GIS and Evidence-Based Policy Making ß 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. INN O VAT I O N S IN G I S S ERIE S EDIT O R S Ja n e D r u mmon d U niversity of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotlan d Bruce G ittings U niversity of E d inburgh, E d inburgh, Scotlan d Elsa J o ão U niversity of Strathcly d e, Glasgow, Scotlan d GIS for Environmental Decision-Makin g E dited by Andrew Lovett and Katy Appleto n GI S and Evidence-Based Policy Makin g Ed ite d by Step h en Wise an d Max Cra gl ia Dynamic and Mobile GI S : Investi g atin g Chan g es in S pace and Time Ed ite d by Jane Drummon d , Ro l an d Bi ll en, E l sa João, an d Davi d Forres t ß 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. GIS and Evidence-Based Policy Making Edited by Stephen Wise Max Craglia INNOVATIONS IN GIS CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Boca Raton London New York ß 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-8583-4 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the conse- quences of their use. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data GIS and evidence-based policy making / editors Stephen Wise and Max Craglia. p. cm. (Innovation in GIS) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8493-8583-4 (alk. paper) 1. Geographic information systems Government policy. 2. Geospatial data. 3. Information storage and retrieval systems Geography Government policy. I. Wise, Stephen. II. Craglia, Massimo. III. Title. IV. Series. G70.212.W57 2008 910.285 dc22 2007029937 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com ß 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Contents Prefac e Editor s Cont ributors GISRU K Com mittees an d Sponsors Part I C ollecting E vidence Section I Data Issues 1. National Spatial Data Infrastructure Phenomeno n Ian Masser 2 . Urban Neighborhood Pattern Recognition Using High Spatial Resolution Remotely Sensed Data and Point-Based GIS Data Sources Victor Mesev and Paul McKe nzie 3. Geodemogr aph ics Richard Webber Se ction I I M eth odo log i cal A dv an ces 4. Routing o ut the Hot Spots: Toward Us ing GIS and C rime-Place Principles to Examine Crim inal Damage to Bus S helters Andrew Newton 5. Policy Implications of Pockets of Deprivation in Sc otland Daniel Exeter, Robin Flowerdew, and Paul Boyle 6. Crime Map A nalyst: A GIS to Support Local-Area Crime Reduction Paul Brindley, Max Craglia, Robert P. Haining, and Young-Hoon Kim ß 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. 7. Using GIS to Identify Social V ulnerability in Areas of the United K ingdom That Are at R isk from Flooding Tom Kieron Whittington 8. Pattern Identification in Public Health Data Sets: The P otential Offered by Graph Theory Peter A. Bath, Cheryl Craigs, Ravi Maheswaran, John Raymond, and Peter Willett 9. Residential P roperty Utilization: Monitoring the Governm ent Intensification Agenda Peter Bibby Part II Maki ng Pol icy Section I Engaging with Polic y-Makers 10. A pplication o f GIS to Support Land Administration S ervices in Ghana Isaac Karikari, John Stillwell, and Steve Carver 11. S patial Methodologies to S upport Postwar Rec onstruction Sultan Z. Barakat, Adrijana Car, and Peter J. Halls 12. M alta NPI P roject: Developing a Fully Accessible I nformation System Malcolm Borg and Saviour Formosa 1 3. A GIS-Base d Me t ho do lo gy to Su pp ort t he Development of L ocal Rec ycling Strategies Andrew Lovett, Julian Parfitt, and Gilla Su ¨ nnenberg 14. C omparison o f Discrete-Choic e Modeling and A ccessibility-Based Approaches: A Forest Rec reation Study Mette Termansen, Colin J. McClean, and Hans Skov-Petersen Section II Engag ing with the Public 15. E ngagin g C itizens: The B radford C ommunity Statistics Project Derek Reeve, Erik Thomasson, Steve Scott, and Ludi Simpson ß 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. 16. Public -Oriented Interactive Environmental Decision Support S ystem Tan Yigitcanlar 17. Public Participation in the Digita l A ge: A Theor etical Approa ch Robin S. Smith ß 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ß 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Preface In 1993, the first of the GIS Research U.K. (GISRUK) conferences was held at the University of Keele. Before that, U.K. GIS conferences had been very broad-based, bringing together the entire spectrum of people who created and used spatial data and the software to process the data. While such conferences were very valuable, it was felt that there was also a need for an academic conference wh ere the focus would be purely on research. It was clear from the very first Keele meeting that the GISRUK conference series was fulfilling a useful function in bringing together researchers from all the different disciplines that contribute to geographic information science (GISc) in an informal but stimulating atmosphere. The Sheffield GISRUK conference in 2002 was the 10th anniversary of the conference series, and thus represented a chance to look back at the first 10 years and look forward to the future. GISRUK can be proud of its achievements in the first 10 years of its existence. Attendance at the conferences has grown and become more international. One of the original aims was to make GISRUK a forum in which young researchers could be encouraged and welcomed, and this has grown to become one of the most distin ctive features of the conferences. Every year there is a young researchers’ forum, which takes place immedi- ately before the main conference and allows those starting out on research careers in GIS to meet each other and share their experiences and to receive advice and feedback from experienced researchers. There is a special prize for the best paper presented by a young researcher. The success of this approach to inducting newcomers into the GIS research community can be judged by the fact that a previous winner of this prize is now a member of the national steering committee. One of the inte resting things about GISRUK is that there is no formal association behind the conference series. A national steering committ ee exists, to provide some continuity from year to year, but each conference is effectively autonomous and the local organizing committees have the freedom to run things as they see fit. Durin g the Sheffield conference, one of the invited speake rs, Professor Ian Masser, made the suggestion that GISRUK might seek to take on the role of representing the views of the U.K. GIS research community more widely in the way that AGILE does within Europe. This generated a lively discussion both during and after the con- ference session, which is after all what you want from a keynote talk! It was decided that in order to take on this role, GISRUK would have to constitute itself more formally because presently the steering committee is unelected ß 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. and thus has no mandate to represent anyone. The conse nsus was that this was not the way people wished to see GISRUK develop, not least because it was felt that the Association of Geographic Information (AGI) is already constituted in a way that allows it to represent the views of its members, including academics. However, one of the res ults of the discussions was an agreement to forge closer links between the AGI and GISRUK. One of the main outputs of the GISRUK conferences has been the annual Innovations in GIS volume. In keeping with the spirit of review, this volume represents something of a change compared with previous volumes. Early volumes in the series presented a selection of the best papers from each conference, covering the full range of GIS. However, more recently the trend has been to produce a volume more focused on one of the main themes of the conference. In this volume we have extended this process. The bulk of the papers collected here are full versions of papers that were presented at Sheffield in 2002. However, in order to produce a book that is a more comprehensive review of the state of the art of research into evidence-based policy making, we have also invited additional contributions from leading researchers in this area. The papers in the first half of the book are concerned with collection of the evidence that underpins policy making. This has been split into two sections—the collection of data and the methods for analyzing the data to produce new information. Ian Masser sets the scene with the first paper in this section by stressing the importance of location as a key factor in policy making at the national level. One of the implications of this is that spatial databases need to be compiled and made available at the national level. As Ian demonstrates, the ways in which this issue has been tackled vary widely between countries, with the variations dictated as much by differences in the approach to national government as by differences in the availability of data. One general pattern that does emerge, however, is a distinct difference between the earlier initiatives in this area, which were dominated by the efforts of data producers to complete or extend their data holdings, to current initiatives that are lead by a wid er range of stakeholders and are more focused on providing users with access to data, and connecting distributed data repositories. The increasing availability of data is partly due simply to the passage of time, with various data capture projects increasingly turning a paper ar- chive into a digital one. Moreover, it is also due to technological advances, both in sources of data and in methods for analyzing these sources. Nowhere is this more true than in the area of Earth observation. The resolution of early remote sensing satellites (in the civilian domain at least) meant that while it was possible to distinguish the built from the natural environment, it was not possible to resolve the detailed variation within the built environment. However, recent satellite platforms have changed that and it is now possible to resolve individual buildings and plots of land on satellite imagery. The challenge is to automate the recogni- tion of the individual features and to try and make inferences about land ß 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. [...]... 1. 4 .1 Key Features of the First Generation NSDIs 8 1. 5 From the First to the Second Generation of NSDIs 10 1. 6 Toward a Hierarchy of SDIs 12 1. 7 Discussion 14 1. 7 .1 How Long Will It Take to Create an Effective NSDI? 14 1. 7.2 How Much Will NSDIs Cost and Who Is Going to Pay for Them? 15 1. 7.3 What Is the Connection between NSDI and eGovernment? 16 1. 7.4... and the Netherlands (National Council for Real Estate Information in 19 84) is its emphasis on the need for coordination between the different levels of government In TABLE 1. 1 Some NSDI Milestones 19 86 19 90 19 93 19 94 19 97 19 98 19 98–2000 2002 Australian Land Information Council set up to coordinate the collection and transfer of land-related information between the different levels of government U.S... Part II contains five chapters discussing the relationships between GIS technology and methods and policy making in public administration from different perspectives Chapter 10 by Isaac Karikari, John Stillwell, and Steve Carver emphasizes that the implementation of GIS= LIS is not just a technical issue, but primarily involves people, organizations, and adaptation of the technology and working practices... for 10 years, during which time he chaired the group that negotiated access to ESRI software for the U.K higher education sector and was part of the ESRC-funded Wales and South-West Regional Research Laboratory Since 19 90 he has lectured in GIS at the University of Sheffield and is the author of a textbook on GIS entitled GIS Basics He is currently a member of the GISRUK national steering committee and. .. participation The development of Maps and Stats is another good example of partnership between the local authority, the university, and a not-for-profit community research center, and a model for others to follow Chapter 16 , by Tan Yigitcanlar, reviews the mix of technologies and methods currently available to support public involvement and participation The community-based Internet GIS he presents encompasses... administration, and to develop a culture of data sharing This is a major challenge that applies to public administration throughout the world and certainly not just to Malta While the previous three chapters emphasized the organizational and cultural challenges of implementing GIS- based projects in public adminis¨ tration, Andrew Lovett, Julian Parfitt, and Gilla Sunnenberg in Chapter 13 show the opportunities... coordinate the collection and transfer of land-related information between the different levels of government and to promote the use of that information in decision making (ANZLIC, 19 92, p 1) The feature that distinguishes this body from similar bodies set up by other governments around this time in France (Conseil National de l’Information Geographique in 19 85) and the Netherlands (National Council for... opportunities for policy making that arise from the development of long-term partnerships between university-based researchers and local administrations This chapter presents an interesting application of GIS to assess the likely impacts of different refuse collections and recycling strategies needed to meet government targets The case-study area is South Norfolk County, which has a well-maintained waste... considers the broader implications of using GIS to provide evidence for policy making Peter considers the U.K government’s policy of keeping new housing development away from greenfield sites, by intensifying urban areas, using brownfield sites, and converting existing buildings The implementation and monitoring of this policy are relatively straightforward using standard GIS techniques—for example, overlaying... Commission, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy Cheryl Craigs Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, United Kingdom Daniel Exeter Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Robin Flowerdew School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom ß 2007 . of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number -1 3 : 97 8-0 -8 49 3-8 58 3-4 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded. or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data GIS and evidence-based policy making. Scotlan d GIS for Environmental Decision-Makin g E dited by Andrew Lovett and Katy Appleto n GI S and Evidence-Based Policy Makin g Ed ite d by Step h en Wise an d Max Cra gl ia Dynamic and Mobile