42 ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE Third Course Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GRAMMAR Predicate Nominatives and Predicate Adjectives A subject complement is a word or word group that is in the predicate and that describes or identifies the subject. EXAMPLES Lasagna is my favorite food. [predicate nominative identifying Lasagna] That sauce tastes rich and tangy. [compound predicate adjective describing sauce] How delicious this lasagna is! [predicate adjective describing lasagna] EXERCISE A Underline each subject complement in the following sentences. Then, above each write PN for predicate nominative or PA for predicate adjective. Example 1. The best cooks are she and Paulo. 1. This is a fine restaurant. 2. The Marliave Ristorante has always been my favorite one. 3. The prices at the Marliave seem reasonable and affordable. 4. The chefs are Esther DeFalco and her brother. 5. Their recipes are traditional. 6. The ingredients smell and taste fresh. 7. The pasta in their lasagna is homemade and light. 8. “Be careful when rolling out the pasta dough,” Esther says. 9. “The lasagna pasta must be paper-thin,” Vinicio points out. 10. For the DeFalcos, the making of pasta remains an art. EXERCISE B On the lines provided, make the following word groups into complete sentences by adding the kinds of subject complements identified in parentheses. Example 1. (predicate adjective) Sailing away from home to a strange land seems . 11. (predicate adjective) For some immigrants, the voyage to the United States was . 12. (predicate nominative) Was the decision to immigrate ? 13. (compound predicate adjective) The immigrants must have been . 14. (predicate nominative) The task of adapting to a new way of life is . 15. (compound predicate nominative) Two of the families who immigrated with the DeFalcos were . NAME CLASS DATE PNPN for CHAPTER 2: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE pages 103=104 frightening 2i. L09NAGUML9_028-051.qxd 10/20/07 3:52 PM Page 42 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 43 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GRAMMAR NAME CLASS DATE Direct Objects A direct object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action. A direct object answers the question “What?” or “Whom?” after a transitive verb. EXAMPLES Did you attend the football game? [You did attend what? Game.] Did you meet Jason and Molly there? [You did meet whom? Jason and Molly.] E XERCISE Underline the direct objects in the following sentences. Example 1. Many reporters interviewed the winning quarterback. 1. In 1967, Los Angeles hosted the first Super Bowl game. 2. More than sixty thousand fans attended the game at Memorial Coliseum. 3. Kansas City played Green Bay in the first Super Bowl game. 4. Green Bay defeated Kansas City by twenty-five points. 5. Before the Super Bowl became an annual event, the two best teams from the National Football League played a championship game. 6. In 1960, the American Football League formed and held its first annual championship. 7. Eventually, the AFL and NFL championship teams played each other at the end of the season. 8. A 1970 merger created the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. 9. Has the NFC or the AFC won more Super Bowl titles? 10. Millions of fans watch it on television. 11. Many spectators find the halftime shows entertaining. 12. Do you know any amazing records set during Super Bowl games? 13. In 1994, Steve Christie kicked a 54-yard field goal. 14. How many records did Jerry Rice set? 15. In the early 1990s, the Buffalo Bills made appearances in four consecutive Super Bowls. 16. How many teams have won consecutive Super Bowl games? 17. Winners of more than one Super Bowl include San Francisco, Dallas, and Pittsburgh. 18. Which team won the Super Bowl last year? 19. Did you have tickets for the game? 20. What a terrific game those two teams played! for CHAPTER 2: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE page 105 2j. L09NAGUML9_028-051.qxd 10/20/07 3:52 PM Page 43 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com 44 ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE Third Course Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GRAMMAR Indirect Objects An indirect object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that often appears in sentences containing direct objects. An indirect object tells to whom or to what (or for whom or for what) the action of a transitive verb is done. EXAMPLE I showed Mom and Dad my report. [Showed to whom? Mom and Dad.] E XERCISE A Underline the indirect objects in the following sentences. Example 1. Mr. Greico gave us a quiz in math today. 1. I lent Yolanda my baseball glove. 2. Maxine baked us a vegetable pizza. 3. The Nineteenth Amendment gives women the right to vote. 4. Nathan bought his grandfather leather gloves for Christmas. 5. At the concession stand, Tim bought himself a bag of popcorn and a bottle of water. 6. The store manager offered each of the applicants a part-time job. 7. Every Monday morning, our parents hand us our allowances for the week. 8. Ms. Wong told the children the story about Damocles and the sword. 9. I am weaving my aunt and uncle a tapestry with pictures of hummingbirds and magnolias. 10. My neighbor pays me twenty-five dollars for mowing his lawn. EXERCISE B Rewrite the following sentences, making each underlined phrase an indirect object. Example 1. Please give this message to Terrence or Scott. 11. Heather knitted a pair of socks for her baby brother. 12. The camping trip provided plenty of exciting moments for the hikers. 13. Did you send invitations to Rebecca and him? 14. The judges awarded gold medals to both Kristi and Carl. 15. Tomás showed his large collection of baseball cards to Armand and me. NAME CLASS DATE message. Please give Terrence or Scott this for CHAPTER 2: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE pages 106=107 2k. L09NAGUML9_028-051.qxd 10/20/07 3:52 PM Page 44 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 45 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GRAMMAR NAME CLASS DATE Direct and Indirect Objects A direct object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action. EXAMPLE Gayle visited an island in Florida. [Gayle visited what? Island.] An indirect object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that often appears in sentences containing direct objects. An indirect object tells to whom or to what (or for whom or for what) the action of a transitive verb is done. EXAMPLE Give Tish and me your tickets. [Give to whom? Tish and me.] EXERCISE A Decide whether the underlined words in the following sentences are direct objects or indirect objects. Above each underlined word, write DO for direct object or IO for indirect object. Example 1. Who gave the teachers and students the maps showing the farm’s location? 1. The juniors planned a trip to Belle Grove, a nineteenth-century farm. 2. Farm children performed many chores before school each day. 3. They gave the chickens feed and milked the cows. 4. All family members had specific duties in the barn and fields. 5. Farmhands scattered straw over the barn floor. 6. A blacksmith pounded the steel with his hammer. 7. He told us his experiences as the village blacksmith. 8. The students asked him many questions. 9. Farm women made lace and embroidered during the winter. 10. One woman showed me her handmade shawl. EXERCISE B In the following sentences, underline direct objects once and indirect objects twice. Not all sentences contain both a direct object and an indirect object. Example 1. The librarian showed my friend and me the biography section. 11. The Pulitzer Prize Board awarded Alex Haley a special citation for Roots in 1977. 12. In Roots, Haley presents a heroic saga about African Americans. 13. The book provides Americans some insight into the horrors of slavery. 14. Haley’s book inspired a popular television miniseries. 15. Various organizations gave the miniseries prestigious awards. IO IO for CHAPTER 2: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE pages 105=107 2j. 2k. L09NAGUML9_028-051.qxd 10/20/07 3:52 PM Page 45 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com 46 ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE Third Course Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GRAMMAR Parts of a Sentence Every sentence contains a subject and a verb. Some sentences may also contain complements—direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, or predicate adjectives. Any of these sentence parts may be compound. E XERCISE In each of the following sentences, underline the sentence part or parts given in parentheses. Example 1. (direct object) Give your tickets to the person at that window. 1. (direct object) Have you ever visited a county fair? 2. (compound subject) Last year, my best friend and I attended a fair in our state capital. 3. (predicate adjective) The playful antics of the rodeo clowns were quite entertaining. 4. (verb) Then we wandered around the fairgrounds. 5. (compound subject) Animal pens and displays of food and crafts filled the large exhibit halls. 6. (verb) In one area sheep were lying about in small pens. 7. (direct object) A ranchhand noticed our interest in the sheep and spoke to us. 8. (predicate nominative) “These animals can be good pets,” said the ranchhand. 9. (compound direct object) Until then, I had considered only cats, dogs, or fish as pets. 10. (indirect object) The friendly ranchhand brought the sheep some food. 11. (predicate adjective) “By now these sheep are hungry.” 12. (indirect object) “Would you give them lunch?” 13. (indirect object) The ranchhand gave each of us a handful of food pellets. 14. (compound verb) The sheep, apparently ravenous, chewed the food quickly and looked for more. 15. (direct object) The sheep gave me a brilliant idea. 16. (compound predicate adjective) Yardwork certainly can become tiresome and dull. 17. (direct object) Sheep, however, happily eat grass. 18. (predicate nominative) In other words, a sheep is a natural lawn mower! 19. (subject) There was only one problem with this idea. 20. (direct object) The city has zoning laws against sheep ranching! NAME CLASS DATE for CHAPTER 2: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE pages 88=107 L09NAGUML9_028-051.qxd 10/20/07 3:52 PM Page 46 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 47 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GRAMMAR NAME CLASS DATE Classifying Sentences by Purpose A sentence may be classified, depending on its purpose, as declarative, imperative, interroga- tive, or exclamatory. DECLARATIVE Keiko is painting a watercolor in the style of the Japanese masters. IMPERATIVE Be sure to recycle those boxes. INTERROGATIVE At what time does the concert begin? EXCLAMATORY What a spectacular game that was! EXERCISE Classify each of the following sentences by purpose. On the line provided, write DEC if the sentence is declarative, IMP if it is imperative, INT if it is interrogative, or EXC if it is exclamatory. Example 1. Please step onto the stage. 1. Shana’s dream has come true, for all summer long Shana will be the magician’s assistant at Worlds of Entertainment. 2. Imagine spending your summer being sawed in half and pulling rabbits out of a hat. 3. What fun that would be! 4. Have you heard the best part of all? 5. At one point during the show, the magician makes Shana seem to float in the air. 6. How does the magician make Shana float? 7. Somehow, the curtain must cover the table on which Shana rests. 8. What a fantastic trick that is! 9. After the show, ask the magician and Shana for their autographs. 10. Would you like to work with a magician? 11. I am interested in the history of magic. 12. Anthropologists think ancient civilizations believed in magic. 13. Didn’t the ancient Egyptians create amulets for magical purposes? 14. Pass me that book about alchemists in the Middle Ages. 15. In other times, thousands of people were accused of being witches and executed. 16. What strange times those must have been! 17. Have advances in science weakened belief in magic? 18. Do superstitions indicate a belief in magic? 19. Please tell me what you think. 20. How puzzling some superstitions are! IMP for CHAPTER 2: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE pages 109=110 2l. L09NAGUML9_028-051.qxd 10/20/07 3:52 PM Page 47 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com 48 ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE Third Course Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GRAMMAR Review A: Sentences and Sentence Fragments E XERCISE Identify each of the following groups of words as a sentence or a sentence fragment. On the line provided, write S for sentence or F for sentence fragment. Example 1. The city of Pamplona in the northern part of Spain. 1. Pamplona, Spain, the site of Las Fiestas de San Fermín. 2. This annual week-long celebration begins at noon on July 6. 3. After a fireworks mortar has been fired. 4. Perhaps the best-known part of the festival is the daily running of the bulls. 5. The running of the bulls begins promptly at 8:00 A.M. 6. City officials block off several streets. 7. One of which is the calle de la Estafeta. 8. The bulls run through streets leading to the plaza de toros. 9. Traditionally, ahead of the bulls runs a crowd of young men. 10. The daring runners wearing white shirts and pants and red bandannas and sashes. 11. Obviously, this is very dangerous. 12. Each day at noon, through the city’s streets several people in elaborate costumes. 13. The two people wearing tall costumes. 14. One of the costumes is that of a king. 15. The other costume that of a queen. 16. Other costumes, which include enormous heads. 17. Especially enjoying this part of the festivities are the children. 18. Dancing, singing, and celebrating continue throughout the night. 19. A traditional snack called sopa de ajo. 20. A garlic soup that is served cold. 21. Sopa de ajo is a mixture of mashed raw garlic, bread crumbs, water, salt, vinegar, and olive oil. 22. For a week the participants in the festival spend very little time sleeping. 23. In Ernest Hemingway’s novel Fiesta is a description of the running of the bulls. 24. Have you ever been to Spain? 25. If you’ve ever heard of Las Fiestas de San Fermín. NAME CLASS DATE F for CHAPTER 2: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE page 87 L09NAGUML9_028-051.qxd 10/20/07 3:52 PM Page 48 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 49 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GRAMMAR E XERCISE A For each of the following sentences, underline the simple subject once and the verb twice. Before the numeral, write (you) if the subject is understood. Be sure to include all parts of any verb phrases and all parts of compound subjects or verbs. Example 1. Neither my cousin nor I will ever forget my visit to his city last spring. 1. Last spring, I saw a fire. 2. My cousin, a nurse at a state hospital, had invited me down for the weekend. 3. Like him, I am studying for a career as a nurse. 4. He lives in a comfortable nurses’ residence next to the hospital. 5. For our Saturday dinner, my cousin and I had bought fish fillets. 6. At six o’clock he put the fillets under the broiler. 7. Meanwhile, I was happily making a Waldorf salad. 8. Suddenly, his name was called over the public address system. 9. He groaned, rose to his feet, and gave me instructions. 10. “Just watch television in my room for a while.” EXERCISE B For each of the following sentences, underline the complete subject once and the complete predicate twice. Circle each simple subject and verb. Example 1. I turned on one of my favorite programs. 11. I had already seen that episode of the television program. 12. I soon fell asleep on the sofa. 13. What woke me? 14. A loud wail of sirens came from the street below. 15. To my horror, the kitchen was full of black, acrid smoke. 16. Three figures in smoke masks charged past me. 17. They ran into the kitchen and opened the oven. 18. The firefighters extinguished the remains of the fish and cleared away the smoke. 19. The kitchen was a mess. 20. My cousin and I cleaned the kitchen. NAME CLASS DATE Review B: Subjects and Predicates for CHAPTER 2: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE pages 88=99 L09NAGUML9_028-051.qxd 10/20/07 3:52 PM Page 49 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com 50 ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE Third Course Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GRAMMAR Review C: Complements E XERCISE A In each of the following sentences, decide what kind of complement the underlined word is. Above each underlined word, write DO for direct object, IO for indirect object, PN for predicate nominative, or PA for predicate adjective. Example 1. The Internet can provide researchers valuable information. 1. Computers are useful machines for problem solving and for information processing. 2. However, some people fear computers. 3. To these people, computers seem too complicated. 4. Generally speaking, people appreciate the capabilities of computers. 5. Computers can give people the ability to work more efficiently. 6. The Internet provided me much information for my report on archaeology. 7. Archaeologists uncover the remains of ancient civilizations. 8. Studying artifacts can give archaeologists information about past cultures. 9. This information is useful to historians and sociologists. 10. In fact, many people study these data. EXERCISE B Each of the following sentences contains at least one complement. Underline each complement, and then identify it by writing above it DO for direct object, IO for indirect object, PN for predicate nominative, or PA for predicate adjective. Example 1. The reporter had asked us an interesting question about current fads. 11. Are most people conformists? 12. Many students merely follow the crowd. 13. Awareness of fads or fashions is important to most of us. 14. We follow school fads in dress, slang, and behavior. 15. Such fads are a normal part of teenage life. 16. Knowledge of current fads gives many people a sense of belonging. 17. What are some of the current fads? 18. Describe a current fad, Jesse. 19. Does popular slang still include such words as cool, dude, and awesome? 20. Fads of today may seem silly to us a few years from now. NAME CLASS DATE IO DO IO for CHAPTER 2: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE pages 101=107 L09NAGUML9_028-051.qxd 10/20/07 3:52 PM Page 50 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 51 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GRAMMAR NAME CLASS DATE Review D: Sentence Fragments, Kinds of Sentences EXERCISE Decide whether each of the following groups of words is a sentence or a sentence fragment. On the line provided, write S for sentence or F for fragment. Then, identify each complete sentence by writing on the line provided one of these abbreviations: DEC for declarative sentence INT for interrogative sentence EXC for exclamatory sentence IMP for imperative sentence Example 1. Have you read any of Barbara Kingsolver’s works? 1. Ms. Osaka is one of the art teachers at my school. 2. Didn’t you receive my e-mail message? 3. How extraordinary your performance was tonight! 4. Some of the mementos of our trip. 5. Signal me when you are ready to begin singing. 6. What a thoughtful person you are! 7. Have you been practicing your saxophone lessons? 8. How many languages can you speak? 9. On our way home we stopped at the bakery to buy some bagels. 10. The last short story that I read. 11. Please show me how to knit a scarf. 12. What a clever trick that was! 13. In major-league baseball, who holds the record for hitting the most home runs in a season? 14. That restaurant serves Thai food. 15. As soon as Anthony and I arrived. 16. Call this number, and ask for Dr. Parker. 17. If you can speak Spanish, you may find French easier to understand. 18. Which freedoms does the First Amendment guarantee? 19. Because all of the tickets for the concert had already been sold. 20. Carmela, having decided that she would rather be a marine biologist than a chemical engineer. S, INT for CHAPTER 2: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE pages 87=110 L09NAGUML9_028-051.qxd 11/9/07 9:25 AM Page 51 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com [...]... warm weather 20 before the race ended 9 to win the game this Friday 21 the hiding cat 10 if we win the game this Friday 22 the cat is hiding 11 whom I have never met 23 when we were happy 12 after meeting them 24 happy about the celebration 13 to be a mechanical engineer 25 we were happier then someday Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 75 L09NAGUML9_075-094.qxd 10 /21 /07 2: 50 AM Page... her recent novel 20 According to the legend, no one ever found the buried treasure Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 57 L09NAGUML9_0 52- 074.qxd 10 /21 /07 2: 48 AM Page 58 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com NAME CLASS page 125 The Participial Phrase 3g A participial phrase is used as an adjective and consists of a participle and any complements... Huck Finn appear? 19 Are the characters Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn based on real persons? 20 I could easily read Twain’s fiction for hours Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 55 L09NAGUML9_0 52- 074.qxd 10 /21 /07 2: 47 AM Page 56 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com NAME CLASS pages 117= 120 Adjective and Adverb Phrases 3d A prepositional phrase that... with these place names 19 American Indian place names abound in Oklahoma, home of the Choctaw and other peoples 20 Reflections of history, all these names provide clues about the past Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 71 L09NAGUML9_0 52- 074.qxd 10 /21 /07 2: 48 AM Page 72 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com NAME CLASS pages 116=136 Review A: Identifying... o’clock in the morning 11 We had been traveling 12 We had finally reached the state line 13 14 We stopped 15 Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice , we began our road trip to Atlanta for hours we were ready for lunch to eat the sandwiches we had bought we were quite comfortable 53 L09NAGUML9_0 52- 074.qxd 10 /21 /07 2: 47 AM Page 54 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com... Are you sure this is the correct way to keep score? 15 Will Chris help us cook dinner tonight? Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 65 L09NAGUML9_0 52- 074.qxd 10 /21 /07 2: 48 AM Page 66 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com NAME CLASS pages 131=1 32 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases 3j An infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective,... 18 When did you start taking tai chi lessons? 19 Winning the game would certainly boost our team’s morale 20 Everyone tried solving the riddle, but only Diego was successful Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 63 L09NAGUML9_0 52- 074.qxd 10 /21 /07 2: 48 AM Page 64 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com NAME CLASS page 131 The Infinitive 3j An infinitive... with a symphony orchestra 12 From the kitchen window we saw an armadillo burrowing under the fence 13 Interrupting others is rude 14 The thought of speaking to the school assembly frightens me a little 15 Hundreds of people were in line to buy tickets Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 67 L09NAGUML9_0 52- 074.qxd 10 /21 /07 2: 48 AM Page 68 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version... the autobiography of Langston Hughes, is a fascinating book 15 Jefferson City, the capital of Missouri, is on the banks of the Missouri River Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 73 L09NAGUML9_0 52- 074.qxd 10 /21 /07 2: 48 AM Page 74 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com NAME CLASS pages 116=136 Review C: Identifying Phrases EXERCISE A In each of the following... Mohandas Gandhi 16 How much larger than Earth is the planet Jupiter? 17 My English teacher, Mr Olmos, also directs plays at the community theater 18 Julia’s essay, “The Job of a Border Patrol Officer,” was expertly researched 19 The first space shuttle, Columbia, was launched on April 12, 1981 20 Where is the famous painting The Last Supper displayed? Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice . pages 127 = 128 S 3h. L09NAGUML9_0 52- 074.qxd 10 /21 /07 2: 48 AM Page 60 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 61 Copyright. 116 P P 3a. L09NAGUML9_0 52- 074.qxd 10 /21 /07 2: 47 AM Page 52 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 53 Copyright. Page 46 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 47 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights