s She V gave IO (indirect object) her friend DO (direct object) a present. EXPANDING THE OBJECT: DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT lfthe indirect object is a pronoun, the usual form is Some verbs that are followed by an indirect object use the preposition /o when the indirect object follows the direct object; others use for. The most common ones are listed here. Or FOLLOWED BY 'O grve send lend tell pay hand teach FOLLOWED BY for buy make bake cook EXERCISE 5 (oral) Assemble sentences from the following parts. Try out alternative positions for the indirect object. Use the past tense. SUBJECT 1. The woman 2. Her sister 3. Pierre 4. Marie 5. He 6. She DIRXCT O&IECT a smile a sweater a ring a lie everything he knows a cake INDIRSCT O&IECT the man her his girlfriend her boyfriend his students her sister VERB glve lend bny tell teach make S She v gave DO a present tolfor lO to her friend. S She v gave IO me DO a present. 2l Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com PHRASES AND CI,AUSES 29. Adding information about the sentence at the end We can add structures at the end of the sentence. These structures may give information about the whole sentence, similar to those that are used at the beginning of the sentence, or they may, after a comma, add information about the subject. END STRUCTURES Structure Example Time phrase Place phrase Adverb (See also Chapter 15.) Prepositional phrase -ing phrase (See also Chapter 20.) Descriptive phrase Infinitive phrase (See also Chapter 19.) Dependent clause (adverbial) (See also Chapter 26.) The man kissed the woman yesterday. The man kissed the woman in front of the restaurant. The man kissed the woman enthusiasticallv. The The kissed kissed man man the the the the woman at her instigation. woman, hoping she would respond. woman, enthusiastic about her beauty woman to show that he loved her. woman because he felt romantic. The man kissed The man kissed The man kissedthe *EXERCISE 6 We can add information in many of the available spaces in a sentence: On a busy street in Paris, the man, inspired by the beautiful spring weather, kissed the woman who had just sat down opposite him, even though he was worried about her reaction. Write three different sentences of your own in which you pack in as much information as you can about what you perceive in the scene portrayed by Cartier-Bresson. *EXERCISE 7 Using details from the article by Nora Ephron, "Room with View-and No People," write three sentences, each using as the independent clause the following simple sentence: 22 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com ADDING INFORMATION ABOUT THE SENTENCE AT THE END The writer didn't use the living room. Pack each sentence with as much information as you can. Try out alternatives and take risks. See how long a sentence you can manage' EXERCISE 8 a. Insulting b. Insulted c. An insult d. Felt insulted 2. The scientists accepted the prize gratefully. a. the best b. were the best c. selected as the best d. to select he sounds more intelligent. a. Because he can make better speeches than his opponent b. He can make better speeches than his opporent c. His speeches are better than his opponent's d. As better speeches than his opponent The New Deal, today. shows almost no signs of life Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. , the crowd jeered at the politician. 3. 4. a. a program begun by Franklin D. Roosevelt b. the program was begun by Franklin D. Roosevelt c. Franklin D. Roosevelt began this program d. which began by Franklin D. Roosevelt 5. He gave a. to his advisers b. trusting his advisers c. he trusted his advisers d. his advisers a lot of power. 23 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com PHRASES AND CI,AUSES EDIT The following piece was written by a student after he interviewed the author of this book. In places, he writes a series of short, simple sentences. some of these could be combined into longer sentences by packing the information around an independent clause. Play around with this paragraph, and see how many different ways you can rewrite it. Make sure that you include all the ideas that appear in the original piece. Ann Raimes has to teach a class at 8 e.u. She wakes up at b:bO A.M. every school day during the semester. she then has breakfast. For breakfast she has a cup of tea, toast, or cereal. She is from England. That is why she always has tea. However, she has been living in the U.S.A. about 25 years. After breakfast, she walks ten or twelve blocks to the number 4 or 5 train. she goes to 42nd street. Then she changes to the number 6 train. she gets out of the train at Hunter college at 68th street. she buys a cup a coffee. she takes it with her to her ffice. There she picks up her papers and books. She goes to her first class at 8 a.n. After that, she has another class at g:40 a.r'r. This ends at 11:80. Then she has office hours from 11:30 to 12:30. She has lunch at L2:J0- usually she orders a sandwich for her lunch. sometimes she treats herself and goes to a Japanese restaurant. Later in the afternoon, she goes home. On the way, she buys meat and vegetables for dinner. At home, she marks students' papers and writes comments on them. If she has time, she works on the textbook she is writing. She and her family eat dinner at about 8 p.u. They sit and talk over dinner for more than an hour. After dinner, she either reads or watches TV. She goes to bed around 11:30. This is her routine on weekdays. On weekends she sleeps late, goes out, and enjoys herself. Chih Wong, China WRITE Use a photograph of your own choice, either a family photograph or a photograph from a magazine. You can use the same one that you used for Exercise 2. Write a description of the photograph, using as many of the sentence-packing techniques as you can. End by telling your reader why you chose this particular picture to describe. Exchange photographs and composi- tions with another student; read each other's compositions, and identify the independent clause or clauses of each sentence. Tell your partner if any sentences aren't clear to you. Then revise your own composition, concentrating on improving the sentence variety and structure. 24 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com PHRASES AND CLAUSES 1. use a colored pencil to draw a line between the end of one sentence and - th" U"gi""i"d of the next. That should give you a clear picture of wftetfte"r yor, f,"rr" used all short sentences or all long sentences. Try to vary your sentence length. 2. Check your sentence structure: look for the S + V structure! underline the complete verb phrase of the independent clause, and circle its subject. what other pht.te. or clauses have you attached to each independent clause? Tiy to identify them according to the ""i"giu" "sed in this chapter. H r" -yo., used a lot of the same type? If so] aim for more variety. If you find any structures that don't seem to fit, revise the sentence. 3. If you have written a lot of short, basic sentences, see if you can - .o-birr" some by using phrase and clause types illustrated in this chapter. 4. Take a few risks! Try using some structures that you haven't used before. Then add u ttot" to your instructor asking if they work' 25 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Questions and Negatives REAI) Read the following paragraph from the article "The Doctors'Dilemma" by Sissela Bok. The entire selection, with vocabulary glosses, appears on p. 337. What should doctors say . . to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? Is it best to tell him the s truth? If he asks, should the doctors deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity ofthe prognosis? Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation? ANALYZE 1. Circle the subjects in the independent clauses of the sentences in the selection. 2. Underline the complete verb phrase that goes with each subject. 3. Normal order in statements in English is S-V-O/C (subject-verb-object or complement). Write an explanation of what happens to normal S-V-O/C order in a question. Compare your explanation with another student's. STIJDY 3a. The form of questions In writing, we signal questions with a question mark at the end and with inverted word order, that is, with V-S word order. When the statement form occurs with an auxiliary * main verb or with any form of the verb be, we move the first auxiliary or the be form to a position in front of the subject: They should tell the truth. Should they tell the truth? He is lying. /s he lying? 26 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com THE FORM OF QUESTIONS When no auxiliary occurs in the statement, a form of do is used as the question auxiliary, followed by the simple form of the main verb: He feels in good health. Does he feel in good health? The following table uses examples to summarize question word order. However, note the order when the question word itself is the subject of the sentence: The question words are who, whom, whose, tuhat, when, where, which, why, and, how. EXERCISE 1 For each of the following statements, form both a yes/no question and a question with the given question word' EXAMPLE They worked late. (Why; Did they work late? Why did they work late? 1. He tells lies. (How often) 2. She is telling the truth. (WhY) QUESTIONwoRDORDER:wITtI__Q-Uf qST-I-oNWORDS - AND WrrH YES/NO QUESTIONS Question Word First Auriliary Verb N7) Subject Other Auriliaries + Main Verb Rest of Predicate What When Where should do are Is Should Should doctors we you ir the doctors they say. ? Ieave? going? deny. .orminimize. ? conceal . ? bestto. . ? Question Word as Subiect Complete Verb Phrase Rest of Sentence Who What should tell happened bhe patient? to him? 27 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com QUESTIONS AND NEGATI\'ES Doctors should follow a code of ethics. (Which code) Dr. Jones has concealed the truth. (Who) Dr. Smith has concealed the truth, too. (Why) The doctors tried to be honest. (What) EXERCISE 2 (oral) Imagine that you are a doctor. Prepare five questions that you would ask to find out if a patient is leading a healthy life. vary the auxiliary verbs you use. Then ask another student your questions. EXAMPLES Do you smoke? How many operations have you had? EXERCISE 3 (oral) Make questions from the following statements, so that the words in italics would be an appropriate answer to the question. EXAMPLES She went to the doctor's office. Where did she go? She was worried about her weight. What was she worried about? 1. She went to see Dr. Parks. 2. She went to the doctor because she had a uery bad cold. 3. She made the appointment last week. 4. He told her that she was working too hard. 5. She reacted uery defensiuely. 6. She told the doctor about her responsibilities. 7. Her boss's plan was to increase productivity 50 percent. 8. She was working twelue hours a day. *EXERCISE 4 The reading selection by Lewis Thomas on p. 355 discusses the questions we might ask the inhabitants if we discovered life on another planet. Two of the questions Thomas suggests are "Did you think yourselves unique?" and "Do you always tell the truth?" What additional questions do you think would be important and interesting questions to ask? Write five questions. 28 3. 4. 5. 6. Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com NEGATI\,'ES 3b. Why? and. what for? Note the alternative uses of why? and, what for? "What for?" is usually used when the speaker or writer is puzzled; it expresses surprise and bewilderment. WHY? AND WHAT FOR? Question Word. First Au.xiliary Subject Verb + Rest of Pred.icate whv What whv What whv What 1S IS did did was was he he she she she she lyrng? lying for? say that? say that for? fired? fired for? Note: "How come . ?" is ofben heard in conversation. Note the structure: How come he's lying? How come she said that? This usage is not appropriate for formal academic purposes. EXERCISE 5 (oral) Give both a "Why?" and a "What . . for?" response to each of the following statements. EXAMPLE He borrowed $100. Why did he borrow $100? What did he borrow $100 for? 1. The doctor told his patient a lie. 2. The doctor ordered a set ofX-rays. 3. The doctor tested her reflexes. 4. The hospital employees are on strike. 5. He refused to have an operation. 6. The patients are being sent home. 3c. Negatives The usual way to express negation is with not after the first auxiliary. 29 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com WORD ORDER WITH NOT Subject First Auxiliary Not Other Auriliaries * Main Verb Rest of Predicate Sick people Dying patients The doctor do can- should not not not want make have lied. to know the truth. decisions. QUESTIONS AND NEGATT\,'ES Note the form when neuer is used with a main verb with no auxiliaries (present or past tense). 3d. Alternative forms of negation Alternatives to the use of not exist. EXAMPLE I don't have any spare time. I have no spare time. He doesn't say anything. He says nothing. These are the alternative ways of expressing negation: REGI.T'I-AR FOR]T' not a not any not any not anyone not anybody not any'thing not anywhere not ever not either ALTERNATIVE FOR]VI no no none no one nobody nothing nowhere never neither WORD ORDER WITH NEVER Subject First Auxiliary Never Other Auxiliqries + Main Verb Rest of Predicate They He should never never tell deceive the truth. the family. 30 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com [...]... in the reading passageat the beginning of this chapter, discusswith other students which nouns you can clearly identify as countable (singular or plural) Note that /he can precedeboth countable and uncountablenouns, whereas (I or aru can precede only countable singUlar nouns A or an thus always signals a countable singular noun EXERCISE 2 Examine the following paragraph from the article by Nora Ephron... a b c d advice some many an a little 4 She introduced her husband to a some b many ofher colleagues c each d a large amount 53 COI,]NTABLE AND UNCOTINTABLE NOUNS Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com 5 In her essay,she managed to write a b c d paragraphs a great deal of many a lot of several 5f Few and a feus The expressions/eru and o few cause problems for language... 1980s, came a serious competitor in soybean production; in fact, (brazil) now earns nearly as much from soybeansas from (coffee) EXERCISE 4 Read the last seven paragraphs of the reading passage "The Soybean"in Part II Note each time a proper noun appears,and fit each one into the categoriesoutlined in sections4c and 4d EXAMPLES Cinderella: singular, name of person The United States: plural, name of... chosen the pool I salute my friend understood something that I am still having trouble absorbing, which is this: at least you can swim in a pool 5b Countable nouns Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms Nouns that are precededby o or an are always countable and are always singular In fact, a countable lingUlar noun musf appear with o, Qn, or the bt some other determiner; see Chapter 6) in front... countable plural, or uncountable nouns It also shows the words that can be used both with countable plural and with uncountable nouns QUANTITY WORDS Countable Uncountable SrNcur-en each Pluner, (not) many not much every too many too much another a few (very) few a little (very) little several a great deal of a great number of a large amount of a large number of less fewer some (some) other any a lot... persuadeyour readers to visit that place, too After you have written about this experience,look carefully at every noun that you have capitalized Check that it is a proper noun Check also the use of the with each proper noun (seesections4c and 4d) 2 Look at all the other noun phrases.should any ofthem be capitalized becausethey are proper nouns? Pay special attention to words that indicate nationality... bits of information several piecesof advice three bottles of wine two cartons of juice a dozen slices of bread a few drops ofrain two teaspoonsof medicine three cups of sugar two pints of milk In addition, some plural countable nouns that exist only in the plural form need the measure word of polr to make them countable: a a a a a pair pair pair pair pair of pants ofjeans of shorts of pajamas of scissors... salad dressing, soy sauce,oil, and many other product A man who has apron on is busy fixing the window He is probably the owner of thii store A man and a woman who have bought DO COT]NTABLE AND T]NCOUNTABLE NOUNS Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com a lot are holding a full bags In the bags, they have food piled up to their faces, including a bread and margarine A. .. ice-creamcone in his left hand and laughing He has on a T-shirt and a short In front of the store is a girl, who is selling a great deal of muffins on the table is a jar that contains some money ttre table is coveredwith a piece of cloth old man is buying a muffin He looks as if he is on his way to work: he is holding roll of papers, some varnish, an electric drill, a brush, and can of paint A cat is... their patients Are there other areas ofprofessional life in which concealingoffacts could also be a particularly important ethical issue?Discussthe advantagesand disadvantages of telling the truth in two areas such as law, education, government, politics, and business.Try to include examples of specificincidents that you have experienced or read about Do you know of people who have felt it necessaryto . with this paragraph, and see how many different ways you can rewrite it. Make sure that you include all the ideas that appear in the original piece. Ann Raimes has to teach. tricky. FEATURES OF TAG QTIESTIONS Feature Example 2. Positive statement, negative tag Negative statement, positive tag Statement with auxiliary or be form, same form in tag Statement with. with a main verb with no auxiliaries (present or past tense). 3d. Alternative forms of negation Alternatives to the use of not exist. EXAMPLE I don't have any spare time. I have