-time classes with different QoS requirements The real-time applications (and consequently the resulting traffic) can be symmetrical or... referred to as fourth-generation systems Though the 3G systems are primarily limited to cellular/GSM wireless access limited to terminal mobility, the next generation all -IP systems of the future will enable both terminal and user mobility across a range of wireless Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet 1.2 Wireless IP 3 access networks [e.g., wireless local area network (LAN) in hot spots,... working of the wireless Internet This book attempts to bridge the gap between research in wireless and IP communications by including chapters from experts who have hitherto confirmed their work in their respective specialties with their peers The major objective of this book is to focus not only on the latest developments in mobility, wireless, and Internet technologies, but also to integrate these to . 331 Part IV: Handoff, Mobility, and Signaling 333 Chapter 16 Mobile IP: A Challenge in the Mobile World 335 16.1 Introduction 335 16.2 The Need for Mobile IP 336 16.3 The Mobile IP in Wireless Networks: 16.3. Ramjee Prasad, editors WLAN Systems and Wireless IP for Next Generation Communications, Neeli Prasad and Anand Prasad, editors Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet Sudhir Dixit Ramjee Prasad Editors Artech. 469 Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet xvi CONTENTS Chapter 22 Enabling WAP Handoffs Between GSM and IEEE 802.11b Bearers with Mobile IP 471 22.1 Introduction 471 22.2 Reinventing in the