ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Preface The first edition of the Steel Heat Treatment Handbook was initially released in 1997. The objective of that book was to provide the reader with well-referenced information on the subjects covered with sufficient depth and breadth to serve as either an advanced under- graduate or graduate level text on heat treatment or as a continuing handbook reference for the designer or practicing engineer. However, since the initial release of the first edition of the Steel Heat Treatment Handbook, there have been various advancements in the field that needed to be addressed to assure up-to-date coverage of the topic. This text, Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies, is part of a revision of the earlier text. Some of the chapters in this text are updated revisions of the earlier book and others are completely new chapters or revisions. These chapters include: Chapter 1. Steel Nomenclature (Revision) Chapter 2. Classification and Mechanisms of Steel Transformations (New Chapter) Chapter 3. Fundamental Concepts in Steel Heat Treatment (Minor Revisions) Chapter 4. Effects of Alloying Elements on the Heat Treatment of Steel (Minor Revisions) Chapter 5. Hardenability (Minor Revisions) Chapter 6. Steel Heat Treatment (Minor Revisions) Chapter 7. Heat Treatment with Gaseous Atmospheres (Revision) Chapter 8. Nitriding Techniques, Ferritic Nitrocarburizing, and Austenitic Nitrocarburiz- ing Techniques and Methods (Revision) Chapter 9. Quenching and Quenching Technology (Revision) Chapter 10. Distortion of Heat-Treat ed Components (New Chapter) Chapter 11. Tool Steels (New Chapter) Chapter 12. Stainless Steel Heat Treatm ent (New Chapter) Chapter 13. Heat Treatment of Powder Metallurgy Steel Components (New Chapter) Approximately a third of the book is new and a third of the book is significantly revised versus the first edition of the Steel Heat Treatment Handbook. This new text is current with respect to heat treatment technology at this point at the beginning of the 21st century and is considerably broader in coverage but with the same depth and thoroughness that character- ized the first edition. Unfortunately, my close friend, colleague and mentor, Dr. Maurice A.H. Howes, who helped to bring the first edition of Steel Heat Treatment Handbook into fruition was unable to assist in the preparation of this second edition. However, I have endeavored to keep the same consistency and rigor of coverage as well as be true to the original vision that we had for this text as a way of serving the heat treatment industry so that this book will be a value resource to the reader in the future. George E. Totten, Ph.D., FASM Portland State University Portland, Oregon ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. 1 Steel Nomenclature Anil Kumar Sinha, Chengjian Wu, and Guoquan Liu CONTENTS 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Effects of Alloying Elements 2 1.2.1 Carbon 3 1.2.2 Manganese 3 1.2.3 Silicon 4 1.2.4 Phosphorus 4 1.2.5 Sulfur 4 1.2.6 Aluminum 5 1.2.7 Nitrogen 5 1.2.8 Chromium 5 1.2.9 Nickel 5 1.2.10 Molybdenum 5 1.2.11 Tungsten 6 1.2.12 Vanadium 6 1.2.13 Niobium and Tantalum 6 1.2.14 Titanium 6 1.2.15 Rare Earth Metals 7 1.2.16 Cobalt 7 1.2.17 Copper 7 1.2.18 Boron 7 1.2.19 Zirconium 8 1.2.20 Lead 8 1.2.21 Tin 8 1.2.22 Antimony 8 1.2.23 Calcium 8 1.3 Classification of Steels 8 1.3.1 Types of Steels Based on Deoxidation Practice 9 1.3.1.1 Killed Steels 9 1.3.1.2 Semikilled Steels 10 1.3.1.3 Rimmed Steels 10 1.3.1.4 Capped Steels 11 1.3.2 Quality Descriptors and Classifications 11 1.3.3 Classification of Steel Based on Chemical Composition 13 1.3.3.1 Carbon and Carbon–Manganese Steels 13 1.3.3.2 Low-Alloy Steels 17 1.3.3.3 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels 24 1.3.3.4 Tool Steels 27 1.3.3.5 Stainless Steels 33 ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. TABLE 1.1 Quality Descriptions a of Carbon and Alloy Steels Carbon Steels Alloy Steels Semifinished for forging Hot-rolled sheets Mill products Alloy steel plates Forging quality Special hardenability Special internal soundness Nonmetallic inclusion requirement Special surface Carbon steel structural sections Structural quality Carbon steel plates Regular quality Structural quality Cold-drawing quality Cold-pressing quality Cold-flanging quality Forging quality Pressure vessel quality Hot-rolled carbon steel bars Merchant quality Special quality Special hardenability Special internal soundness Nonmetallic inclusion requirement Special surface Scrapless nut quality Axle shaft quality Cold extrusion quality Cold-heading and cold- forging quality Cold-finished carbon steel bars Standard quality Special hardenability Special internal soundness Nonmetallic inclusion requirement Special surface Cold-heading and cold- forging quality Cold extrusion quality Commercial quality Drawing quality Drawing quality special killed Structural quality Cold-rolled sheets Commercial quality Drawing quality Drawing quality special killed Structural quality Porcelain enameling sheets Commercial quality Drawing quality Drawing quality special killed Long terne sheets Commercial quality Drawing quality Drawing quality special killed Structural quality Galvanized sheets Commercial quality Drawing quality Drawing quality special killed Lock-forming quality Electrolytic zinc coated sheets Commercial quality Drawing quality Drawing quality special killed Structural quality Hot-rolled strip Commercial quality Drawing quality Drawing quality special killed Structural quality Cold-rolled strip Specific quality descriptions are not Specific quality descriptions are not applicable to tin mill products Carbon steel wire Industrial quality wire Cold extrusion wires Heading, forging, and roll-threading wires Mechanical spring wires Upholstery spring construction wires Welding wire Carbon steel flut wire Stitching wire Stapling wire Carbon steel pipe Structural tubing Line pipe Oil country tubular goods Steel specialty tubular products Pressure tubing Mechanical tubing Aircraft tubing Hot-rolled carbon steel wire rods Industrial quality Rods for manufacture of wire intended for electric welded chain Rods for heading, forging, and roll- threading wire Rods for lock washer wire Rods for scrapless nut wire Rods for upholstery spring wire Rods for welding wire Drawing quality Pressure vessel quality Structural quality Aircraft physical quality Hot-rolled alloy steel bars Regular quality Aircraft quality or steel subject to magnetic particle inspection Axle shaft quality Bearing quality Cold-heading quality Special cold-heading quality Rifle barrel quality, gun quality, shell or A.P. shot quality Alloy steel wire Aircraft quality Bearing quality Special surface quality Cold-finished alloy steel bars Regular quality Aircraft quality or steel subject to magnetic particle inspection Axle shaft quality Bearing shaft quality Cold-heading quality Special cold-heading quality Rifle barrel quality, gun quality, shell or A.P. shot quality Line pipe Oil country tubular goods Steel specialty tubular goods Pressure tubing Mechanical tubing Stainless and heat- resisting pipe, pressure ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. TABLE 1.2 SAE-AISI Designation System for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Numerals and Digits Type of Steel and Nominal Alloy Content (%) Numerals and Digits Type of Steel and Nominal Alloy Content (%) Numerals and Digits Type of Steel and Nominal Alloy Content (%) Carbon steels Nickel–chromium–molybdenum steels Chromium (bearing) steels 10xx a Plain carbon (Mn 1.00 max) 11xx Resulfurized 12xx Resulfurized and rephosphorized 15xx Plain carbon (max Mn range: 1.00–1.65) Manganese steels 13xx Mn 1.75 Nickel steels 23xx Ni 3.50 25xx Ni 5.00 Nickel–chromium steels 31xx Ni 1.25; Cr 0.65 and 0.80 32xx Ni 1.75; Cr 1.07 33xx Ni 3.50; Cr 1.50 and 1.57 34xx Ni 3.00; Cr 0.77 Molybdenum steels 40xx Mo 0.20 and 0.25 44xx Mo 0.40 and 0.52 Chromium–molybdenum steels 41xx Cr 0.50, 0.80, and 0.95; Mo 0.12, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 43xx Ni 1.82; Cr 0.50 and 0.80; Mo 0.25 43BVxx Ni 1.82; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.12 and 0.25; V 0.03 min 47xx Ni 1.05; Cr 0.45; Mo 0.20 and 0.35 81xx Ni 0.30; Cr 0.40; Mo 0.12 86xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.20 87xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.25 88xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.35 93xx Ni 3.25; Cr 1.20; Mo 0.12 94xx Ni 0.45; Cr 0.40; Mo 0.12 97xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.20; Mo 0.20 98xx Ni 1.00; Cr 0.80; Mo 0.25 Nickel–molybdenum steels 46xx Ni 0.85 and 1.82; Mo 0.20 and 0.25 48xx Ni 3.50; Mo 0.25 Chromium steels 50xx Cr 0.27, 0.40, 0.50, and 0.65 51xx Cr 0.80, 0.87, 0.92, 0.95, 1.00, and 1.05 50xxx Cr 0.50 51xxx Cr 1.02 min C 1.00 52xxx Cr 1.45 Chromium–vanadium steels 61xx Cr 0.60, 0.80, and 0.95; V 0.10 and 0.15 min Tungsten–chromium steel 72xx W 1.75; Cr 0.75 Silicon–manganese steels 92xx Si 1.40 and 2.00; Mn 0.65, 0.82, and 0.85; Cr 0 and 0.65 High-strength low-alloy steels 9xx Various SAE grades Boron steels xxBxx B denotes boron steel Leaded steels xxLxx L denotes leaded steel a The xx in the last two digits of these designations indicates that the carbon content (in hundredths of a percent) is to be inserted. Source: From Courtesy of ASM International, Materials Park, OH. With permission. ) 14 Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. TABLE 1.3 Standard Carbon Steel Compositions with SAE-AISI and Corresponding UNS Designations Plain Carbon Steel (Nonresulfurized, 1.0% Mn Max) a UNS SAE-AISI Cast or Heat Chemical Ranges and Limits (%) a Number Number C Mn P max S max G10060 1006 0.08 max 0.45 max 0.040 0.050 G10080 1008 0.10 max 0.50 max 0.040 0.050 G10090 1009 0.15 max 0.60 max 0.040 0.050 G10100 1010 0.08–0.13 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.050 G10120 1012 0.10–0.15 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.050 G10150 1015 0.12–0.18 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.050 G10160 1016 0.12–0.18 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10170 1017 0.14–0.20 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.050 G10180 1018 0.14–0.20 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10190 1019 0.14–0.20 0.70–1.00 0.040 0.050 G10200 1020 0.17–0.23 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.050 G10210 1021 0.17–0.23 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10220 1022 0.17–0.23 0.70–1.00 0.040 0.050 G10230 1023 0.19–0.25 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.050 G10250 1025 0.22–0.28 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.050 G10260 1026 0.22–0.28 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10300 1030 0.27–0.34 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10330 1033 0.29–0.36 0.70–1.00 0.040 0.050 G10350 1035 0.31–0.38 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10370 1037 0.31–0.38 0.70–1.00 0.040 0.050 G10380 1038 0.34–0.42 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10390 1039 0.36–0.44 0.70–1.00 0.040 0.050 G10400 1040 0.36–0.44 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10420 1042 0.39–0.47 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10430 1043 0.39–0.47 0.70–1.00 0.040 0.050 G10450 1045 0.42–0.50 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10490 1049 0.45–0.53 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10500 1050 0.47–0.55 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10550 1055 0.52–0.60 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10600 1060 0.55–0.66 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10640 1064 0.59–0.70 0.50–0.80 0.040 0.050 G10650 1065 0.59–0.70 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10700 1070 0.65–0.76 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10740 1074 0.69–0.80 0.50–0.80 0.040 0.050 G10750 1075 0.69–0.80 0.40–0.70 0.040 0.050 G10780 1078 0.72–0.86 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.050 G10800 1080 0.74–0.88 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10840 1084 0.80–0.94 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10850 1085 0.80–0.94 0.70–1.00 0.040 0.050 G10860 1086 0.80–0.94 0.30–0.50 0.040 0.050 G10900 1090 0.84–0.98 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G10950 1095 0.90–1.04 0.30–0.50 0.040 0.050 Continued ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. TABLE 1.3 (Continued) Standard Carbon Steel Compositions with SAE-AISI and Corresponding UNS Designations Free-Cutting (Resulfurized) Carbon Steel Compositions a UNS SAE-AISI Cast or Heat Chemical Ranges and Limits (%) Number Number C Mn P max S G11080 1108 0.08–0.13 0.50–0.80 0.040 0.08–0.13 G11100 1110 0.08–0.13 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.08–0.13 G11170 1117 0.14–0.20 1.00–1.30 0.040 0.08–0.13 G11180 1118 0.14–0.20 1.30–1.60 0.040 0.08–0.13 G11370 1137 0.32–0.39 1.35–1.65 0.040 0.08–0.13 G11390 1139 0.35–0.43 1.35–1.65 0.040 0.13–0.20 G11400 1140 0.37–0.44 0.70–1.00 0.040 0.08–0.13 G11410 1141 0.37–0.45 1.35–1.65 0.040 0.08–0.13 G11440 1144 0.40–0.48 1.35–1.65 0.040 0.24–0.33 G11460 1146 0.42–0.49 0.70–1.00 0.040 0.08–0.13 G11S10 1151 0.48–0.55 0.70–1.00 0.040 0.08–0.13 Standard Resulfurized and Rephosphorized Carbon Steels a UNS SAE-AISI Cast or Heat Chemical Ranges and Limits, %(a) Number Number C max Mn P S Pb Gl2110 1211 0.13 0.60–0.90 0.07–0.12 0.10–0.15 — G12120 1212 0.13 0.70–1.00 0.07–0.12 0.16–0.23 — G12130 1213 0.13 0.70–1.00 0.07–0.12 0.24–0.33 — G12150 1215 0.09 0.75–1.05 0.04–0.09 0.26–0.35 — G12144 12L14 b 0.15 0.85–1.15 0.04–0.09 0.26–0.35 0.15–0.35 Standard Nonresulfurized Carbon Steels (Over 1.0% Manganese) UNS SAE-AISI Cast or Heat Chemical Ranges and Limits, % Number Number C Mn P max S max G15130 1513 0.10–0.16 1.10–1.40 0.040 0.050 G15220 1522 0.18–0.24 1.10–1.40 0.040 0.050 G15240 1524 0.19–0.25 1.35–1.65 0.040 0.050 G15260 1526 0.22–0.29 1.10–1.40 0.040 0.050 G15270 1527 0.22–0.29 1.20–1.50 0.040 0.050 G15360 1536 0.30–0.37 1.20–1.50 0.040 0.050 G15410 1541 0.36–0.44 1.35–1.65 0.040 0.050 G15480 1548 0.44–0.52 1.10–1.40 0.040 0.050 G15510 1551 0.45–0.56 0.85–1.15 0.040 0.050 G15520 1552 0.47–0.55 1.20–1.50 0.040 0.050 G15610 1561 0.55–0.65 0.75–1.05 0.040 0.050 G15660 1566 0.60–0.71 0.85–1.15 0.040 0.050 Applicable to semifinished products for forging, hot-rolled and cold-finished bars, wire rods, and seamless tubing. a It is not common practice to produce the 12xx series of steels to specified limits for silicon because of its adverse effect on machinability. b Contains 0.15–0.35% lead; other steels listed here can be produced with similar amounts of lead. Source:FromNumbering System, Chemical Composition, 1993 SAE Handbook, Vol. 1, Materials Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, pp. 1.01–1.189. ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. . 0.040 0.08–0 .13 G1 11 80 11 18 0 .14 –0.20 1. 30 1. 60 0.040 0.08–0 .13 G1 13 70 11 37 0.32–0.39 1. 35 1. 65 0.040 0.08–0 .13 G1 13 90 11 39 0.35–0.43 1. 35 1. 65 0.040 0 .13 –0.20 G1 14 00 11 40 0.37–0.44 0.70 1. 00 0.040. 0.040 0.08–0 .13 G1 14 10 11 41 0.37–0.45 1. 35 1. 65 0.040 0.08–0 .13 G1 14 40 11 44 0.40–0.48 1. 35 1. 65 0.040 0.24–0.33 G1 14 60 11 46 0.42–0.49 0.70 1. 00 0.040 0.08–0 .13 G1 1S10 11 51 0.48–0.55 0.70 1. 00 0.040. 0.050 G1 015 0 10 15 0 .12 –0 .18 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.050 G1 016 0 10 16 0 .12 –0 .18 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G1 017 0 10 17 0 .14 –0.20 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.050 G1 018 0 10 18 0 .14 –0.20 0.60–0.90 0.040 0.050 G1 019 0 10 19 0 .14 –0.20