aluminum alloys, and stainless steels. Figure 14.38 shows the sizes and dimensions of standard clamp-collars, and Fig. 14.39 shows the data for the internally threaded clamp-collar series. Split-collars and threaded split-collars are also available and used widely in machine design. The data for these types of clamping collars are shown in Figs. 14.40 and 14.41. Note: Figures 14.37 through 14.41 were extracted from the Ruland catalog of collars and couplings (Ruland Manufacturing Company, Inc., Watertown, MA 02172). 14.7 Machinery Bushings, Shims, and Arbor Spacers 14.7.1 Machinery bushings Machinery bushings are a special form of flat washer commonly made of low-carbon mild steel. They are used as spacers between gears, pulleys, and sprockets and as filler spacers for parts mounted on shafts. These bushings are manufactured in the following gauges and diameters: ■ 18 gauge, 0.048 in ■ 14 gauge, 0.075 in ■ 10 gauge, 0.134 in ■ 3 ⁄16 in, 0.1875 in Inside diameters range from 0.500 through 3.00 in. 14.7.2 Steel shims Steel shims are thin steel rings with a plain center hole that are used for building up gears and bearings and to provide proper clearance between mating parts. Figure 14.42 lists the sizes and thicknesses normally available for steel shims. 14.7.3 Steel arbor spacers Steel arbor spacers are thin steel rings with a keyway center hole that are used for accurately spacing milling cutters, slitter knives, and gang saws on keyway arbors. Steel shims and steel arbor spacers are made of AISI 1010, fully hardened, cold-rolled low-carbon steel. Figure 14.42 also lists the sizes and thicknesses of steel arbor spacers. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 909 Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 909 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 910 Chapter Fourteen Figure 14.38 Clamp-collars. (Ruland, Inc.) Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 910 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 14.8 Specialty Fasteners The specialty fastener component lines available today are great in numbers and types. This section will detail only those specialty fas- teners which have become common and which are used widely in new product design and manufacturing. A partial listing of some of the common specialty fasteners would include ■ Acorn nuts ■ Floating nuts Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 911 Figure 14.39 Threaded clamp-collars. (Ruland, Inc.) Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 911 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 912 Chapter Fourteen Figure 14.40 Split-collars. (Ruland, Inc.) Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 912 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware ■ Plastic bolts ■ Split lock nuts ■ SEMs ■ Weld nuts ■ Various plastic washers ■ Sealing washers ■ T-slot nuts and bolts ■ Push nuts (pal nuts) Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 913 Figure 14.41 Split threaded clamp-collars. (Ruland, Inc.) Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 913 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 914 Figure 14.42 Steel shims and arbor spacers. Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 914 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware ■ Various types of weld studs ■ Sheet metal nuts ■ Nylok bolts ■ Flanged “whiz” bolts ■ Turnbuckles 14.8.1 Specialty fasteners in common use Figure 14.43 shows the different types of SEMs (screw and captive washer assemblies) available today. Note that on the SEM, the screw is either thread-forming or thread-tapping. This makes this class of fastener useful and economical in rapid-assembly applications such as automotive equipment manufacturing. SEMs are specified in ANSI Standard ANSI/ASME B18.13. Figure 14.44 shows some of the widely used Tinnerman types of speed nuts, which are made of high-carbon, spring-tempered steel. These types of speed nuts are produced in sizes from 6-32 through 5 ⁄16-18 or larger in special cases. The Tinnerman type U and J nuts are used widely to fasten sheet metal screw covers onto sheet metal enclosures. The flat and round types are used on through-bolt sheet metal applications, such as automotive equipment and electronic chassis work. These are economical, efficient fasteners whose appli- cations are limitless. Another specialty type of fastener that is used widely is the swage nut. The swage nut is produced in several different styles, one of which is shown in Fig. 14.45a. The swage nut is extremely useful in applications where the thread cannot be produced efficiently or effec- tively in a parent metal that must be fastened to another part. Swage nuts are used in switch-gear equipment where copper bus bars are fastened together, and it is not practical to tap the soft copper bars for bolting. These nuts are also used on thin sheet metal parts where a strong joint is required, and not enough material thickness is avail- able for tapping the sheet metal. The swage nut normally is made from carbon steel with zinc or cadmium plating, stainless steels, and aluminum alloys. Figure 14.45a shows a typical PEM-type nut. The Rivnut and Plusnut, which are produced by B. F. Goodrich Company, are shown in Fig. 14.45b and c. These types of “blind” fasteners have countless applications in industry and are also pro- duced with sealed ends for liquid-proofing applications. The Rivnut is used widely in the aerospace industry. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 915 Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 915 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 14.8.2 Electroplating fasteners High-quality fasteners such as the Unbrako series of socket-head cap screws and shoulder bolts, which use the UNR thread profile, may be precision plated according to Table 14.2. Other types of fas- teners also may use the plating specifications shown in Table 14.2. Figure 14.43 Types of SEMs. (Text continued on page 922.) 916 Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 916 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 917 Figure 14.44 Tinnerman speed nuts. Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 917 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 918 Chapter Fourteen Figure 14.44 (Continued) Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 918 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware [...]... Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:01 PM Page 925 Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 925 Figure 14. 48 MIG-welded assembly Figure 14. 49 TIG-welded... single-V and double-V joints Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:01 PM Page 935 Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 935 Figure 14. 56 Basic weld-joint... Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:01 PM Page 939 Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 939 Figure 14. 59 A welder grinding and smoothing the edges...Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 919 Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware Figure 14. 45 919 (a) Clinch or swage nut (b) Rivnut installation (c) Installed Plusnut Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject... specified on an American standard engineering drawing, it should conform to certain characteristics, which are shown in Fig 14. 54 In this way, uniformity and complete understanding are maintained between the welder and the design engineer Typical welding drawing call-outs Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies... dichromate Supplementary phosphate Nickel strike Clear postplate dip QQ-P-416 type II except color AMS 2410, AMS 2411 AMS 2485, Mil-C-13924 AMS 2403 AMS 2418 AMS 2408, Mil-T-10727, type I AMS 2481, DOD-P-16232 AMS 2480, DOD-P-16232 AMS 2400 and QQ-P-416, type I QQ-P-416, type II QQ-P-416, type II ASTM B633, type III ASTM B633, type II ASTM B633, type II ASTM B633, type IV Typical specifications 4:00 PM Dull... science, and a good welder needs a great deal of practice and experience Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:01 PM Page 924 Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 924 Chapter Fourteen Figure 14. 47... are required wherein the molten metal can Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:01 PM Page 940 Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 940 Chapter Fourteen Figure 14. 60 Laser-cut steel parts be... required to carry electric currents Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:01 PM Page 943 Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 943 Figure 14. 62... melting rate Direct current is particularly suitable for thinsection welding and is preferred for vertical and overhead welding (out-of-position welding) If arc blow is a problem when welding with dc, change the current to ac Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the . the distortion of welded assemblies when they are designed and applied properly. Shielded-metal arc welding can be accomplished with either alter- nating current (ac) or direct current (dc) when. website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware Welding procedures and electrode sizes. The correct electrode size is one that, when used with the proper amperage and travel speed, produces a weld of. website. Fastening and Joining Techniques and Hardware 914 Figure 14. 42 Steel shims and arbor spacers. Walsh CH14 8/31/05 4:00 PM Page 914 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright