17 B. C Thêm    ___________________________________________________________________ Bài tập chương 2:    18 Chương 3: Các kỹ thuật suy diễn và lập luận 3.1. Nhập môn  -  nference (CT, KL, set of facts) và KQ: boolean  R: set of rule -     metaknowledge) + phân rã CSTT SD phân tán SD song song   3.2. Phân rã CSTT Fact Precedence Graph (FPG) = (F, A)  + Cung: (a,b)  A   r: left  b  R ; a  left USER  c CSTT Tình hu Kernel 19 D: 1) a  b 2) b  c 3) c  e 4) c  d 5) d  e  f 6) b  h 7) f  h  g T  F 1 = { a, b, c} R 1 = { a  b, b  c} F 2 = { e, d, f, g, h} R 2 = { d  e  f, f  h  g} R 0 = {c  e, c  d, b  h} F 0 = {b, c, d, b, h}  rã CSTT eval({F 1 , F 2 })  min - Mô hình star a b c c e d f h g R 1 R 0 F 0 R 2 R 4 R 0 R 1 R 2 R 3 20 -  -  3.3. Mô tơ suy diễn     VD: 1) a  b 2) b  c 3) c  e 4)c  d GT = {a} {a} f min {a,b} min {a,b,c} {a,b,c,d} {a} {a, b} {a, b, c} {a, b, h} {a, b, h, c} A b B c C e hed hb dc    ghf  r 1 2,6 r 2 3,4,6 r 3 r 1 r 2 r 6 (3,4,6) (3,4) 5) d  e  f 6) b  h 7) f  h  g 21   1) GT   T.Gian  T.Gian  {q} r: left  q r  thoa  T.Gian  KL   2) Nút 3) CUNG T.Gian  T.Gian T.gian = Tgian  {q} 4) Lá  Chú ý: -      C SD trên(vecan)  C  = 0(BH)      {g} {f, h} {d, e, h}  {g} {f} {h} {d} {e} {} {c} {c} {a} {b} r r 1 f r 5 r 7 r 6 r 4 r 3 {a} 22     C SDlùi  C TKsâu = 0 (B ' H ) - i mà có chu trình : * Prolog r 1 A  B  c r 2 A  C  B GT = {a, b, hc} r 3 B  C  A KL = {c} r 4 a  hc  A  r 5 b  hc  A  {c} {AB} {B}   -  -   C LÙI 0(B T H T ) 0(B L H L ) -    R R B T (GT, KL, R) B L (GT, KL, R) H T (GT, KL, R) H L (GT, KL, R) B T = max B T (GT, KL, R)  T H L - B T - B L  T VD: r 1 A r 3 A B r 1 r 5 r 4 23 1) a  b  C  c 9) a  b  c  P 2) a  b  ma  c 10) a  b  c  P 3) a  b  mb  c 11) a  b  c  m c 4) A  B  C 12) a  ha  S 5) a  hc  B 13) a  b  C  S 6) b  hc  A 14) a  b  c  P  S 7) a  R  A 15) b  S  hb 8) b  R  B 16) S  p  r F 1 = {a, b, C}  R 1 = {r 1 , r 2 } F 2 = {a, b, m a }  R 2 = {r 2 } F 3 = {a, b, m b }  R 3 = {r 3 } F 4 = {A, B}  R 4 = {r 4 } F 5 = {a, h c }  R 5 = {r 5 } F 6 = {b, h c }  R 6 = {r 6 } F 7 = {a, R}  R 7 = {r 7 } F 8 = {b,R}  R 8 = {r 8 } F 9 = {a, b, c, p}  R 9 = {r 9 , r 10 , r 11 , r 14 } F 10 = {a, h a }  R 10 = {r 12 } F 11 = {b, S}  R 11 = {r 15 } F 12 = {S, p}  R 12 = {r 16 }  B m T = max (2, 1, 4) = 4 _ T B = 12 16 = 1,33 24  L  C có 1 B có 2 B L max = 3 A có 2 _ L B = 10 16 = 1,6 P có 1 p có 1 m c có 1 S có 3 h b có 1 r có 1 ta Knowlegde) 1. If B T > B L Lùi 2. If B T > B L  3. If B T = B L     - Rule Conflict) 1. Suy diễn tiến      q/ left  TGian}   1  k  - Khi # THOA  2     25 :  (max, min)     h )   hàm _ h (r) (heurestic)  Max/ min (extremum)  - # VET   -   min VD: (*) Gt = {a, b, R}, Kl = {p} {a, b, R} {a, b, R, A} {a b R A B} {a bR AB} {a b RABCc} VET = {r 7 , r 8 , r 4 , r 1 , r 9 , r 10 , r 11 } A B C c P   Nên theo CS Min VET = {r 7 , r 8 , r 4 , r 1 , r 9 , r 10 , r 11 } (2) CS Max VET = {r 8 , r 7 , r 4 , r 13 , r 11 } (1) FIFO VET = {r 7 r 8 r 4 r 11 r 13 r 9 r 10 r 11 } (3) LIFO VET = {r 8 r 7 r 4 r 13 r 15 r 1 r 9 r 10 r 11 } (4)  {a, b, R}  7,8 CS min r 4 r min  r 7 8 r 8 1,13 r 1 13,9,10,11 7,8 r 7 r 8 4 r 4 1,13 26   Vd (*) h  1 (r) = h  1 (r: left  q) = UL (a, K, L) = kc FPG (a, KL)  h  1 (r)  min NXét: 1) f g FPG thì   g, f  left) f     {a,b,r} 7,8  {a b R A} 8  {a b R A B} 4  {a b R A B C} 1,13   h  1 (r 7 )=kc(A,p)=3 h  1 (r 8 )=kc(B,p)=3 h  1 (r 1 )=kc(c,p)=1 h  1 (r 13 )=kc(s,p)=  h  1 (r 9 )=kc(P,p)=  h  1 (r 10 )=kc(m c ,p)=  h  1 (r 11 )=kc(p,p)=0 Ch r 1 Ch r 11 h c R A B C a b m a c m b m c P p h a S h b r .   T.Gian  T.Gian  {q} r: left  q r  thoa  T.Gian  KL   2) Nút 3) CUNG T.Gian  T.Gian T.gian = Tgian  {q} 4) Lá.  - B T - B L  T VD: r 1 A r 3 A B r 1 r 5 r 4 23 1) a  b  C  c 9) a  b  c  P 2) a  b  ma  c 10) a  b  c  P 3) a  b  mb.  -  3. 3. Mô tơ suy diễn     VD: 1) a  b 2) b  c 3) c  e 4)c