[...]... applications of nonimaging concentrators, and these will be discussed in Chapters 9, 13 , and 14 REFERENCES Harper, D A., Hildebrand, R H., Pernic, R., and Platt, S R (19 76) Heat trap: An optimised far infrared field optics system Appl Opt 15 , 53–60 Hinterberger, H., and Winston, R (19 66a) Efficient light coupleer for threshold ˇ Cernkov counters Rev Sci Instrum 37, 10 94 10 95 Winston, R., and Enoch, J M (19 71) Retinal... ˇ Cernkov counters Rev Sci Instrum 37, 10 94 10 95 Winston, R., and Enoch, J M (19 71) Retinal cone receptor as an ideal light collector J Opt Soc Am 61, 11 20 11 21 2 SOME BASIC IDEAS IN GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 2 .1 THE CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRICAL OPTICS Geometrical optics is used as the basic tool in designing almost any optical system, image forming or not We use the intuitive ideas of a ray of light, roughly... concentration or collimation can be derived from Chapter 12 , which is devoted to the physical optics aspects of concentration and in particular to the concept of radiance in the physical optics Chapters 13 and 14 are devoted to the main applications of nonimaging optics: illumination and concentration (in this case of solar energy) Finally, in Chapter 15 we examine briefly several manufacturing techniques... published 10 years earlier, by W T Welford and R Winston Walter Welford was one of the most distinguished optical scientists of his time His work on aberration theory remains the definitive contribution to the subject From 19 76 until his untimely death in 19 90, he took on the elucidation of nonimaging optics with the same characteristic vigor and enthusiasm he had applied to imaging optics As a result, nonimaging. .. which our readers advance the subject over the next 10 years RW JCM PB NS JB Photograph of W T Welford (courtesy of Jacqueline Welford) xi 1 NONIMAGING OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND THEIR USES 1. 1 NONIMAGING COLLECTORS Nonimaging concentrators and illuminators have several actual and some potential applications, but it is best to explain the general concept of a nonimaging concentrator by highlighting one of its... of application was to the optics of visual receptors It has been noted (Winston and Enoch, 19 71) that the cone receptors in the human retina have a shape corresponding approximately to that of a nonimaging concentrator designed for approximately the collecting angle that the pupil of the eye would subtend at the retina under dark-adapted conditions 1. 4 USES OF ILLUMINATORS Nonimaging collectors are... the volume in question was of order 1 m3, this is clearly a concentrator problem (Hinterberger and Winston, 19 66a,b) Subsequently the concept was applied to infrared detection (Harper et al., 19 76), where it is well known that the noise in the system for a given type of detector increases with the surface area of the detector (other things being equal) 6 Chapter 1 Nonimaging Optical Systems and Their... for high concentration/collimation applications Nonimaging is not the opposite of imaging Chapter 9 shows imaging applications of nonimaging designs Sometimes 1. 2 Definition of the Concentration Ratio; the Theoretical Maximum 3 the performance of some devices is theoretically limited by the use of rotational or linear symmetric devices, Chapters 10 and 11 discuss the problem of improving this performance... M .1 The Differential Equation M.2 The Ratio of Input to Output Areas for the Concentrator M.3 Proof That Extreme Rays Intersect at the Exit Aperture Rim M.4 Another Proof of the Sine Relation for Skew Rays M.5 The Frequency Distribution of h 485 485 486 488 489 490 Index 493 PREFACE This book is the successor to High Collection Nonimaging Optics, published by Academic Press in 19 89, and Optics of Nonimaging. .. Cmax = 1 sin 2 q i (1. 3) Under this condition the rays emerge at all angles up to p/2 from the normal to the exit face, as shown in Figure 1. 3 For a linear concentrator the corresponding value will be 1/ sin qi The next question that arises is, can actual concentrators be designed with the theoretically best performance? In asking this question we make certain ide- 1. 3 Uses of Concentrators 5 Figure 1. 3 . 311 12 .7 Measurement By Focusing the Camera on the Source 313 12 .8 Experimental Test of Focusing 313 12 .9 Conclusion 315 References 316 13 . Applications to Solar Energy Concentration 317 13 .1. J. M. (19 71) . Retinal cone receptor as an ideal light col- lector. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 11 20 11 21. 6 Chapter 1 Nonimaging Optical Systems and Their Uses 22 SOME BASIC IDEAS IN GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 7 2 .1. 209 8 .13 Combination of the SMS and the Flow-Line Method 211 8 .14 An Example: the XRI F Concentrator 212 References 217 9. Imaging Applications of Nonimaging Concentrators 219 9 .1 Introduction 219 9.2