Figure 25 @)m IMPROVEMENT IN NITROGEN DIOXIDE AIR QUALITY FOR DOWNTOWN LOS ANGELES PRESENT STRATEGY (1971) / 80 77 75 YEAR 1970 20 50 10 30 60 40 (/J >- <l: Cl ~ c c LO C'l o (/J Cl w w U x w w (,') <l: a: w > <l: a: => o J: w Z o ~ => ~ X <l: ~ a: <l: w >- 155 Figure ZO 200 IMPROVEMENT IN OXIDANT AIR QUALITY FOR THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN (0.15 ppm) 2: 175 0 0 LO 0 Cf.) Cl w 150 w u X w w e" « r::c 125 w > « r::c :::l 0 PRESENT STRATEGY (1971) J: 100 .,./ w 2: 0 2: :::l 2: 75 X « 2: r::c « w >- 50 Cf.) >- « Cl 25 1970 YEAR 156 75 80 Figure 27 VARIOUS PROJECTIONS OF REDUCTIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE REACTIVE HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FOR LOS ANGELES COUNTY 200 ~ 1965 \:Zm PRESENT STRATEGY (1971) ~ 70 YEAR 400 600 > <l: c C/) z o 1:: C/) z o a:l 1000 c:: <l: u o c:: c ~ 800 w > I- U <l: w c:: w > I- o 2: o I- ::> <l: 157 800 700 > « 0 CI) z 0 1::. z w C.:J 0 a:: !::: z u. 0 CI) w 0 X 0 w > I- 0 2: 0 I- ::l « VARIOUS PROJECTIONS OF REDUCTIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE OXIDES OF NITROGEN EMISSIONS FOR LOS ANGELES COUNTY ~m 1965 70 YEAR 158 75 PRESENT STRATEGY (1971) ~ 10.00 >- <{ Cl en Z 0 I- '" 0 w Cl X 0 z 0 2 z 0 [lJ a: <{ <.J w > I- 0 2 0 2.50 I- ::l <{ 1.25 Figure 29 VARIOUS PROJECTIONS OF REDUCTIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FOR LOS ANGELES COUNTY (§lm 1965 70 YEAR 159 75 77 80 Figure 30 VARIOUS PROJECTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN OXIDANT AIR QUALITY FOR THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN 250 Cl w Cl w w u 200 >< w ~ cc ::> 0 :r: PRESENT STRATEGY (1971) cc 150 ~ o. u 2: ~ ~ 2 Cl cc « 100 Cl ;2 « I- en cc « w > en 50 > « Cl List's Mini~um~ _ @)m 1970 YEAR 75 160 77 80 Figure 31 1969 £EASONAL VARIATION IN NATURAL GAS DEMAND FOR THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN A. FIRM DEMAND 1.5 ., , " " " 1.0 0 0.5 f- <t: 0: 0 Jan Sep Oct Nov Dec Z <t: 1.5 B. ELECTRIC POWER DEMAND (Interruptible) 2: w 0 >- J :r: f- 1.0 z 0 2: / ' _ ' ./ 0.5 Jan Feb Mar Apr Aug Sep Nov Dec 1.5 C. OTHER INTERRUPTIBLE DEMAND 1.0 ~ 0.5 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 161 Figure 32 SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF NATURAL GAS IN FEBRUARY 1975 FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 5.0 ~ >- __ ~~I~el « - 0 w 4.0 r w ~ u i I U Partial Electric Power - (Interruptible)- a::l / " i ::::> / , r- /iT '""~t~l\ u Average Su pply Le~ u 0 3.0 Cf.) 2 / 0 - 25% Auto Conversion- J J a::l /' Cf.) 2.0 « - t:) J « a: ::::> « 2 1.0 ~ -Firm- -Firm- -Firm- 1969 Actual Use Low Projection 162 1975 High Projection I-' (j) w @lm TYPICAL VACUUM SPARK ADVANCE DISCONNECT INSTALLATION Carburetor Engine Distributor Coolant Return Line Vacuum Advance Actuator Figure 34 TYPICAL CAPACITOR DISCHARGE IGNITION OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM INSTALLATION t-' 0'\ .p. Engine Vacuum Advance Line Capacitor Discharge Ignition Optimization System To Distributor Points (Red) @)m r Distributor Vacuum Advance Actuator To Ignition SNitch and Battery , Ignition Coil [...]... and spacecraft into planetary atmospheres He has also worked on the identification of such objects by means of their wake signatures He is a consultant to the aerospace industry and to several government agencies In the last two years his main interests have shifted to large-scale environmental problems He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering MARK BRALY is administrative assistant to the. .. to serve as senior staff member with the Environmental Quality Laboratory, where he co-authored the first EQL Report, People, Power, Pollution 169 ROBERT FISHER is a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles, Law School where he served as senior editor of the UCLA Alaska Law Review He served as research assistant at the Environmental Ouall!y Laboralory DR KENNETH HEITNER trained as a naval... served as a staff member on the President's Council of Economic Advisers and as a special assistant to the Secretary of Defense He is the author of Germany's Economic Preparations for War and of two new books awaiting publication JAMES E KRIER is professor of law at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a consultant to the Environmental Quality Laboratory He is author of a number of articles... school, he has been able to bring theory and hardware together in his work as a full-time staff member of the EQLsponsored Clean Air Car Project The project tests and evaluates automotive emission control techniques 170 BURTON H KLEIN is a professor of economics at Caltech He was formerly head of the Economics Department at the RAND Corporation and has been consultant to numerous federal government agencies... in evaluating air pollution control techniques and in studies relating to the energy crisis in California JAMES HENRY began working on automotive emission control technology in 1970 as an undergraduate participant in the cross-country Clean Air Car Race jointly sponsored by MIT and Caltech Drawing on a backgrol.lnd that includes both formal engineering training at Caltech and practical auto mechanics... housing law and environmental law and of the recent book Environmental Law and Policy Before joining the faculty at UCLA, Professor Krier practiced law in Washington, D.C DR DAVID MONTGOMERY is an assistant professor of economics at Caltech and a member of the Environmental Quality Laboratory's staff He was a Fulbright Scholar in economics at Cambridge University and subsequently received his doctorate at... to the director of the Environmental Quality Laboratory He has an M .A degree in political science and another in public policy and administration from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where he was a Ford Foundation fellow in 196 8-7 0 Following a tour of news reporting in Houston, he served as Assistant U.S press attache in Bangkok and director of two United States Information Service branch posts... trained as a naval architect and marine engineer at the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, graduating in 1964 He received a Ph.D degree in applied mechanics from Caltech in 1969 and then joined the Institute Earthquake Engineering Laboratory until 1970 when he entered the Department of the Navy for ayear of underwater research Dr Heitner joined the Environmental Quality Laboratory in early 1971 where... South Thailand MAHLON EASTERLING is a senior member of the technical staff at the Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory His work has been in telecommunications, developing ranging systems, planetary radar and telemetry systems He has published a number of papers in his field; is the co-author of one book and contributor to two others; and holds four United States patents At present he is on leave from the. .. Handle Vehicle Tank Fill Pipe 0"\ - J Dual .- { Q · \~ 0 - Vehicle @)m _ 1 Vapor Return Line , II Pump Gasoline Delivery Line II Vapor - Gasoline - - ABOUT THE AUTHORS LESTER LEES, director of the Environmental Quality Laboratory, is professor of aeronautics and environmental engineering at Caltech He is the author of numerous papers on problems of high speed flight, especially entry of missiles and . ABOUT THE AUTHORS LESTER LEES, director of the Environmental Quality Laboratory, is professor of aeronautics and environ- mental engineering at Caltech. He is the author of numerous papers on problems of high speed flight, especially entry of missiles and spacecraft into plan- etary atmospheres. He has also worked on the identi- fication of such objects by means of their wake signa- tures. He is a consultant to the aerospace industry and to several government agencies. In the last two years his main interests have shifted to large-scale environ- mental problems. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. MARK BRALY is administrative assistant to the director of the Environmental Quality Laboratory. He has an M .A. degree in political science and another in public policy and administration from the University of Wis- consin, Madison, where he was a Ford Foundation fellow in 196 8-7 0. Following a tour of news reporting in Houston, he served as Assistant U.S. press attache in Bangkok and director of two United States Information Service branch posts in South Thailand. MAHLON EASTERLING is a senior member of the technical staff at the Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory. His work has been in telecommunications, developing ranging systems, planetary radar and telemetry sys- tems. He has published a number of papers in his field; is the co-author of one book and contributor to two others; and holds four United States patents. At present he is on leave from the JPL to serve as senior staff member with the Environmental Quality Labora- tory, where he co-authored the first EQL Report, People, Power, Pollution. 169 ROBERT FISHER is a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles, Law School where he served as senior editor of the UCLA Alaska Law Review. He served as research assistant at the Environmental Ouall!y Laboralory. DR. KENNETH HEITNER trained as a naval architect and marine engineer at the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, graduating in 1964. He received a Ph.D. degree in applied mechanics from Caltech in 1969 and then joined the Institute Earthquake Engineering Labor- atory until 1970 when he entered the Department of the Navy for a year of underwater research. Dr. Heitner joined the Environmental Quality Laboratory in early 1971 where he is involved in evaluating air pollution control techniques and in studies relating to the energy crisis in California. JAMES HENRY began working on automotive emission control technology in 1970 as an undergraduate partic- ipant in the cross-country Clean Air Car Race jointly sponsored by MIT and Caltech. Drawing on a back- grol.lnd that includes both formal engineering training at Caltech and practical auto mechanics in high school, he has been able to bring theory and hardware together in his work as a full-time staff member of the EQL- sponsored Clean Air Car Project. The project tests and evaluates automotive emission control techniques. 170 BURTON H. KLEIN is a professor of economics at Cal- tech. He was formerly head of the Economics Depart- ment at the RAND Corporation and has been consultant to numerous federal government agencies. He served as a staff member on the President's Council of Eco- nomic Advisers and as a special assistant to the Secre- tary of Defense. He is the author of Germany's Economic Preparations for War and of two new books awaiting publication. JAMES E. KRIER is professor of law at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a consultant to the Environmental Quality Laboratory. He is author of a number of articles on housing law and environmental law and of the recent book Environmental Law and Policy. Before joining the faculty at UCLA, Professor Krier practiced law in Washington, D.C. DR. DAVID MONTGOMERY is an assistant professor of economics at Caltech and a member of the Environ- mental Quality Laboratory's staff. He was a Fulbright Scholar in economics at Cambridge University and subsequently received his doctorate at Harvard Univer- sity, where his dissertation examined various possibil- ities of using economic incentivies to control air pollu- tion in an efficient manner. 171 . ABOUT THE AUTHORS LESTER LEES, director of the Environmental Quality Laboratory, is professor of aeronautics and environ- mental engineering at Caltech. He is the author of numerous papers on problems of high speed flight, especially entry of missiles and spacecraft into plan- etary atmospheres. He has also worked on the identi- fication of such objects by means of their wake signa- tures. He is a consultant to the aerospace industry and to several government agencies. In the last two years his main interests have shifted to large-scale environ- mental problems. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. MARK BRALY is administrative assistant to the director of the Environmental Quality Laboratory. He has an M .A. degree in political science and another in public policy and administration from the University of Wis- consin, Madison, where he was a Ford Foundation fellow in 196 8-7 0. Following a tour of news reporting in Houston, he served as Assistant U.S. press attache in Bangkok and director of two United States Information Service branch posts in South Thailand. MAHLON EASTERLING is a senior member of the technical staff at the Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory. His work has been in telecommunications, developing ranging systems, planetary radar and telemetry sys- tems. He has published a number of papers in his field; is the co-author of one book and contributor to two others; and holds four United States patents. At present he is on leave from the JPL to serve as senior staff member with the Environmental Quality Labora- tory, where he co-authored the first EQL Report, People, Power, Pollution. 169 ROBERT FISHER is a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles, Law School where he served as senior editor of the UCLA Alaska Law Review. He served as research assistant at the Environmental Ouall!y Laboralory. DR. KENNETH HEITNER trained as a naval architect and marine engineer at the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, graduating in 1964. He received a Ph.D. degree in applied mechanics from Caltech in 1969 and then joined the Institute Earthquake Engineering Labor- atory until 1970 when he entered the Department of the Navy for a year of underwater research. Dr. Heitner joined the Environmental Quality Laboratory in early 1971 where he is involved in evaluating air pollution control techniques and in studies relating to the energy crisis in California. JAMES HENRY began working on automotive emission control technology in 1970 as an undergraduate partic- ipant in the cross-country Clean Air Car Race jointly sponsored by MIT and Caltech. Drawing on a back- grol.lnd that includes both formal engineering training at Caltech and practical auto mechanics in high school, he has been able to bring theory and hardware together in his work as a full-time staff member of the EQL- sponsored Clean Air Car Project. The project tests and evaluates automotive emission control techniques. 170 BURTON H. KLEIN is a professor of economics at Cal- tech. He was formerly head of the Economics Depart- ment at the RAND Corporation and has been consultant to numerous federal government agencies. He served as a staff member on the President's Council of Eco- nomic Advisers and as a special assistant to the Secre- tary of Defense. He is the author of Germany's Economic Preparations for War and of two new books awaiting publication. JAMES E. KRIER is professor of law at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a consultant to the Environmental Quality Laboratory. He is author of a number of articles on housing law and environmental law and of the recent book Environmental Law and Policy. Before joining the faculty at UCLA, Professor Krier practiced law in Washington, D.C. DR. DAVID MONTGOMERY is an assistant professor of economics at Caltech and a member of the Environ- mental Quality Laboratory's staff. He was a Fulbright Scholar in economics at Cambridge University and subsequently received his doctorate at Harvard Univer- sity, where his dissertation examined various possibil- ities of using economic incentivies to control air pollu- tion in an efficient manner. 171 . ABOUT THE AUTHORS LESTER LEES, director of the Environmental Quality Laboratory, is professor of aeronautics and environ- mental engineering at Caltech. He is the author of numerous papers on problems of high speed flight, especially entry of missiles and spacecraft into plan- etary atmospheres. He has also worked on the identi- fication of such objects by means of their wake signa- tures. He is a consultant to the aerospace industry and to several government agencies. In the last two years his main interests have shifted to large-scale environ- mental problems. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. MARK BRALY is administrative assistant to the director of the Environmental Quality Laboratory. He has an M .A. degree in political science and another in public policy and administration from the University of Wis- consin, Madison, where he was a Ford Foundation fellow in 196 8-7 0. Following a tour of news reporting in Houston, he served as Assistant U.S. press attache in Bangkok and director of two United States Information Service branch posts in South Thailand. MAHLON EASTERLING is a senior member of the technical staff at the Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory. His work has been in telecommunications, developing ranging systems, planetary radar and telemetry sys- tems. He has published a number of papers in his field; is the co-author of one book and contributor to two others; and holds four United States patents. At present he is on leave from the JPL to serve as senior staff member with the Environmental Quality Labora- tory, where he co-authored the first EQL Report, People, Power, Pollution. 169 ROBERT FISHER is a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles, Law School where he served as senior editor of the UCLA Alaska Law Review. He served as research assistant at the Environmental Ouall!y Laboralory. DR. KENNETH HEITNER trained as a naval architect and marine engineer at the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, graduating in 1964. He received a Ph.D. degree in applied mechanics from Caltech in 1969 and then joined the Institute Earthquake Engineering Labor- atory until 1970 when he entered the Department of the Navy for a year of underwater research. Dr. Heitner joined the Environmental Quality Laboratory in early 1971 where he is involved in evaluating air pollution control techniques and in studies relating to the energy crisis in California. JAMES HENRY began working on automotive emission control technology in 1970 as an undergraduate partic- ipant in the cross-country Clean Air Car Race jointly sponsored by MIT and Caltech. Drawing on a back- grol.lnd that includes both formal engineering training at Caltech and practical auto mechanics in high school, he has been able to bring theory and hardware together in his work as a full-time staff member of the EQL- sponsored Clean Air Car Project. The project tests and evaluates automotive emission control techniques. 170 BURTON H. KLEIN is a professor of economics at Cal- tech. He was formerly head of the Economics Depart- ment at the RAND Corporation and has been consultant to numerous federal government agencies. He served as a staff member on the President's Council of Eco- nomic Advisers and as a special assistant to the Secre- tary of Defense. He is the author of Germany's Economic Preparations for War and of two new books awaiting publication. JAMES E. KRIER is professor of law at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a consultant to the Environmental Quality Laboratory. He is author of a number of articles on housing law and environmental law and of the recent book Environmental Law and Policy. Before joining the faculty at UCLA, Professor Krier practiced law in Washington, D.C. DR. DAVID MONTGOMERY is an assistant professor of economics at Caltech and a member of the Environ- mental Quality Laboratory's staff. He was a Fulbright Scholar in economics at Cambridge University and subsequently received his doctorate at Harvard Univer- sity, where his dissertation examined various possibil- ities of using economic incentivies to control air pollu- tion in an efficient manner. 171