[...]...xii Vaginal Surgery for Incontinence and Prolapse 10 The Mid-Urethral Tapes Bruno Deval and François Haab 13 3 IV Surgery for Prolapse 11 Anterior Compartment Donna Y Deng, Matthew P Rutman, Larissa V Rodriguez, and Shlomo Raz 14 5 12 Uterine and Vaginal Vault Prolapse Peggy A Norton 15 5 13 Enterocele and Rectocele/Perineorrhaphy... Rectocele/Perineorrhaphy Larry T Sirls and Matthew P Rutman 16 9 V Surgery for Fecal Incontinence 14 Surgery for Fecal Incontinence Rebecca G Rogers 18 5 VI Vaginal Approach to Abdominal or Vaginal Surgery Failures: Now What? 15 The Vaginal Approach After Failed Previous Surgery for Incontinence Christopher C.R Chapple 19 9 16 Vaginal Approach to... of vaginal eversion after hysterectomy Am J Obstet Gynecol 19 92 ;16 6: 17 17 17 28 8 Krantz KE Innervation of the human vulva and vagina, a microscopic study Obstet Gynecol 19 58 ;12 :382 9 Summers PR The Vagina: Vaginal Anatomy ASCCP Web site (Assessed September 20, 2004.) Vaginal Surgery for Incontinence and Prolapse 10 Moore, KL Clinically Oriented Anatomy Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 19 92:2 81 284 11 ... Anatomy for the Pelvic Surgeon 5 13 0° Figure 1. 2 Normal vaginal axis in standing position (From Funt MI, Thompson JD, Birch H Normal vaginal axis South Med J 19 78; 71: 1535, with permission from ••.) Figure 1. 3 Levels of the vagina and its supportive structure after removal of uterus and the bladder (From DeLancey JOL Anatomic aspects of vaginal eversion after hysterectomy Am J Obstet Gynecol 19 92 ;16 6 :17 19,... Victor W Nitti and Nicole Fleischmann 209 17 Vaginal Approach to Recurrent Pelvic Prolapse Jason P Gilleran, Peggy A Norton, and Philippe E Zimmern 2 21 18 Intraoperative Complications of Vaginal Surgery Gina A Defreitas and Philippe E Zimmern 2 31 VII Other Reconstructive Vaginal Procedures 19 Vesicovaginal and Urethrovaginal Fistulas Roger Dmochowski and Harriette... Floor Disorders Risk Factors for Pelvic Floor Disorders Sex Age Race Childbirth Menopause and Estrogen Obesity Smoking 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 15 17 17 18 Because the prevalence of pelvic... 9.3 cases of anterior vaginal prolapse (previously known as cystocele), 5.7 cases of posterior vaginal prolapse (previously known as rectocele), and 1. 5 cases of uterine prolapse per 10 0 women per year In women with at least grade 1 prolapse at baseline, progression occurred in 10 .7 cases of anterior vaginal prolapse, 14 .8 case of posterior, and 2.0 cases of uterine prolapse per 10 0 women per year Interestingly,... urogenital tract J Urol 2004; 15 3 :19 1 19 5 12 Brooks JD, Chao W-M, Kerr J Male Pelvic Anatomy Reconstructed from the Visible Human Data Set J Urol 15 9(3):868–872, 19 98 2 Epidemiology of Incontinence and Prolapse Anne M Weber and Mark D Walters Prevalence, Incidence, and Remission Urinary Incontinence Fecal Incontinence Pelvic Organ Prolapse ... of uterine prolapse and anterior and posterior vaginal prolapse; each additional birth increased the risk by 10 % to 21% In longitudinal data from a subset of women enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative, Handa et al (4) showed that the incidence of anterior vaginal prolapse increased by 31% for each additional pregnancy; similar associations were seen for uterine and posterior vaginal prolapse, although... studies of surgery for prolapse In the Women’s Health Initiative at baseline, uterine prolapse was observed in 14 .2% of 16 , 616 women Anterior vaginal prolapse was observed in about one third of the study population, regardless of hysterectomy status (32.9% with and 34.3% without hysterectomy); posterior vaginal prolapse was present in about one fifth, similarly unrelated to hysterectomy (18 .3% and 18 .6%, . Number: 20069 214 42 ISBN -1 0 : 1- 8 523 3-9 1 2-8 e-ISBN 1- 8 462 8-3 4 6-9 ISBN -1 3 : 97 8 -1 -8 523 3-9 1 2-8 Printed on acid-free paper © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2006 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes. Vaginal Surgery for Incontinence and Prolapse Philippe E. Zimmern, Peggy A. Norton, François Haab and Christopher C.R. Chapple (Eds) Vaginal Surgery for Incontinence and Prolapse With 12 0. aspects of vaginal ever- sion after hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 19 92 ;16 6 :17 19, with permis- sion from Elsevier.) 6 Vaginal Surgery for Incontinence and Prolapse sents the most fi xed and stationary