2.58 TABLE 2.16 Typical Physical Properties of Wrought Alloys 1 (Continued) Average 2 coefficient of thermal expansion Melting range, 3,4 approx. Thermal conductivity at 77°F Electrical conductivity at 68°F, percent of International Annealed Copper Standard Electrical resistivity at 68°F Alloy 68° to 212°F per °F. °F Temper English units 5 Equal volume Equal weight Ohm–cir. Mil/foot 7175 7178 7475 13.0 13.0 12.9 890–1175 8 890–1165 8 890–1175 T74 T6 T61, T651 T76, T651 T7351 1080 870 960 1020 1130 39 31 35 40 42 124 98 116 132 139 26 33 30 26 25 8017 8030 8176 13.1 13.1 13.1 1190–1215 1190–1215 1190–1215 H12, H22 H212 H221 H24 1600 1600 59 61 61 61 193 200 201 201 18 17 17 17 1 The following typical properties are not guaranteed, since in most cases they are averages for various sizes, product forms, and methods of manufacture and may not be exactly representative of any particular product or size. These data are intended only as a basis for comparing alloys and tempers and should not be specified as engineering requirements or used for design purposes. 2 Coefficiet to be multiplied by 10 –6 . Example: 12.2 × 10 –6 = 0.0000122. 3 Melting ranges shown apply to wrought products of 1/4 inch thickness or greater. 4 Based on typical composition of the indicated alloys. 5 English units = but-in./ft 2 hr°F 6 Eutectic melting can be completely eliminated by homogenization. 7 Eutectic melting is not eliminated by homogenization. 8 Homogenization may raise eutectic melting temperature 20–40°F but usually does not eliminate eutectic melting. 9 Although not formerly registered, the literature and some specifications have used T736 as the designation for this temper. 02Kissell Page 58 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM Aluminum and Its Alloys 2.59 Poisson’s ratio (ν) Fracture toughness—B645, B646 Elongation—B557 Hardness—B647, B648, B724, E10, E18 Fatigue strength Mechanical properties are a function of the alloy and temper as well as, in some cases, product form. For example, 6061-T6 extrusions have a minimum tensile ultimate strength of 38 ksi (260 MPa), while 6061- T6 sheet and plate have a minimum tensile ultimate strength of 42 ksi (290 MPa). 2.4.1 Minimum and Typical Mechanical Properties There are several bases for mechanical properties. A typical property is an average property; if you test enough samples, the average of the test results will equal the typical property. A minimum property is de- fined by the aluminum industry as the value that 99% of samples will equal or exceed with a probability of 95%. (The U.S. military calls such minimum values “A” values and also defines “B” values as those for which 90% of samples will equal or exceed with a probability of 95%, a slightly less stringent criterion that yields higher values). Typical me- chanical properties are given in Table 2.17. Some minimum mechani- cal properties are given in ASTM and other specifications; more are given in Table 2.18 for wrought alloys and Table 2.19 for cast alloys. Minimum mechanical properties are called “guaranteed” when prod- uct specifications require them to be met, and they are called “ex- pected” when they are not required by product specifications. Structural design of aluminum components is usually based on min- imum strengths. The rules for such design are given in the Aluminum Association’s Specification for Aluminum Structures, part of the Alu- minum Design Manual. Safety factors given there, varying from 1.65 to 2.64 by type of structure, type of failure (yielding or fracture), and type of component (member or connection), are applied to the mini- mum strengths to determine the safe capacity of a component. Typical strengths should be used to determine the capacity of fabrication equipment (for example, the force required to shear a piece) or the strength of parts designed to fail at a given force to preclude failure of an entire structure. (Pressure relieving panels are an example of this, called frangible design). Maximum ultimate strengths are specified for some aluminum products (usually in softer tempers), but these mate- rials are usually intended to be cold worked into final use products, changing their strength. 02Kissell Page 59 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM 2.60 TABLE 2.17 Typical Mechanical Properties of Wrought Alloys 1,2 Alloy and temper Tension Hardness Shear Fatigue Modulus Strength, ksi Elongation, % in 2 in. Brinnell number 500 kg load 10 mm ball Ultimate shearing strength, ksi Endurance 3 limit, ksi Modulus 4 of elasticity, ksi × 10 3 Ultimate Yield 1/16 in. thick specimen 1/2 in. dia. specimen 1060-O 1060-H12 1060-H14 1060-H16 1060-H18 10 12 14 16 19 4 11 13 15 18 43 16 12 8 6 19 23 26 30 35 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6.5 6.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 1100-O 1100-H12 1100-H14 1100-H16 1100-H18 13 16 18 21 24 5 15 17 20 22 35 12 9 6 5 45 25 20 17 15 23 28 32 38 44 9 10 11 12 13 5 6 7 9 9 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 1350-O 1350-H12 1350-H14 1350-H16 1350-H19 12 14 16 18 27 4 12 14 16 24 5 6 8 9 10 11 15 7 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 2011-T3 2011-T8 55 59 43 45 15 12 95 100 32 35 18 18 10.2 10.2 02Kissell Page 60 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM 2.61 2014-O 2014-T4, T451 2014-T6, T651 27 62 70 12 42 60 18 20 13 45 105 135 18 38 42 13 20 18 10.6 10.6 10.6 Alclad 2014-O Alclad 2014-T3 Alclad 2014-T4, T451 Alclad 2014-T6, T651 25 63 61 68 10 40 37 60 21 20 22 10 18 37 37 41 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 2017-O 2017-T4, T451 26 62 10 40 22 22 47 105 18 38 13 18 10.5 10.5 2018-T61 61 46 . . 12 120 39 17 10.8 2024-O 2024-T3 2024-T4, T351 2024-T361 7 27 70 68 72 11 50 47 57 20 18 20 13 22 19 47 120 120 130 18 41 41 42 13 20 20 18 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 Alclad 2025-O Alclad 2024-T3 Alclad 2024-T4, T351 Alclad 2024-T361 7 Alclad 2024-T81, T851 Alclad 2024-T861 7 26 65 64 67 65 70 11 45 42 63 60 66 20 18 19 11 6 6 18 40 40 41 40 42 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 2025-T6 58 37 . . 19 110 35 18 10.4 2036-T4 49 28 24 . . . . . . 18 8 10.3 2117-T4 43 24 . . 27 70 28 14 10.3 2124-T851 70 64 . . 8 . . . . . . 10.6 02Kissell Page 61 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM 2.62 TABLE 2.17 Typical Mechanical Properties of Wrought Alloys 1,2 (Continued) Alloy and temper Tension Hardness Shear Fatigue Modulus Strength, ksi Elongation, % in 2 in. Brinnell number 500 kg load 10 mm ball Ultimate shearing strength, ksi Endurance 3 limit, ksi Modulus 4 of elasticity, ksi × 10 3 Ultimate Yield 1/16 in. thick specimen 1/2 in. dia. specimen 2218-T72 48 37 . . 11 95 30 . . 10.8 2219-O 2219-T42 2219-T31, T351 2219-T37 2219-T62 2219-T81, T851 2219-T87 25 52 52 57 60 66 69 11 27 36 46 42 51 57 18 20 17 11 10 10 10 15 15 15 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 2618-T61 64 54 . . 10 115 38 18 10.8 3003-O 3003-H12 3003-H14 3003-H16 3003-H18 16 19 22 26 29 6 18 21 25 27 30 10 8 5 4 40 20 16 14 10 28 35 40 47 55 11 12 14 15 16 7 8 9 10 10 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Alclad 3003-O Alclad 3003-H12 Alclad 3003-H14 Alclad 3003-H16 Alclad 3003-H18 16 19 22 26 29 6 18 21 25 27 30 10 8 5 4 40 20 16 14 10 11 12 14 15 16 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 02Kissell Page 62 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM 2.63 3004-O 3004-H32 3004-H34 3004-H36 3004-H38 26 31 35 38 41 10 25 29 33 36 20 10 9 5 5 25 17 12 9 6 45 52 63 70 77 16 17 18 20 21 14 15 15 16 16 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Alclad 3004-O Alclad 3004-H32 Alclad 3004-H34 Alclad 3004-H36 Alclad 3004-H38 26 31 35 38 41 10 25 29 33 36 20 10 9 5 5 25 17 12 9 6 16 17 18 20 21 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 3105-O 3105-H12 3105-H14 3105-H16 3105-H18 3105-H25 17 22 25 28 31 26 8 19 22 25 28 23 24 7 5 4 3 8 12 14 15 16 17 15 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 4032-T6 55 46 . . 9 120 38 16 11.4 5005-O 5005-H12 5005-H14 5005-H16 5005-H18 5005-H32 5005-H34 5005-H36 5005-H38 18 20 23 26 29 20 23 26 29 6 19 22 25 28 17 20 24 27 25 10 6 5 4 11 8 6 5 28 36 41 46 51 11 14 14 15 16 14 14 15 16 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 02Kissell Page 63 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM 2.64 TABLE 2.17 Typical Mechanical Properties of Wrought Alloys 1,2 (Continued) Alloy and temper Tension Hardness Shear Fatigue Modulus Strength, ksi Elongation, % in 2 in. Brinnell number 500 kg load 10 mm ball Ultimate shearing strength, ksi Endurance 3 limit, ksi Modulus 4 of elasticity, ksi × 10 3 Ultimate Yield 1/16 in. thick specimen 1/2 in. dia. specimen 5050-O 5050-H32 5050-H34 5050-H36 5050-H38 21 25 28 30 32 8 21 24 26 29 24 9 8 7 6 36 46 53 58 63 15 17 18 19 20 12 13 13 14 14 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5052-O 5052-H32 5052-H34 5052-H36 5052-H38 28 33 38 40 42 13 28 31 35 37 25 12 10 8 7 30 18 14 10 8 47 60 68 73 77 18 20 21 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 5056-O 5056-H18 5056-H38 42 63 60 2 59 50 35 10 15 65 105 100 26 34 32 20 22 22 10.3 10.3 10.3 5083-O 5083-H321, H116 42 46 21 33 22 16 25 23 10.3 10.3 5086-O 5086-H32, H116 5086-H34 5086-H112 38 42 47 39 17 30 37 19 22 12 10 14 23 27 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 02Kissell Page 64 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM 2.65 5154-O 5154-H32 5154-H34 5154-H36 5154-H38 5154-H112 35 39 42 45 48 35 17 30 33 36 39 17 27 15 13 12 10 25 58 67 73 78 80 63 22 22 24 26 28 17 18 19 20 21 17 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 5252-H25 5252-H38, H28 34 41 25 35 11 5 68 75 21 23 10.0 10.0 5254-O 5254-H32 5254-H34 5254-H36 5254-H38 5254-H112 35 39 42 45 48 35 17 30 33 36 39 17 27 15 13 12 10 25 58 67 73 78 80 63 22 22 24 26 28 17 18 19 20 21 17 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 5454-O 5454-H32 5454-H34 5454-H111 5454-H112 36 40 44 38 36 17 30 35 26 18 22 10 10 14 18 62 73 81 70 62 23 24 26 23 23 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 5456-H 5456-H25 5456-H321, H116 45 45 51 23 24 37 24 22 16 90 30 10.3 10.3 10.3 5457-O 5457-H25 5457-H38, H28 19 26 30 7 23 27 22 12 6 32 48 55 12 16 18 10.0 10.0 10.0 02Kissell Page 65 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM 2.66 TABLE 2.17 Typical Mechanical Properties of Wrought Alloys 1,2 (Continued) Alloy and temper Tension Hardness Shear Fatigue Modulus Strength, ksi Elongation, % in 2 in. Brinnell number 500 kg load 10 mm ball Ultimate shearing strength, ksi Endurance 3 limit, ksi Modulus 4 of elasticity, ksi × 10 3 Ultimate Yield 1/16 in. thick specimen 1/2 in. dia. specimen 5652-HO 5652-H32 5652-H34 5652-H36 5652-H38 28 33 38 40 42 13 28 31 35 37 25 12 10 8 7 30 18 14 10 8 47 60 68 73 77 18 20 21 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 5657-H25 5657-H38, H28 23 28 20 24 12 7 40 50 12 15 10.0 10.0 6061-O 6061-T4, T451 6061-T6, T651 18 35 45 8 21 40 25 22 12 30 25 17 30 65 95 12 24 30 9 14 14 10.0 10.0 10.0 Alclad 6061-O Alclad 6061-T4, T451 Alclad 6061-T6, T651 17 33 42 7 19 37 25 22 12 11 22 27 10.0 10.0 10.0 6063-O 6063-T1 6063-T4 6063-T5 6063-T6 13 22 25 27 35 7 13 13 21 31 20 22 12 12 25 42 60 73 10 14 17 22 8 9 10 10 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 02Kissell Page 66 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM 2.67 6063-T83 6063-T831 6063-T832 37 30 42 35 27 39 9 10 12 82 70 95 22 18 27 10.0 10.0 10.0 6066-O 6066-T4, T451 6066-T6, T651 22 52 57 12 30 52 18 18 12 43 90 120 14 29 34 16 10.0 10.0 10.0 6070-T6 55 51 10 . . . . 34 14 10.0 6101-H111 6101-T6 14 32 11 28 15 9 71 20 10.0 10.0 6262-T9 58 55 . . 10 120 35 13 10.0 6351-T4 6351-T6 36 45 22 41 20 14 95 29 13 10.0 10.0 6463-T1 6463-T5 6463-T6 22 27 35 13 21 31 20 12 12 42 60 74 14 17 22 10 10 10 10.0 10.0 10.0 7049-T73 7049-T7352 75 75 65 63 12 11 135 135 44 43 10.4 10.4 7050-T73510, T73511 7050-T7451 10 7050-T7651 72 76 80 63 68 71 12 11 11 44 47 10.4 10.4 10.4 7075-O 7075-T6, T651 33 83 15 73 17 11 16 11 60 150 22 48 23 10.4 10.4 Alclad 7075-O Alclad 7075-T6, T651 32 76 14 67 17 11 22 46 10.4 10.4 02Kissell Page 67 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM [...]... T7 T551 T65 T61 T62 48.0 33 .0 35 .0 33 .0 30 .0 40.0 34 .0 40.0 35 .0 24.0 28.0 34 .0 31 .0 28.0 30 .0 35 .0 31 .0 31 .0 40.0 48.0 52.0 33 1 228 241 228 207 276 234 276 241 165 1 93 234 214 1 93 207 241 214 214 276 33 1 35 9 29.0 15.0 22.0 16.0 — — — — — — 14.0 — — — — — — — — 37 .0 42.0 200 1 03 152 110 — — — — — — 97 — — — — — — — — 255 290 8.0 4.5 2.0 3. 0 — — — — 2.0 — 1.5 2.0 — — — — — — — 3. 0 2.0 Typical Brinnell2... 851.0 852.0 2.79 Mechanical Property Limits for Commonly Used Aluminum Permanent Mold Casting Alloys1 (Continued) Minimum properties Tensile strength Ultimate Yield (0.% offset) Alloy Temper3 ksi MPa ksi MPa Percent elongation in 2 in or 4 × dia 204.0 208.0 208.0 208.0 222.0 222.0 242.0 242.0 296.0 30 8.0 31 9.0 31 9.0 33 2.0 33 3.0 33 3.0 33 3.0 33 3.0 33 6.0 33 6.0 35 4.0 35 4.0 T4 T4 T6 T7 T551 T65 T571 T61 T6 F... 290 248 234 276 145 172 228 172 172 255 31 0 31 0 31 0 32 4 145 145 138 152 241 255 31 0 1 93 221 124 117 124 186 — — — — 27.0 30 .0 — — 22.0 — — 26.0 — 36 .0 34 .0 38 .0 7.0 6.0 — 12.0 18.0 17.0 35 .0 18.0 22.0 — — — — — — — — 186 207 — — 152 — — 179 — 248 234 262 49 41 — 83 124 117 241 124 152 — — — — — 1.5 — — — 3. 0 3. 0 — 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 5.0 3. 0 3. 0 4.0 3. 0 2.0 2.5 20.0 2.5 8.0 10.0 3. 0 7.0 4.0 8.0 3. 0 8.0 3. 0 60–90... 40–70 55–85 65–95 60–90 60–90 70–100 75–105 85–115 75–105 85–115 30 –60 30 –60 — 45–75 60–90 55–85 80–110 55–85 60–90 30 –60 30 –60 — 55–85 02Kissell Page 81 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 C355.0 35 6.0 35 6.0 35 6.0 35 6.0 35 6.0 A356.0 35 7.0 A357.0 35 9.0 35 9.0 4 43. 0 B4 43. 0 A444.0 5 13. 0 535 .0 705.0 707.0 711.0 7 13. 0 850.0 851.0 851.0 852.0 2.81 Values represent properties obtained... 2.0 5.0 3. 0 — 70–100 60–95 75–105 40–70 45–75 55–90 60–90 45–75 70–105 — — — 25–55 25–55 35 –65 35 –65 60–90 60–90 50–80 70–100 65–95 60–90 60–90 60–90 85–115 70–100 70–100 — 75–105 105 35 30 –60 30 –60 45–75 02Kissell Page 79 Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM 35 5.0 35 5.0 C355.0 35 6.0 35 6.0 35 6.0 35 6.0 35 6.0 A356.0 35 7.0 A357.0 35 9.0 4 43. 0 B 433 .0 512.0 514.0 520.0 535 .0 705.0 707.0 707.0 710.0 712.0 7 13. 0 771.0... Wednesday, May 23, 2001 9:52 AM TABLE 2.19 2.78 T7 T71 T6 F T51 T6 T7 T71 T6 see note4 see note4 see note4 F F F F T45 F or T5 F or T5 T5 T7 F or T5 F or T5 F or T5 T5 T51 T52 T 53 T6 T71 T5 T5 T5 35 .0 30 .0 36 .0 19.0 23. 0 30 .0 31 .0 25.0 34 .0 — — — 17.0 17.0 17.0 22.0 42.0 35 .0 30 .0 33 .0 37 .0 32 .0 34 .0 32 .0 52.0 32 .0 36 .0 36 .0 42.0 48.0 16.0 17.0 24.0 241 207 248 131 159 207 214 172 234 — — — 117 117... Yield (0.% offset) Alloy Temper3 ksi MPa ksi MPa Percent elongation in 2 in or 4 × dia 201.0 204.0 208.0 222.0 222.0 242.0 242.0 242.0 242.0 295.0 295.0 295.0 295.0 31 9.0 31 9.0 31 9.0 32 8.0 32 8.0 35 4.0 35 5.0 35 5.0 T7 T4 F O T61 O T571 T61 T77 T4 T6 T62 T7 F T5 T6 F T6 see note4 T51 T6 60.0 45.0 19.0 23. 0 30 .0 23. 0 29.0 32 .0 24.0 29.0 32 .0 36 .0 29.0 23. 0 25.0 31 .0 25.0 34 .0 — 25.0 32 .0 414 31 0 131 159 207... L-T T-L S-L 2124-T851 1.500–6.000 24 20 18 7050T74512 ,3 1.000–2.000 2.001 3. 000 3. 001–4.000 4.001–5.000 5.001–6.000 29 27 26 25 24 25 24 26 22 22 — 21 21 21 21 7050-T76512 1.000–2.000 2.001 3. 000 36 34 24 23 — 20 7475-T651 1.250–1.500 30 28 — 7475-T 735 1 1.250–2.499 2.500–4.000 40 40 33 33 — 25 7475–T7651 1.250–1.500 33 30 — Limits for Plate1 Limits for Sheet4 7475-T61 0.040–0.125 0.126–0.249 — 60 75... 255 221 234 221 290 221 248 248 290 33 1 110 117 165 — 22.0 25.0 — 16.0 2020 29.0 18.0 24.0 — — — 7.0 6.0 10.0 9.0 22.0 18.0 17.0 22.0 30 .0 20.0 25.0 22.0 38 .0 27.0 30 .0 27.0 35 .0 45.0 — — 18.0 — 152 172 — 110 138 200 124 165 — — — 49 41 69 62 152 124 117 152 207 138 172 152 262 186 207 186 241 31 0 — — 124 — — 2.5 2.0 — 3. 0 — 3. 0 3. 5 — — — 3. 0 3. 0 — 6.0 12.0 9.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 3. 0 1.5 3. 0 1.5 1.5... 200 221 165 200 221 248 200 159 172 214 172 234 — 172 221 50.0 28.0 12.0 — — — — 20.0 13. 0 13. 0 20.0 28.0 16.0 13. 0 — 20.0 14.0 21.0 — 18.0 20.0 34 5 1 93 83 — — — — 138 90 90 138 1 93 110 90 — 138 97 145 — 124 138 3. 0 6.0 1.5 — — — — — 1.0 6.0 3. 0 — 3. 0 1.5 — 1.5 1.0 1.0 — — 2.0 Typical Brinnell2 hardness 500-kgf load 10-mm ball 110–140 — 40–70 65–95 100– 130 55–85 70–100 90–120 60–90 45–75 60–90 80–110 . 17 18 19 20 21 17 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 5252-H25 5252-H38, H28 34 41 25 35 11 5 68 75 21 23 10.0 10.0 5254-O 5254-H32 5254-H34 5254-H36 5254-H38 5254-H112 35 39 42 45 48 35 17 30 33 36 39 17 27 15 13 12 10 25 58 67 73 78 80 63 22 22 24 26 28 . 36 46 53 58 63 15 17 18 19 20 12 13 13 14 14 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5052-O 5052-H32 5052-H34 5052-H36 5052-H38 28 33 38 40 42 13 28 31 35 37 25 12 10 8 7 30 18 14 10 8 47 60 68 73 77 18 20 21 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 5056-O 5056-H18 5056-H38 42 63 60 2 59 50 . 9:52 AM 2. 63 3004-O 30 04-H32 30 04-H34 30 04-H36 30 04-H38 26 31 35 38 41 10 25 29 33 36 20 10 9 5 5 25 17 12 9 6 45 52 63 70 77 16 17 18 20 21 14 15 15 16 16 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Alclad 30 04-O Alclad