577 Appendix D Properties of the Elements © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 578 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE D.1 Periodic Table of the Elements 111 Rg 112 Uub (272) 2 He 4.002602 2 0 K Shell K-L K-L-M -L-M-N -M-N-O -N-O-P -O-P-Q -N-O-P -O-P-Q 18 VIIIA 17 VIIB VIIA 16 VIB VIA 15 VB VA 14 IVB IVA 13 IIIB IIIA 10 Ne 20.1797 2-8 0 9 F 18.9984032 2-7 -1 8 O 15.9994 2-6 -2 7 N 14.0067 2-5 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 -1 -2 -3 6 C 12.0107 2-4 +2 +4 -4 5 B 10.811 2-3 +3 18 Ar 39.948 2-8-8 0 17 Cl 35.453 2-8-7 +1 +5 +7 -1 16 S 32.065 2-8-6 +4 +6 -2 15 P 30.973761 2-8-5 +3 +5 -3 14 Si 28.0855 2-8-4 +2 +4 -4 13 Al 26.981538 2-8-3 +3 36 Kr 83.798 -8-18-8 0 35 Br 79.904 -8-18-7 +1 +5 -1 34 Se 78.96 -8-18-6 +4 +6 -2 33 As 74.92160 -8-18-5 +3 +5 -3 32 Ge 72.64 -8-18-4 +2 +4 31 Ga 69.723 -8-18-3 +3 54 Xe 131.293 -18-18-8 0 53 I 126.90447 -18-18-7 +1 +5 +7 -1 52 Te 127.60 -18-18-6 +4 +6 -2 51 Sb 121.760 -18-18-5 +3 +5 -3 50 Sn 118.710 -18-18 -4 +2 +4 49 In 114.818 -18-18-3 +3 86 Rn (222) -32-18-8 0 85 At (210) -32-18-7 84 Po (209) -32-18-6 +2 +4 83 Bi 208.98038 -32-18-5 +3 +5 82 Pb 207.2 -32-18-4 +2 +4 81 Tl 204.3833 -32-18-3 +1 +3 1 H 1.00794 1 +1 -1 1 Group IA 30 Zn 65.409 -8-18-2 +2 29 Cu 63.546 -8-18-1 +1 +2 28 Ni 58.6934 -8-16-2 +2 +3 27 Co 58.933200 -8-15-2 26 Fe 55.845 -8-14-2 +2 +3 25 Mn 54.938049 -8-13-2 +2 +3 +4 +7 24 Cr 51.9961 -8-13-1 +2 +3 +6 23 V 50.9415 -8-11-2 +2 +3 +4 +5 22 Ti 47.867 -8-10-2 +2 +3 +4 21 Sc 44.955910 -8-9-2 +3 20 Ca 40.078 -8-8-2 +2 19 K 39.0983 -8-8-1 +1 +2 +3 4 Be 9.012182 2-2 +2 3 Li 6.941 2-1 +1 12 Mg 24.3050 2-8-2 +2 11 Na 22.989770 2-8-1 +1 2 IIA 3 IIIA IIIB 4 IVA IVB 5 VA VB 6 VIA VIB 7 VIIA VIIB 11 IB IB 12 IIB IIB 109 VIIIA VIII 8 48 Cd 112.411 -18-18-2 +2 47 Ag 107.8682 -18-18-1 +1 46 Pd 106.42 -18-18-0 +2 +3 45 Rh 102.90550 -18-16-1 44 Ru 101.07 -18-15-1 +3 43 Tc (98) -18-13-2 42 Mo 95.94 -18-13-1 +6 41 Nb 92.90638 -18-12-1 +3 +5 40 Zr 91.224 -18-10-2 +4 39 Y 88.90585 -18-9-2 +3 38 Sr 87.62 -18-8-2 +2 37 Rb 85.4678 -18-8-1 +1 +3 80 Hg 200.59 -32-18-2 +1 +2 79 Au 196.96655 -32-18-1 +1 +3 78 Pt 195.078 -32-17-1 +2 +4 77 Ir 192.217 -32-15-2 76 Os 190.23 -32-14-2 +3 +4 75 Re 186.207 -32-13-2 74 W 183.84 -32-12-2 +6 73 Ta 180.9479 -32-11-2 +5 72 Hf 178.49 -32-10-2 +4 57* La 138.9055 -18-9-2 +3 56 Ba 137.327 -18-8-2 +2 55 Cs 132.90545 -18-8-1 +1 +3 +4 110 Ds (271) -32-16-2 109 Mt (268) -32-15-2 108 Hs (277) -32-14-2 107 Bh (264) -32-13-2 106 Sg (266) -32-12-2 105 Db (262) -32-11-2 104 Rf (261) -32-10-2 +4 89** Ac (227) -18-9-2 +3 88 Ra (226) -18-8-2 +2 87 Fr (223) -18-8-1 +1 +4 +6 +7 +4 +6 +7 71 Lu 174.967 -32-9-2 +3 70 Yb 173.04 -32-8-2 +2 +3 69 Tm 168.93421 -31-8-2 +3 68 Er 167.259 -30-8-2 +3 67 Ho 164.93032 -29-8-2 +3 66 Dy 162.500 -28-8-2 +3 65 Tb 158.92534 -27-8-2 +3 64 Gd 157 .25 -25-9-2 63 Eu 151.964 -25-8-2 +2 +3 62 Sm 150.36 -24-8-2 61 Pm (145) -23-8-2 +3 60 Nd 144.24 -22-8-2 +3 59 Pr 140.90765 -21-8-2 +3 58 Ce 140.116 -19-9-2 +3 +4 * Lanthanides +3 97 Bk (247) -27-8-2 96 Cm (247) -25-9-2 95 Am (243) -25-8-2 94 Pu (244) -24-8-2 93 Np (237) -22-9-2 92 U 238.02891 -21-9-2 91 Pa 231.03588 -20-9-2 +5 +4 90 Th 232.0381 -18-10-2 +4 +2 +3 ** Actinides 103 Lr (262) -32-8-3 +3 102 No (259) -32-8-2 +2 +3 101 Md (258) -31-8-2 +2 +3 100 Fm (257) -30-8-2 +3 99 Es (252) -29-8-2 +3 98 Cf (251) -28-8-2 +3+3 +4 +3 +4 +5 +6 +3 +4 +5 +6 +3+3 +4 +5 +6 +3 +4 +5 +6 The new IUPAC format numbers the groups from 1 to 18. The previous IUPAC numbering system and the system used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) are also shown. For radioacti ve elements that do not occur in nature, the mass number of the most stable isotope is gi ven in parentheses. Elements 112, 114, and 116 ha ve been reported but not conrmed. Sources: G. J. Leigh, Ed., Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientic Publ., Oxford, 1990. Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. Atomic Weights of the Elements, 2001, Pure & Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003. 50 Sn 118.710 -18-18-4 +2 +4 Key to Chart Oxidation States Electron Conguration Atomic Number Symbol 2001 Atomic Weight New Notation Previous IUPAC Form CAS Version (285) 114 Uuq (289) 116 Uuh (289) © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Properties of the Elements 579 TABLE D.2A Standard Atomic Weights 1981 (alphabetical by element name) (Scaled to the relative atomic mass, A r ( 12 C) = 12) Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Footnotes Actinium Ac 89 227.0278 L Aluminium Al 13 26.98154 Americium Am 95 (243) Antimony (Stibium) Sb 51 121.75 ±± ±± 3 Argon Ar 18 39.948 g, r Arsenic As 33 74.9216 Astatine At 85 (210) Barium Ba 56 137.33 g Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Beryllium Be 4 9.01218 Bismuth Bi 83 208.9804 Boron B 5 10.81 m, r Bromine Br 35 79.904 Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 g Caesium Cs 55 132.9054 Calcium Ca 20 40.08 g Californium Cf 98 (251) Carbon C 6 12.011 r Cerium Ce 58 140.12 g Chlorine Cl 17 35.453 Chromium Cr 24 51.996 Cobalt Co 27 58.9332 Copper Cu 29 63.546 ±± ±± 3r Curium Cm 96 (247) Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 ±± ±± 3 Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Erbium Er 68 167.26 ±± ±± 3 Europium Eu 63 151.96 g Fermium Fm 100 (257) Fluorine F 9 18.998403 Francium Fr 87 (223) Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 ±± ±± 3g Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Germanium Ge 32 72.59 ±± ±± 3 Gold Au 79 196.9665 Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 ±± ±± 3 Helium He 2 4.00260 g Holmium Ho 67 164.9304 Hydrogen H 1 1.00794 ±± ±± 7 g, m, r Indium In 49 114.82 g Iodine I 53 126.9045 Iridium Ir 77 192.22 ±± ±± 3 Iron Fe 26 55.847 ±± ±± 3 Krypton Kr 36 83.80 g, m Lanthanum La 57 138.9055 ±± ±± 3g Lawrencium Lr 103 (260) Lead Pb 82 207.2 g, r Lithium Li 3 6.941 ±± ±± 3 g, m, r Lutetium Lu 71 174.967 Magnesium Mg 12 24.305 g Manganese mn 25 54.9380 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 580 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE D.2A (continued) Standard Atomic Weights 1981 (alphabetical by element name) (Scaled to the relative atomic mass, A r ( 12 C) = 12) Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Footnotes Mendelevium Md 101 (258) Mercury Hg 80 200.59 ±± ±± 3 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 g Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 ±± ±± 3g Neon Ne 10 20.179 g, m Neptunium Np 93 237.0482 L Nickel Ni 28 58.69 Niobium Nb 41 92.9064 Nitrogen N 7 14.0067 Nobelium No 102 (259) Osmium Os 76 190.2 g Oxygen O 8 15.9994 ±± ±± 3 g, r Palladium Pd 46 106.42 g Phosphorus P 15 30.97376 Platinum Pt 78 195.08 ±± ±± 3 Plutonium Pu 94 (244) Polonium Po 84 (209) Potassium (Kalium) K 19 39.0983 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9077 Promethium Pm 61 (145) Protactinium Pa 91 231.0359 L Radium Ra 88 226.0224 g, L Radon Rn 86 (222) Rhenium Re 75 186.207 Rhodium Rh 45 102.9055 Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678 ±± ±± 3g Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 ±± ±± 3g Samarium Sm 62 150.36 ±± ±± 3g Scandium Sc 21 44.9559 Selenium Se 34 78.96 ±± ±± 3 Silicon Si 14 28.0855 ±± ±± 3 Silver Ag 47 107.8682 ±± ±± 3g Sodium (Natrium) Na 11 22.98977 Strontium Sr 38 87.62 g Sulfur S 16 32.06 r Tantalum Ta 73 180.9479 Technetium Tc 43 (98) Tellurium Te 52 127.60 ±± ±± 3g Terbium Tb 65 158.9254 Thallium Ti 81 204.383 Thorium Th 90 232.0381 g, L Thulium Tm 69 168.9342 Tin Sn 50 118.69 ±± ±± 3 Titanium Ti 22 47.88 ±± ±± 3 Tungsten (Wolfram) W 74 183.85 ±± ±± 3 (Unnilhexium) (Unh) 106 (263) (Unnilpentium) (Unp) 105 (262) (Unnilquadium) (Unq) 104 (261) Uranium U 92 238.0289 g, m Vanadium V 23 50.9415 Xenon Xe 54 131.29 ±± ±± 3 g, m © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Properties of the Elements 581 TABLE D.2B Standard Atomic Weights 1981 (ordered by atomic number) (Scaled to the relative atomic mass, A r ( 12 C) = 12) Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Footnotes Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 ±± ±± 3 Yttrium Y 39 88.9059 Zinc Zn 30 65.38 Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 g Atomic number Name Symbol Atomic weight Footnotes 1 Hydrogen H 1.00794 ±± ±± 7 g, m, r 2 Helium He 4.00260 g 3 Lithium Li 6.941 ±± ±± 3 g, m, r 4 Beryllium Be 9.01218 5 Boron B 10.81 m, r 6 Carbon C 12.011 r 7 Nitrogen N 14.0067 8 Oxygen O 15.9994 ±± ±± 3 g, r 9 Fluorine F 18.998403 10 Neon Ne 20.179 g, m 11 Sodium (Natrium) Na 22.98977 12 Magnesium Mg 24.305 g 13 Aluminium Al 26.98154 14 Silicon Si 28.0855 ±± ±± 3 15 Phosphorus P 30.97376 16 Sulfur S 32.06 r 17 Chlorine Cl 35.453 18 Argon Ar 39.948 g, r 19 Potassium (Kalium) K 39.0983 20 Calcium Ca 40.08 g 21 Scandium Sc 44.9559 22 Titanium Ti 47.88 ±± ±± 3 23 Vanadium V 50.9415 24 Chromium Cr 51.996 25 Manganese Mn 54.9380 26 Iron Fe 55.847 ±± ±± 3 27 Cobalt Co 58.9332 28 Nickel Ni 58.69 29 Copper Cu 63.546 ±± ±± 3r 30 Zinc Zn 65.38 31 Gallium Ga 69.72 32 Germanium Ge 72.59 ±± ±± 3 33 Arsenic As 74.9216 34 Selenium Se 78.96 ±± ±± 3 35 Bromine Br 79.904 36 Krypton Kr 83.80 g, m 37 Rubidium Rb 85.4678 ±± ±± 3g 38 Strontium Sr 87.62 g 39 Yttrium Y 88.9059 40 Zirconium Zr 91.22 g 41 Niobium Nb 92.9064 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 582 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE D.2B (continued) Standard Atomic Weights 1981 (ordered by atomic number) (Scaled to the relative atomic mass, A r ( 12 C) = 12) Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Footnotes 42 Molybdenum Mo 95.94 g 43 Technetium Tc (98) 44 Ruthenium Ru 101.07 ±± ±± 3g 45 Rhodium Rh 102.9055 46 Palladium Pd 106.42 g 47 Silver Ag 107.8682 ±± ±± 3g 48 Cadmium Cd 112.41 g 49 Indium In 114.82 g 50 Tin Sn 118.69 ±± ±± 3 51 Antimony (Stibium) Sb 121.75 ±± ±± 3 52 Tellurium Te 127.60 ±± ±± 3g 53 Iodine I 126.9045 54 Xenon Xe 131.29 ±± ±± 3 g, m 55 Caesium Cs 132.9054 56 Barium Ba 137.33 g 57 Lanthanum La 138.9055 ±± ±± 3g 58 Cerium Ce 140.12 g 59 Praseodymium Pr 140.9077 60 Neodymium Nd 144.24 ±± ±± 3g 61 Promethium Pm (145) 62 Samarium Sm 150.36 ±± ±± 3g 63 Europium Eu 151.96 g 64 Gadolinium Gd 157.25 ±± ±± 3g 65 Terbium Tb 158.9254 66 Dysprosium Dy 162.50 ±± ±± 3 67 Holmium Ho 164.9304 68 Erbium Er 167.26 ±± ±± 3 69 Thulium Tm 168.9342 70 Ytterbium Yb 173.04 ±± ±± 3 71 Lutetium Lu 174.967 72 Hafnium Hf 178.49 ±± ±± 3 73 Tantalum Ta 180.9479 74 Wolfram (Tungsten) W 183.85 ±± ±± 3 75 Rhenium Re 186.207 76 Osmium Os 190.2 g 77 Iridium Ir 192.22 ±± ±± 3 78 Platinum Pt 195.08 ±± ±± 3 79 Gold Au 196.9665 80 Mercury Hg 200.59 ±± ±± 3 81 Thallium Tl 204.383 82 Lead Pb 207.2 g, r 83 Bismuth Bi 208.9804 84 Polonium Po (209) 85 Astatine At (210) 86 Radon Rn (222) 87 Francium Fr (223) 88 Radium Ra 226.0254 g, L © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Properties of the Elements 583 TABLE D.2B (continued) Standard Atomic Weights 1981 (ordered by atomic number) (Scaled to the relative atomic mass, A r ( 12 C) = 12) Name Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Footnotes 89 Actinium Ac 227.0278 L 90 Thorium Th 232.0381 g, L 91 Protactinium Pa 231.0359 L 92 Uranium U 238.0289 g, m 93 Neptunium Np 237.0482 L 94 Plutonium Pu (244) 95 Americium Am (243) 96 Curium Cm (247) 97 Berkelium Bk (247) 98 Californium Cf (251) 99 Einsteinium Es (252) 100 Fermium Fm (257) 101 Mendelevium Md (258) 102 Nobelium No (259) 103 Lawrencium L (260) 104 (Unnilquadium) (Unq) (261) 105 (Unnilpentium) (Unp) (262) 106 (Unnilhexium) (Unh) (263) Note: The atomic weights of many elements are not invariant but depend on the origin and treatment of the material. The footnotes of this table elaborate the types of variation to be expected for individual elements. The values of A r (E) given here apply to elements as they exist naturally on earth and to certain artificial elements. When used with due regard to the footnotes they are considered reliable to ± 1 in the last digit, unless otherwise noted. Values in parentheses are used for radioactive elements whose atomic weights cannot be quoted precisely without knowledge of the origin of the elements; the value given is the atomic mass number of the isotope of that element of longest known half life. g geologically exceptional specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed considerably the implied uncertainty. m modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available ma- terial because it has been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic separation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur. r range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated A r (E) value should be ap- plicable to any normal material. L Longest half-life isotope mass is chosen for the tabulated A r (E) value. © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 584 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE D.3 Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water Absolute Pressure Vacuum Inches of Hg Temper- ature t Degrees F Heat of the Liquid Btu/lb. Latent Heat of Evaporation Btu/lb. Total Heat of Steam h g Btu/lb. Specific Volume V Lbs. per Sq. In. P′′ ′′ Inches of Hg Water Cu. Ft. per lb. Steam Cu. Ft. per lb. 0.08859 0.02 29.90 32.018 0.0003 1075.5 1075.5 0.016022 3302.4 0.10 0.20 29.72 35.023 3.026 1073.8 1076.8 0.016020 2945.5 0.15 0.31 29.61 45.453 13.498 1067.9 1081.4 0.016020 2004.7 0.20 0.41 29.51 53.160 21.217 1053.5 1084.7 0.016025 1526.3 0.25 0.51 29.41 59.323 27.382 1060.1 1087.4 0.016032 1235.5 0.30 0.61 29.31 64.484 32.541 1057.1 1089.7 0.016040 1039.7 0.35 0.71 29.21 68.939 36.992 1054.6 1091.6 0.016048 898.6 0.40 0.81 29.11 72.869 40.917 1052.4 1093.3 0.016056 792.1 0.45 0.92 29.00 76.387 44.430 1050.5 1094.9 0.016063 708.8 0.50 1.02 28.90 79.586 47.623 1048.6 1096.3 0.016071 641.5 0.60 1.22 28.70 85.218 53.245 1045.5 1098.7 0.016085 540.1 0.70 1.43 28.49 90.09 58.10 1042.7 1100.8 0.016099 466.94 0.80 1.63 28.29 94.38 62.39 1040.3 1102.6 0.016112 411.69 0.90 1.83 28.09 98.24 66.24 1038.1 1104.3 0.016124 368.43 1.0 2.04 27.88 101.74 69.73 1036.1 1105.8 0.016136 333.60 1.2 2.44 27.48 107.91 75.90 1032.6 1108.5 0.016158 280.96 1.4 2.85 27.07 113.26 81.23 1029.5 1110.7 0.016178 243.02 1.6 3.26 26.66 117.98 85.95 1026.8 1112.7 0.016196 214.33 1.8 3.66 26.26 122.22 90.18 1024.3 1114.5 0.016213 191.85 2.0 4.07 25.85 126.07 94.03 1022.1 1116.2 0.016230 173.76 2.2 4.48 25.44 129.61 97.57 1020.1 1117.6 0.016245 158.87 2.4 4.89 25.03 132.88 100.84 1018.2 1119.0 0.016260 146.40 2.6 5.29 24.63 135.93 103.88 1016.4 1120.3 0.016274 135.80 2.8 5.70 24.22 138.78 106.73 1014.7 1121.5 0.016287 126.67 3.0 6.11 23.81 141.47 109.42 1013.2 1122.6 0.016300 118.73 3.5 7.13 22.79 147.56 115.51 1009.6 1125.1 0.016331 102.74 4.0 8.14 21.78 152.96 120.92 1006.4 1127.3 0.016358 90.64 4.5 9.16 20.76 157.82 125.77 1003.5 1129.3 0.016384 83.03 5.0 10.18 19.74 162.24 130.20 1000.9 1131.1 0.016407 73.532 5.5 11.20 18.72 166.29 134.26 998.5 1132.7 0.016430 67.249 6.0 12.22 17.70 170.05 138.03 996.2 1134.2 0.016451 61.984 6.5 13.23 16.69 173.56 141.54 994.1 1135.6 0.016472 57.506 7.0 14.25 15.67 176.84 144.83 992.1 1136.9 0.016491 53.650 7.5 15.27 14.65 179.93 147.93 990.2 1138.2 0.016510 50.294 8.0 16.29 13.63 182.86 150.87 988.5 1139.3 0.016527 47.345 8.5 17.31 12.61 185.63 153.65 986.8 1140.4 0.016545 44.733 9.0 18.32 11.60 188.27 156.30 985.1 1141.4 0.016561 42.402 9.5 19.34 10.58 190.80 158.84 983.6 1142.4 0.016577 40.310 10.0 20.36 9.56 193.21 161.26 982.1 1143.3 0.016592 38.420 11.0 22.40 7.52 197.75 165.82 979.3 1145.1 0.016622 35.142 12.0 24.43 5.49 201.96 170.05 976.6 1146.7 0.016650 12.0 13.0 26.47 3.45 205.88 174.00 974.2 1148.2 0.016676 13.0 14.0 28.50 1.42 209.56 177.71 971.9 1149.6 0.016702 14.0 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Properties of the Elements 585 TABLE D.3 (continued) Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water Pressure Lbs. per Sq. In. Temper- ature t Degrees F Heat of the Liquid Btu/lb. Latent Heat of Evaporation Btu/lb. Total Heat of Stream h g Btu/lb. Specific Volume V Absolute P′′ ′′ Gage P Water Cu. ft. per lb. Steam Cu. ft. per lb. 14.696 0.0 212.00 180.17 970.3 1150.5 0.016719 26.799 15.0 0.3 213.03 181.21 969.7 1150.9 0.016726 26.290 16.0 1.3 216.32 184.52 967.6 1152.1 0.016749 24.750 17.0 2.3 219.44 187.66 965.6 1153.2 0.016771 23.385 18.0 3.3 222.41 190.66 963.7 1154.3 0.016793 22.168 19.0 4.3 225.24 193.52 961.8 1155.3 0.016814 21.074 20.0 5.3 227.96 196.27 960.1 1156.3 0.016834 20.087 21.0 6.3 230.57 198.90 958.4 1157.3 0.016854 19.190 22.0 7.3 233.07 201.44 956.7 1158.1 0.016873 18.373 23.0 8.3 235.49 203.88 955.1 1159.0 0.016891 17.624 24.0 9.3 237.82 206.24 953.6 1159.8 0.016909 16.936 25.0 10.3 240.07 208.52 952.1 1160.6 0.016927 16.301 26.0 11.3 242.25 210.7 950.6 1161.4 0.016944 15.7138 27.0 12.3 244.36 212.9 949.2 1162.1 0.016961 15.1684 28.0 13.3 246.41 214.9 947.9 1162.8 0.016977 14.6607 29.0 14.3 248.40 217.0 946.5 1163.5 0.016993 14.1869 30.0 15.3 250.34 218.9 945.2 1164.1 0.017009 13.7436 31.0 16.3 252.22 220.8 943.9 1164.8 0.017024 13.3280 32.0 17.3 254.05 222.7 942.7 1165.4 0.017039 12.9376 33.0 18.3 255.84 224.5 941.5 1166.0 0.017054 12.5700 34.0 19.3 257.58 226.3 940.3 1166.6 0.017069 12.2234 35.0 20.3 259.29 228.0 939.1 1167.1 0.017083 11.8959 36.0 21.3 260.95 229.7 938.0 1167.7 0.017097 11.5860 37.0 22.3 262.58 231.4 936.9 1168.2 0.017111 11.2923 38.0 23.3 264.17 233.0 935.8 1168.8 0.017124 11.0136 39.0 24.3 265.72 234.6 934.7 1169.3 0.017138 10.7487 40.0 25.3 267.25 236.1 933.6 1169.8 0.017151 10.4965 41.0 26.3 268.74 237.7 932.6 1170.2 0.017164 10.2563 42.0 27.3 270.21 239.2 931.5 1170.7 0.017177 10.0272 43.0 28.3 271.65 240.6 930.6 1171.2 0.017189 9.8083 44.0 29.3 273.06 242.1 929.5 1171.6 0.017202 9.5991 45.0 30.3 274.44 243.5 928.6 1172.0 0.017214 9.3988 46.0 31.3 275.80 244.9 927.6 1172.5 0.017226 9.2070 47.0 32.3 277.14 246.2 926.6 1172.9 0.017238 9.0231 48.0 33.3 278.45 247.6 925.7 1173.3 0.017250 8.8465 49.0 34.3 279.74 248.9 924.8 1173.7 0.017262 8.6770 50.0 35.3 281.02 250.2 923.9 1174.1 0.017274 8.5140 51.0 36.3 282.27 251.5 923.0 1174.5 0.017285 8.3571 52.0 37.3 283.50 252.8 922.1 1174.9 0.017296 8.2061 53.0 38.3 284.71 254.0 921.2 1175.2 0.017307 8.0606 54.0 39.3 285.90 255.2 920.4 1175.6 0.017319 7.9203 55.0 40.3 287.08 256.4 919.5 1175.9 0.017329 7.7850 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 586 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach 56.0 41.3 288.24 257.6 918.7 1176.3 0.017340 7.6543 57.0 42.3 289.38 258.8 917.8 1176.6 0.017351 7.5280 58.0 43.3 290.50 259.9 917.0 1177.0 0.017362 7.4059 59.0 44.3 291.62 261.1 916.2 1177.3 0.017372 7.2879 60.0 45.3 292.71 262.2 915.4 1177.6 0.017383 7.1736 61.0 46.3 293.79 263.3 914.6 1177.9 0.017393 7.0630 62.0 47.3 294.86 264.4 913.8 1178.2 0.017403 6.9558 63.0 48.3 295.91 265.5 913.0 1178.6 0.017413 6.8519 64.0 49.3 296.95 266.6 912.3 1178.9 0.017423 6.7511 65.0 50.3 297.98 267.6 911.5 1179.1 0.017433 6.6533 66.0 51.3 298.99 268.7 910.8 1179.4 0.017443 6.5584 67.0 52.3 299.99 269.7 910.0 1179.7 0.017453 6.4662 68.0 53.3 300.99 270.7 909.3 1180.0 0.017463 6.3767 69.0 54.3 301.96 271.7 908.5 1180.3 0.017472 6.2896 70.0 55.3 302.93 272.7 907.8 1180.6 0.017482 6.2050 71.0 56.3 303.89 273.7 907.1 1180.8 0.017491 6.1226 72.0 57.3 304.83 274.7 906.4 1181.1 0.017501 6.0425 73.0 58.3 305.77 275.7 905.7 1181.4 0.017510 5.9645 74.0 59.3 306.69 276.6 905.0 1181.6 0.017519 5.8885 75.0 60.3 307.61 277.6 904.3 1181.9 0.017529 5.8144 76.0 61.3 308.51 278.5 903.6 1182.1 0.017538 5.7423 77.0 62.3 309.41 279.4 902.9 1182.4 0.017547 5.6720 78.0 63.3 310.29 280.3 902.3 1182.6 0.017556 5.6034 79.0 64.3 311.17 281.3 901.6 1182.8 0.017565 5.5364 80.0 65.3 312.04 282.1 900.9 1183.1 0.017573 5.4711 81.0 66.3 312.90 283.0 900.3 1183.3 0.017582 5.4074 82.0 67.3 313.75 283.9 899.6 1183.5 0.017591 5.3451 83.0 68.3 314.60 284.8 899.0 1183.8 0.017600 5.2843 84.0 69.3 315.43 285.7 898.3 1184.0 0.017608 5.2249 85.0 70.3 316.26 286.5 897.7 1184.2 0.017617 5.1669 86.0 71.3 317.08 287.4 897.0 1184.4 0.017625 5.1101 87.0 72.3 317.89 288.2 896.4 1184.6 0.017634 5.0546 88.0 73.3 318.69 289.0 895.8 1184.8 0.017642 5.0004 89.0 74.3 319.49 289.9 895.2 1185.0 0.017651 4.9473 90.0 76.3 320.28 290.7 894.6 1185.3 0.017659 4.8953 91.0 76.3 321.06 291.5 893.9 1185.5 0.017667 4.8445 92.0 77.3 321.84 292.3 893.3 1185.7 0.017675 4.7947 93.0 78.3 322.61 293.1 892.7 1185.9 0.017684 4.7459 94.0 79.3 323.37 293.9 892.1 1186.0 0.017692 4.6982 95.0 80.3 324.13 294.7 891.5 1186.2 0.017700 4.6514 96.0 81.3 324.88 295.5 891.0 1186.4 0.017708 4.6055 97.0 82.3 325.63 296.3 890.4 1186.6 0.017716 4.5606 98.0 83.3 326.36 297.0 889.8 1186.8 0.017724 4.5166 TABLE D.3 (continued) Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water Pressure Lbs. per Sq. In. Temper- ature t Degrees F Heat of the Liquid Btu/lb. Latent Heat of Evaporation Btu/lb. Total Heat of Stream h g Btu/lb. Specific Volume V Absolute P′′ ′′ Gage P Water Cu. ft. per lb. Steam Cu. ft. per lb. © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC [...]... 0.019 34 1 .44 801 1.3 640 5 1.28910 1.22177 1.16095 42 0.0 44 0.0 46 0.0 48 0.0 500.0 40 5.3 42 5.3 44 5.3 46 5.3 48 5.3 44 9 .40 45 4.03 45 8.50 46 2.82 46 7.01 42 9.6 43 4.8 43 9.8 44 4.7 44 9.5 775.2 770.0 765.0 760.0 755.1 12 04. 7 12 04. 8 12 04. 8 12 04. 8 12 04. 7 0.01 942 0.01950 0.01959 0.01967 0.01975 1.10573 1.05535 1.00921 0.96677 0.92762 520.0 540 .0 560.0 580.0 600.0 505.3 525.3 545 .3 565.3 585.3 47 1.07 47 5.01 47 8. 84 482.57 48 6.20... Francis Group, LLC 588 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE D.3 (continued) Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water Pressure Lbs per Sq In TemperLatent Total Heat ature Heat of the Heat of of Stream Absolute Gage t Liquid Evaporation hg ′ P′ P Degrees F Btu/lb Btu/lb Btu/lb Specific Volume V Water Steam Cu ft Cu ft per lb per lb 141 .0 142 .0 143 .0 144 .0 145 .0 126.3 127.3 128.3... 2.8973 1 742 .2 3.0572 1798.5 40 0.0 385.3 44 4.60 V hg 1.2 841 1 245 .1 1 .47 63 1307 .4 1. 649 9 1363 .4 1.8151 141 7.0 1.9759 147 0.1 2.1339 1523.3 2.2901 1576.9 2 .44 50 1631.2 2.5987 1686.2 2.7515 1 741 .9 2.9037 1798.2 42 0.0 40 5.3 44 9 .40 V hg 1.2 148 1 242 .4 1 .40 07 1305.8 1.5676 1362.3 1.7258 141 6.2 1.8795 146 9 .4 2.03 04 1522.7 2.1795 1576 .4 2.3273 1630.8 2 .47 39 1685.8 2.6196 1 741 .6 2.7 647 1798.0 44 0.0 42 5.3 45 4.03 V... 13 04. 2 1 .49 26 1361.1 1. 644 5 141 5.3 1.7918 146 8.7 1.9363 1522.1 2.0790 1575.9 2.2203 1630 .4 2.3605 1685.5 2 .49 98 1 741 .2 2.63 84 1797.7 46 0.0 44 5.3 45 8.50 V hg 1.0939 1236.9 1.2691 1302.5 1 .42 42 1360.0 1.5703 141 4 .4 1.7117 146 8.0 1.85 04 1521.5 1.9872 1575 .4 2.1226 1629.9 2.2569 1685.1 2.3903 1 740 .9 2.5230 1797 .4 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE... 285.3 41 1.07 41 2.67 41 4.25 41 5.81 41 7.35 387.1 388.9 390.6 392.3 3 94. 0 815.1 813.6 812.0 810 .4 808.9 1202.3 1202 .4 1202.6 1202.7 1202.9 0.01880 0.01882 0.01885 0.01887 0.01889 1.65 049 1.62218 1.5 948 2 1.56835 1. 542 74 320.0 340 .0 360.0 380.0 40 0.0 305.3 325.3 345 .3 365.3 385.3 42 3.31 42 8.99 43 4 .41 43 9.61 44 4.60 40 0.5 40 6.8 41 2.8 41 8.6 42 4.2 802.9 797.0 791.3 785.8 780 .4 1203 .4 1203.8 12 04. 1 12 04. 4 12 04. 6... 523 .4 526.7 685.5 681.5 677.6 673.6 669.7 1198.8 1198.2 1197.7 1197.0 1196 .4 0.020 94 0.02101 0.02109 0.02116 0.02123 0.5 540 8 0.53988 0.52631 0.51333 0.50091 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 590 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE D.3 (continued) Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water Pressure Lbs per Sq In TemperLatent Total Heat ature Heat of the Heat of of Stream... 1500° 0 .44 45 15 94. 7 0 .47 78 1655.2 0.5101 1715 .4 0. 541 8 1775.7 0.3897 1530.9 0 .42 31 1592.5 0 .45 51 1653.3 0 .48 62 1713.9 0.5165 17 74. 4 0.3372 146 4.2 0.37 14 1528.3 0 .40 35 1590.3 0 .43 44 1651.5 0 .46 43 1712.3 0 .49 35 1773.1 0.2850 1391.2 0.32 14 146 0.9 0.3 545 1525.6 0.3856 1588.1 0 .41 55 1 649 .6 0 .44 43 1710.8 0 .47 24 1771.8 0.2293 1303 .4 0.2712 1386.7 0.3068 145 7.5 0.3390 1522.9 0.3692 1585.9 0.3980 1 647 .8 0 .42 59... 13 74. 3 3.6915 142 5.5 4. 0008 147 7.0 4. 3077 1529.1 4. 6128 1581.9 5.2191 1689.8 5.8219 1800.9 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach V = specific volume, cubic feet per pound hg = total heat of steam, Btu per pound 205.3 389.88 V hg … … 2.1 240 1206.3 2 .46 38 1266.9 2.7710 1321.2 3.0 642 1373.2 3.35 04 142 4.7 3.6327 147 6.3 3.9125 1528.5 4. 1905 1581 .4 4. 742 6... 1801.7 160.0 145 .3 363.55 V hg … … 3.0060 1217 .4 3 .44 13 1273.3 3. 848 0 1325 .4 4. 242 0 1376 .4 4.6295 142 7.2 5.0132 147 8 .4 5.3 945 1530.3 5.7 741 1582.9 6.5293 1690.5 7.2811 1801 .4 180.0 165.3 373.08 V hg … … 2. 647 4 1213.8 3. 043 3 1271.2 3 .40 93 13 24. 0 3.7621 1375.3 4. 10 84 142 6.3 4. 4508 147 7.7 4. 7907 1529.7 5.1289 1582 .4 5.80 14 1690.2 6 .47 04 1801.2 200.0 185.3 381.80 V hg … … 2.3598 1210.1 2.7 247 1269.0 3.0583... 1 346 .9 0.5615 1379.7 0.6250 144 0.9 0.6 845 149 9 .4 0. 741 8 1556.9 0.79 74 16 14. 2 0.8519 1671.6 0.9055 1729 .4 0.95 84 1787.6 577 .42 V hg 0 .40 52 1261.9 0 .44 51 1303.9 0 .48 04 1 340 .8 0.5129 13 74. 6 0.5729 143 7.1 0.6287 149 6.3 0.6822 15 54. 3 0.7 341 1612.0 0.7 847 1669.8 0.8 345 1727.9 0.8836 1786.3 1385.3 587.07 V hg 0.3667 1251 .4 0 .40 59 1296.1 0 .44 00 13 34. 5 0 .47 12 1369.3 0.5282 143 3.2 0.5809 149 3.2 0.6311 1551.8 0.6798 . 365.3 43 9.61 41 8.6 785.8 12 04. 4 0.01925 1.22177 40 0.0 385.3 44 4.60 42 4.2 780 .4 12 04. 6 0.019 34 1.16095 42 0.0 40 5.3 44 9 .40 42 9.6 775.2 12 04. 7 0.01 942 1.10573 44 0.0 42 5.3 45 4.03 43 4.8 770.0 12 04. 8. half-life isotope mass is chosen for the tabulated A r (E) value. © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 5 84 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE D.3 Properties of Saturated. 1365.6 141 8.7 147 1.5 1 542 .4 1577.9 1686.9 1798.8 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 5 94 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE D .4 Properties of Superheated Steam* V