27  #VET +Complexity h  x m  RPG=(R,A)   r    q  q      VD:  h  2 (r)? h  2 (r)=? R KL ={r:left  q/q  KL}  R h  2 (r)=kc RPG (r,R KL )  h  2 (r)  min  GT={a b R}, KL={r} {a,b,r} 7,8  {a b R A} 8  {a b R A B} 4  {a b R A B C} 1,13  {a b R A B C c} 9,10,11   h  2 (r 7 )=kc RPG (r 7 , r 16 )=3 r 5 r 13 r 6 r 4 r 1 r+9 r 7 r 2 r 10 r 8 r 3 r 11 r 16 r 14 r 12 r 15 28 h  2 (r 8 )=kc RPG (r 8 , r 16 )=3 h  2 (r 1 )=kc RPG (r 1 , r 16 )=2 h  2 (r 13 )=kc RPG (r 13 , r 16 )=1 h  2 (r 15 )=kc RPG (r 15 , r 16 )=  h  2 (r 10 )=kc RPG (r 10 , r 10 )=1 h  2 (r 11 )=kc RPG (r 11 , r 16 )=1 h  2 (r 14 )=kc RPG (r 14 , r 16 )=1 h  2 (r 16 )=kc RPG (r 16 , r 16 )=0 2. Suy diễn lùi   ùi: al=KL Xét f     + -  -  +  h  (r)    VD: GT={a b R} {S} 12,13,14  {a b c p}  {a b m b p}   * Cách tính h  3 (r) h  3 (r)= h  3 (left  f)=kc(GT,left)  h  3 (r)  min Kc(GT, left)=max(GT,a) a  left Ch r 13 29 Kc(GT, left)=max(b,a) b  GT VD: GT={a b R}, KL={S} {S} 12,13,14  {a b c p}  {a b m b p}   h  3 (r 12 )=kc(a b R,a h a )=  h  3 (r 13 )=kc(a b R,a a b C)= 2 h  3 (r 14 )=kc(a b R,a b c p)= 4 h  3 (r 6 )=kc(a b R,b h c )=  h  3 (r 17 )=kc(a b R,a R)= 0 h  3 (r 5 )=kc(a b R,a h c )=  h  3 (r 8 )=kc(a b R,b R)= 0  * Cách tính h  4 (r)? h  4 (r)=kc RPG (R GT , r)  h  4 (r)  min R GT ={r: left  q/left  GT} VD: GT={a b R} KL={S} {S} 12,13,14  {a b c p}  {a b m b p}   Tính h  4 (r) ta có:        q/ left  TGian} y heuristic. Ch r 13 Ch r 7 Ch r 8 (H ch các  viên) 30   h  () =  /min XACDINH (f) = {r; left  f}    XACDINH (f)  -  -  -  -  3.4. Biểu diễn TRI THỨC bằng LOGIC vị từ và SUY DIỄN  r i P 1   P 2     P n    P i           SS(UV,XZ) 2.SS(UV,XY)  SS(UV,ST)  SS(ST,XY) 3.SS(XY,UV)  SS(XZ,UV)  Thang(X,Y,Z) 4.SS(XY,UV)  Thang(X,Y,Z)  SS(UV,XZ)    SS(XY,UV)  SS(UV,XY) SS(XY,UV)  SS(VU,YX)  GT:    KL { SS (PS, BC) Control mechanisms Explicit Implici t A P Q B C I J 31 B ' 1 : TG 0 = GT THOA = {(r 1 ,  1 ), (r 1 ,  2 ), (r 1 ,  3 ), (r 1 ,  4 )}  1 = {A/X; B/Y; C/Z; P/U; Q/V}  2 = {C/X; Q/Y; P/Z; E/U; J/V}  3 =  4 =  1 ,  1 ) TG 1 = TG 0  {SS (UV, YZ),  1 } = TG 0  {SS (PQ, BC)} B ' 2 : TG 1 = THOA = {(r 1 ,  2 ), (r 1 ,  3 ), (r 1 ,  4 )   i ,  i )  tron    KL SS(IJ, BC)     -   -     32 3.5. Ứng dụng các kỹ thuật suy diễn vào xây dựng hệ chuyên gia 3.5.1. Giao  3.5.1.1.   -  -  -  -          -  -   3.5.1.   k    1. a  b  c 2. d  e  f 3. c  e  g Th là t v Làm vi ch y v ph so th tri th 33 4. d  b  h 5. m  g 6. m  a  h 7. f  h  k 8. g  c  k có:   = U{left i / r:left  q i , q i  KL} = {f c g h}    ={f/  (f,g)  FPG, g  KL}   xa = {f/      g, g  KL} TRÁI=  m ii left i  1  n } R={r 1  m } r i : left i  q i  xa ={f  TRAI\       g, g  KL}   \   TRÁI={ a b c m n f g h}   \  3.5.1.3    f      34             i : left i  q 1  r m : left m  q m  f  F   r 1 : p 1    p n  q  1  n      35  3.5.2.  +CSTT: Why  .       2) what if thêm r 3.5.2 P Ph User G D MTSD CSTT 36  -      -    nxm T  -   3.5.2.3. Why?       Rr : -  -      TR L User G D MTSD f ? f ! WHY f? CSTT . xây dựng hệ chuyên gia 3.5.1. Giao  3.5.1.1.   -  - .  -  -  -  -  3 .4. Biểu diễn TRI THỨC bằng LOGIC vị từ và SUY DIỄN. h  4 (r)? h  4 (r)=kc RPG (R GT , r)  h  4 (r)  min R GT ={r: left  q/left  GT} VD: GT={a b R} KL={S} {S} 12,13, 14  {a b c p}  {a b m b p}   Tính h  4 (r)