Impact Attenuator Systems Design Manual Page 720-12 June 1999 Impact Attenuator Comparison Figure 720-5 Initial Cost Categories: A ($5,000 to $8,000); B ($9,000 to $14,000); C ($15,000 to $25,000); D ($25,000 to $40,000) 1) Generally for use with double sided beam guardrail. Use as an end treatment for concrete barrier requires a transition. 2) The GREAT cz, inertial barriers, and N-E-A-T may only be used beyond the required barrier length of need. 3) There are 3 manufacturers of inertial barriers: Energy Absorption Systems, Inc. Roadway Safety Service, Inc. TrafFix Devices, Inc. 4) See Figure 720-1 for sizes or configuration type. 5) The length of the QuadGuard, REACT 350, and inertial barriers varies since their design is dependent upon speed. For a typical 60 mph design, the QuadGuard design would be 6.4 meters, the REACT 350 would be 9.5 meters, and the inertial barriers would be 9 meters. Costs indicated are for a typical 60 mph design. 6) Generally for use at the ends of bridges where a standard beam guardrail installation is not feasible. 7) Generally for use with concrete barrier. Other uses may require a special transition design. 8) Use limited to highways with posted speeds of 45 mph or less. 9) Limit to one-way traffic flow. Impact Attenuator Systems (All dimensions are in meters) System CAT (2) P 0.6 9.5 YES 5.7 A SYRO, Inc. Brakemaster (2) P 0.6 9.5 YES 4.8 A Energy Absorption Systems, Inc. QuadTrend - 350 (6) P 0.6 6.3 NO 3.2 A Energy Absorption Systems, Inc. QuadGuard B 3.6 - 9.0 (4) NO 1.0 C (5) Energy Absorption Systems, Inc. QuadGuard Elite P 10.8 NO 1.0 D Energy Absorption Systems, Inc. REACT 350 B 0.9 4.7 - 11.0 (4) NO 1.3 C (5) Roadway Safety Service, Inc. Wide REACT 350 B 1.83 - 2.75 7.1 NO 1.3 D (5) Roadway Safety Service, Inc. Inertial Barriers B 2.1 5.0 - 9.0 (4) NO (2) A (5) (3) ADIEM II (7) T 0.6 9.1 NO 4.3 B SYRO, Inc. GREAT cz (9) T 0.76 3.6, 6.4 NO (2) C (5) Energy Absorption Systems, Inc. N-E-A-T (8) T 0.57 3.0 NO (2) C (5) Energy Absorption Systems, Inc. (P)ermanent, (T)emporary, (B)oth Width Length Transition to Rigid System Required Initial Cost Category Manufacturer Distance Beyond Length of Need 0.61, 0.76, 0.91, 1.76, 2.28 0.61, 0.76, 0.91, 1.76, 2.28 Construction Work Zone Traffic Control Strategy Design Manual Page 810-1 December 1994 Construction Work Zone 810 Traffic Control Strategy 810.04 Construction Work Zone Traffic Control Strategy The CWZTC strategy may contain, for example, the following: • The number of lanes or areas of the roadway that can be closed. • The hours of the day when work can occur. • The days of the week when work can occur. • The level of service to be provided to motorists during construction. • The need for night operations. • The influence on other streets in the network. • The general impact of the selected construc- tion work zone traffic control strategy on, for example, the traveling public, the contractor, construction work forces, costs. • Other special site related conditions (e.g. special events). • Public and local jurisdiction information plans. See the Traffic Manual for guidance in preparing the CWZTC strategy. (1) Use of Law Enforcement in Work Zones The initial determination for the use of law enforcement should be based on evaluation of the work zone by the Maintenance/Construction Office and the region Traffic Office. The evalua- tion should consider the type of construction activity, complexity of the traffic control plan, possible speed reduction needs, traffic volumes, nighttime work activity, geometric conditions, associated cost for the use of enforcement (cost benefit analysis), and actual traffic problems observed as the work progresses. Refer to the Traffic Manual for recommended enhanced enforcement in the work zone. 810.01 General The purpose of this chapter is to describe the procedures for planning construction work zone traffic control. It is important that a construction work zone traffic control strategy be identified early in project development so that its effect can be considered in the design of a project and used later in developing the traffic control plan for the PS&E. Primary consideration should be given to worker safety within the work zone, while at the same time, providing for the safe and timely passage of nonconstruction traffic. 810.02 References Traffic Manual, M 51-02 Standard Plans for Road, Bridge and Municipal Construction, M 21-01 Plans Preparation Manual, M 22-31 Traffic Control Devices Handbook, FHWA Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, M 24-01 810.03 Definitions construction work zone traffic control (CWZTC) strategy A general scheme by which traffic can be controlled through or around a construction work zone. traffic control plan Drawing(s) and special provisions developed as part of PS&E showing how traffic will operate and be controlled during construction. The plan includes the locations of the roadway, detour routes, temporary or por- table bridges, cross-roads, ramps, pavement markings, signs, signals, and other traffic control devices. Construction Work Zone Traffic Control Strategy Page 810-2 Design Manual December 1994 (2) Work Zone Traffic Control Design Checklist A checklist has been developed to assist the designer in developing the work zone traffic control strategy. Refer to the Traffic Manual for this checklist. 810.05 Procedures The following procedures must be used for all projects: (1) Design Conference A design conference, also attended by the district traffic engineer, law enforcement officials, and a construction project engineer, must be held early in design report preparation to discuss construc- tion work zone traffic control strategy options and to select and develop those options that appear feasible. The options developed for the CWZTC strategy should provide adequate safety for motorists and workers, minimize travel time delays and other negative traffic related impacts while providing an acceptable level of service, and consider project constructibility and costs. (2) Design Report The design report must contain the following items: • A brief summary of the construction work zone traffic control strategy as developed during the design conference. • A description of and the basis for the CWZTC strategy developed during project design. (3) Contract Preparation Based on the CWZTC strategy contained in the design report, conduct studies and analyses to evaluate the impacts and verify the feasibility of the strategy, and develop the strategy to be included in the traffic control plan. The PS&E package must include bid items, special provisions, and traffic control drawings. See the Traffic Manual for guidance in develop- ing the specific traffic control plans. See also the Standard Plans and the Plans Preparation Manual. 810:P:DM8 Design ManualSigning November 1999Page 820-1 820Signing (basic design level) or “EU” (evaluate upgrade) matrix designation by applying the following criteria to determine the need to replace or modify existing signs: •Lack of nighttime retroreflectivity. •Substantial damage, vandalism, or deterioration. •Age of signs (seven to ten years old). •A change in sign use policy. •Improper location. •Message or destination changes necessary tosatisfy commitments to public or local agencies. •Substandard mounting height. •Change in jurisdiction, for example a county road becomes a state route. Address sign support breakaway features when identified in the “Clear Zone” columns of the Matrices. When the “F” (full design level) matrix designation is present, the preceding criteria are still applicable and all existing signing is required to conform to the current policy for reflective sign sheeting requirements. Remove or replace signing not conforming to this policy. 820.02References Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 47.36.030, Traffic control devices Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices forStreets and Highways (MUTCD), USDOT, Washington DC, 1988, including the Washington State Modifications to the MUTCD, M 24-01, WSDOT, 1996 Traffic Manual, M 51-02, WSDOT Sign Fabrication Manual, M 55-05, WSDOT Standard Plans for Road, Bridge, and Municipal Construction (Standard Plans), M 21-01, WSDOT 820.01General 820.02References 820.03Design Components 820.04Overhead Installation 820.05Mileposts 820.06Guide Sign Plan 820.07Documentation 820.01General Signing is a primary mechanism for regulating, warning, and guiding traffic. Signing must be in place when any section of highway is open to the motoring public. Each highway project has unique and specific signing requirements. For statewide signing uniformity and continuity, it is sometimes necessary to provide signing beyond the project limits. Design characteristics of the facility determine the size and legend for a sign. As the design speed increases, larger sign sizes are necessary to provide adequate message comprehension time. The MUTCD, the Traffic Manual, and the Sign Fabrication Manual contain standard sign dimensions, specific legends, and reflective sheeting types for all new signs. Guide signing provides the motorist with guidance to destinations. This information is always presented in a consistent manner. In some cases, there are specific laws, regulations, and policies governing the content of the mes- sages on these signs. All proposed guide signs for a project require the approval of the region’s Traffic Engineer. The use of nonstandard signs is strongly discouraged and their use requires the approval of the State Traffic Engineer. The Design Matrices identify the design levels for signing on all preservation and improvement projects. These levels are indicated in the column “Signing” for Interstate main line and the column “Signing, Delineation, and Illumination” for all other routes. Review and update existing signing within the limits of all preservation and improvement projects as indicated in the matrices. Provide standard signing on projects with either a “B” Design Manual Signing November 1999 Page 820-5 Sign Support Locations Figure 820-1a Signing Design Manual Page 820-6 November 1999 Sign Support Locations Figure 820-1b Design Manual Signing November 1999 Page 820-7 Wood Posts Figure 820-2 Signing Design Manual Page 820-8 November 1999 Steel Posts Figure 820-3 Design Manual Signing November 1999 Page 820-9 Laminated Wood Box Posts Figure 820-4 Design Manual Delineation May 2000 Page 830-1 830 Delineation 830.03 Pavement Markings (1) Pavement Marking Types Pavement markings have specific functions. They guide the movement of traffic and promote safety on the highway. In some cases, they are used to supplement the messages of other traffic control devices. In other cases, markings are the only way to convey a message without distracting the driver. Pavement markings are installed and maintained to provide adequate performance year round. Adequate performance is defined as meaning the marking meets or exceeds stan- dards of both daytime and nighttime visibility. Pavement markings are classified as either longitudinal or transverse. Centerlines, lane lines, where applicable, and edge lines, except as noted, are required on all paved State highways unless an exception is granted by the State Traffic Engineer with justification. Guidelines for the application of various pavement markings are provided in Chapter 910 for intersections and channelization, Chapter 940 for interchanges, and the Standard Plans. (a) Longitudinal pavement markings define the boundary between opposing traffic flows. They also define the edges of traveled way, multiple traffic lanes, turn lanes, and special use lanes. Longitudinal pavement markings are: skip center line. A broken yellow line used to separate lanes of traffic moving in opposite directions, where passing in the opposing lane is allowed. double yellow center line. Two parallel solid yellow lines used to separate lanes of traffic moving in opposite directions where passing in the opposing lane is prohibited. edge line. A solid white line used to define the outer edge of the traveled way. Edge lines are not required where curbs or sidewalks are 1.2 m or less from the traveled way. 830.01 General 830.02 References 830.03 Pavement Markings 830.04 Guide Posts 830.05 Barrier Delineation 830.06 Wildlife Reflectors 830.07 Documentation 830.01 General The primary function of delineation is to provide the visual information needed by the driver to operate a vehicle safely in a variety of situations. Delineation can be the marking of highways with painted or more durable pavement marking lines and symbols, guide posts, and other devices. These devices use retroreflectance, reflecting light from a vehicle’s headlights back to the driver, to enhance their visibility at nighttime. WSDOT uses the latest edition of FHWA’s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD) as a guide for design, location, and application of delineation. Delineation is a required safety item of work and is addressed on all projects. A decision to omit delineation work can only be justified if the existing delineation is unaffected by construction and an evaluation of accident rates clearly shows that delineation is not a contributing factor. 830.02 References Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD), USDOT, Washington, DC, 1988, including the Washington State Modifications to the MUTCD, M 24-01, WSDOT, 1996 Roadway Delineation Practices Handbook, FHWA report, Washington, DC, 1994 Standard Plans for Road, Bridge, and Municipal Construction (Standard Plans), M 21-01, WSDOT Sign Fabrication Manual, M 55-05, WSDOT [...]... Placement Figure 83 0-2 Design Manual May 2000 Delineation Page 83 0-7 Wildlife Reflectors on a Tangent Section Figure 83 0-3 Wildlife Reflectors on the Outside of a Curve Figure 83 0-4 Delineation Page 83 0 -8 Design Manual May 2000 84 0 84 0.01 84 0.02 84 0.03 84 0.04 84 0.05 84 0.06 84 0.07 Illumination General References Definitions Required Illumination Additional Illumination Design Criteria Documentation 84 0.01 General... conductor it Illumination Page 84 0-9 Freeway Lighting Applications Figure 84 0-1 Design Manual May 2000 Illumination Page 84 0-11 Freeway Lighting Applications Figure 84 0-2 Illumination Page 84 0-12 Design Manual May 2000 Roadway Lighting Applications Figure 84 0-3 Design Manual May 2000 Illumination Page 84 0-13 Roadway Lighting Applications Figure 84 0-4 Illumination Page 84 0-14 Design Manual May 2000 Roadway... 63 85 0.00105 0.00167 86 115 0.00066 123 130 0.00052 143 150 0.00042 169 175 0.00033 Illumination Conduit Sizing Table Trade Size Maximum Fill (mm² ) (NEC) 26% 40% 27 35 41 53 63 78 91 149 2 58 3 48 574 81 9 12 58 1677 232 394 535 87 7 12 58 1935 2 580 Light Standard Heights, Conductor, and Conduit Properties Figure 84 0 -8 Illumination Page 84 0- 18 Design Manual May 2000 Line Loss Calculations Figure 84 0-9a... uniformity Illumination Calculation Example Figure 84 0-10c Design Manual May 2000 Illumination Page 84 0-23 Computer-Generated Plot (Plan View) of Light Levels Computer-Generated Plot (3D View) of Light Levels Illumination Calculation Example Figure 84 0-10d Illumination Page 84 0-24 Design Manual May 2000 85 0 85 0.01 85 0.02 85 0.03 85 0.04 85 0.05 85 0.06 85 0.07 Traffic Control Signals General References Definitions... 84 0-9a Design Manual May 2000 Illumination Page 84 0-19 Step 2 Change conductor size to # 6 from service to A and recalculate voltage drop A L R 2ALR Circuit Conductor Load on Sum of Length Resistance Voltage Segment Size Segment Loads (Meters) Drop Service to A #6 8 @ 2 amps 16 60 0.00167 3.21 A to B #8 7 @ 2 amps 14 38 0.00265 2 .82 B to C #8 4 @ 2 amps 8 38 0.00265 1.61 C to D #8 4 @ 2 amps 8 38 0.00265... Line Loss Calculations Figure 84 0-9b Illumination Page 84 0-20 Design Manual May 2000 Problem: Determine the light standard spacing and offset for the approach and intersection design areas for a channelized collector intersection at a location with a low pedestrian classification using the AGI 32 Lighting Design software Given: Geometric Design: • Design speed = 50 mph • Design vehicle = WB-15 • Lane... modified and partial limited access control (4) Provide the light level at the location where the bus stops for riders Light Levels and Uniformity Ratios Figure 84 0-6 Illumination Page 84 0-16 Design Manual May 2000 Light Standard Locations Figure 84 0-7 Design Manual May 2000 Illumination Page 84 0-17 Light Standard Heights Luminaire Wattage 200 250 310 400 400 1,000 Initial Lumens* 22,000 28, 000 37,000... Intersections 9 9 9 3:1 0.3 : 1 Main Line 12 9 6 3:1 0.3 : 1 Intersections 9 9 9 3:1 0.3 : 1 Construction Lanes and Detours 10 10 10 3:1 0.3 : 1 Parking Lots 8 8 8 3:1 0.3 : 1 Vehicle Inspection Areas 20 20 20 3:1 0.3 : 1 Walkways 8 8 8 3:1 0.3 : 1 Weigh Scales 8 8 8 3:1 0.3 : 1 Bus Loading Zones(4) 20 20 20 NA 0.3 : 1 Principal Arterials(3) Minor Arterials Collectors Notes (1) The minimum light level is 2 lux... #6 8 @ 2 amps 16 60 0.00167 A to B #8 7 @ 2 amps 14 38 0.00265 B to G #8 5 @ 2 amps 10 45 0.00265 G to H #8 1 @ 2 amps 2 41 0.00265 H to 4 # 10 1 @ 2 amps 2 19 0.00423 9.17 total voltage drop is less than the allowable value of 12 volts 2ALR Voltage Drop 3.21 2 .82 2.39 0.43 0.32 Sum of Volt Drop 3.21 6.03 7.64 9.25 10.46 10 .89 11.21 Sum of Volt Drop 3.21 6.03 8. 42 8. 85 9.17 Branch Breaker Size = 140%... forming part of state highways—Approval by department of transportation.” RCW 47.24.020 (6) and (13), “Jurisdiction, control.” RCW 47.36.020, “Traffic control signals.” RCW 47.36.060, “Traffic devices on county roads and city streets.” Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 4 68- 18- 040, Design standards for rearranged county roads, frontage roads, access roads, intersections, ramps and crossings.” Design Manual . Page 82 0-7 Wood Posts Figure 82 0-2 Signing Design Manual Page 82 0 -8 November 1999 Steel Posts Figure 82 0-3 Design Manual Signing November 1999 Page 82 0-9 Laminated Wood Box Posts Figure 82 0-4 Design. either a “B” Design Manual Signing November 1999 Page 82 0-5 Sign Support Locations Figure 82 0-1a Signing Design Manual Page 82 0-6 November 1999 Sign Support Locations Figure 82 0-1b Design Manual Signing November. Placement Figure 83 0-2 Delineation Design Manual Page 83 0 -8 May 2000 Wildlife Reflectors on a Tangent Section Figure 83 0-3 Wildlife Reflectors on the Outside of a Curve Figure 83 0-4 Design Manual Illumination May