[...]... sanatorium beds grew from 12 000 in 19 08 to 30 000 in 19 15, and from 80 000 in 19 31 to 10 0 000 by mid-century The first randomized trial in clinical medicine [6] demonstrated the effectiveness of streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis Soon thereafter, p-amino-salicylic acid and isoniazid joined a growing list of effective chemotherapeutic agents Yet, lung specialists continued to insist upon bed rest... 486±487 13 Levine S.A (19 44) Some harmful effects of recumbency in the treatment of heart disease JAMA, 12 6: 80±84 14 Levine S.A., Lown B (19 51) The ``chair'' treatment of acute coronary thrombosis Trans Assoc Am Phys., 54: 316 ±326 15 Levine S.A (19 51) The myth of strict bed rest in the treatment of heart disease Am Heart J., 42: 406± 413 16 Lown B (19 96) The Lost Art of Healing Houghton-Mifflin, Boston 17 ... Dock W (19 44) The evil sequelae of complete bed rest JAMA, 12 5: 10 83 10 85 10 Williams R.H., Rainey J (19 38) Cause of death in patients with congestive heart failure Am Heart J., 15 : 385±394 11 Harrison T.R (19 44) Abuse of rest as a therapeutic measure for patients with cardiovascular disease JAMA, 12 5: 10 75 10 77 12 Irvin C.W., Burgess A.M (19 50) The abuse of bed rest in the treatment of myocardial infarction... Psychiatric intervention Scientific American, 229: 11 6 12 7 20 Center for Mental Health Services (19 98) Mental Health, United States, 19 98 DHHS Publication, Washington 21 Goffman E (19 61) Asylums Doubleday, New York 22 Gruenberg E (19 74) The social breakdown syndrome: some origins Am J Psychiatry, 12 3: 14 81 14 89 23 Shepherd M., Goodman N., Watt D.C (19 61) The application of hospital statistics in the evaluation... normal controls Semin Arthritis Rheumatol., 11 : 15 1 17 1 Quintner J.L., Cohen M.L (19 99) Fibromyalgia falls foul of a fancy Lancet, 353: 10 9 11 4 Steere A.C (19 96) Treatment of chronic Lyme disease Science, 2 71: 12 14 12 15 Seltzer E.G., Gerber M.A., Carter M.L., Freudigman K., Shapiro E.D (2000) Long term outcomes of persons with Lyme disease JAMA, 283: 609± 616 Jones J.F., Ray C.G., Minnich L.L., Hicks... outstanding not-for-profit mental hospital are similar: average LOS in 19 90 was 45 days; in 19 92, it was 24 days; in 19 94±2000, it had dropped to 14 15 days If four weeks was better for most patients than 6 12 months, is eight days enough? An eight-day ``average'' of course includes a spread of individual stays ranging from two days to several months Some patients are pushed out prematurely because the insurer... Psychol., 11 : 25±30 Lipian M.S (19 98) Fading reveries: repressed-memory madness in the UK Lancet, 3 51: 16 73 16 74 14 PSYCHIATRY IN SOCIETY 46 Veith I (19 65) Hysteria: The History of a Disease University of Chicago Press, Chicago Pope H.G (19 97) Psychology Astray: Fallacies in Studies of ``Repressed Memories'' and Childhood Trauma Upton Books, Boca Raton Brandon S., Boakes J., Glaser D., Green D (19 98)... The costs of investing in and running a health care system are paid by the consumers using these services, by society as a whole through taxes or by a certain section of society through prepaid contributions The distribution of the burden of health financing between the government, the working population and individual citizens is a key policy choice in any society The share in health financing paid by... traditions in the leading cultures around the world Decisive improvement in the health of most nations, reflected in continued reductions in infant mortality and increases in life expectancy, began to occur in the second half of the 19 th century The progress was triggered by the detection of asepsis and by research results in the field of 20 PSYCHIATRY IN SOCIETY medical epidemiology Especially in Great... of fairness, is rooted In continuance of this history of ideas there exist today the tax-financed national health care systems and state-run or state-controlled health and social insurance systems They reflect the duty of the state to take care of its citizens by maintaining their well-being and health and by covering the economic consequences of ill-health The Liberal, State-Independent Tradition of . #0 2-0 1, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 12 9809 John Wiley & Sons (Canada), Ltd., 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, Ontario M9W 1L1, Canada Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Psychiatry. likeli- hood of pulmonary hemorrhage [5]. In response to this therapeutic philoso- phy, the number of sanatorium beds grew from 12 000 in 19 08 to 30 000 in 19 15, and from 80 000 in 19 31 to 10 0. Germany) RC454.4.P7 915 2002 362.2 0 042Ðdc 21 20 010 57386 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-4 7 1- 4 968 2-0 Typeset in 10 /12 pt