VOLUME ASM INTERNATIONAL ® The Materials Information Company Publication Information and Contributors Materials Selection and Design was published in 1997 as Volume 20 of ASM Handbook. The Volume was prepared under the direction of the ASM International Handbook Committee. Volume Chair The Volume Chair was George E. Dieter. Authors and Contributors • Peter Andresen General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center • Michael F. Ashby Cambridge University • Anne-Marie M. Baker University of Massachusetts • Charles A. Barrett NASA Lewis Research Center • Carol M.F. Barry University of Massachusetts • Raymond Bayer Tribology Consultant • Michael Blinn Materials Characterization Laboratory • Bruce E. Boardman Deere & Company Technical Center • Geoffrey Boothroyd Boothroyd Dewhurst Inc. • David L. Bourell The University of Texas at Austin • James G. Bralla Manufacturing Consultant • Bruce L. Bramfitt Bethlehem Steel Corporation • Peter R. Bridenbaugh Alcoa Technical Center • Eric W. Brooman Concurrent Technologies Corporation • Ronald N. Caron Olin Corporation • Umesh Chandra Concurrent Technologies Corporation • Joel P. Clark Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Don P. Clausing Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Thomas H. Courtney Michigan Technological University • Mark Craig Variation Systems Analysis, Inc. • James E. Crosheck CADSI • Shaun Devlin Ford Motor Company • Donald L. Dewhirst Ford Motor Company • R. Judd Diefendorf Clemson University • George E. Dieter University of Maryland • John R. Dixon University of Massachusetts • William E. Dowling, Jr. Ford Motor Company • Stephen F. Duffy Cleveland State University • Lance A. Ealey McKinsey & Company • Peter Elliot Corrosion and Materials Cosultancy Inc. • Mahmoud M. Farag American University in Cairo • Frank R. Field III Massachusetts Institute of Technology • B. Lynn Ferguson Deformation Control Technology • Shirley Fleischmann Grand Valley State University • F. Peter Ford General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center • Theodore C. Fowler Fowler & Whitestone • Victor A. Greenhut Rutgers The State University of New Jersey • Daniel C. Haworth General Motors Research and Development Center • Richard W. Heckel Michigan Technological University • David P. Hoult Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Kenneth H. Huebner Ford Motor Company • Thomas A. Hunter Forensic Engineering Consultants, Inc. • Lesley A. Janosik NASA Lewis Research Center • Geza Kardos Carleton University • Erhard Krempl Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute • Howard A. Kuhn Concurrent Technologies Corporation • Richard C. Laramee Intermountain Design, Inc. • John MacKrell CIMdata • Arnold R. Marder Lehigh University • C. Lawrence Meador Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Edward Muccio Ferris State University • Peter O'Rourke Los Alamos National Laboratory • Kevin N. Otto Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Nagendra Palle Ford Motor Company • Anand J. Paul Concurrent Technologies Corporation • Thomas S. Piwonka The University of Alabama • Hans H. Portisch Krupp VDM Austria GmbH • Raj Ranganathan General Motors Corporation • Richard C. Rice Battelle Columbus • Mark L. Robinson Hamilton Precision Metals • Richard Roth Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Eugene Rymaszewski Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute • K. Sampath Concurrent Technologies Corporation • Howard Sanderow Management and Engineering Technologies • Jon Schaeffer General Electric Aircraft Engines • John A. Schey University of Waterloo • James Smialek NASA Lewis Research Center • Charles O. Smith Engineering Consultant • Douglas E. Smith Ford Motor Company • Preston G. Smith New Product Dynamics • James T. Staley Alcoa Technical Center • David A. Stephenson General Motors Corporation • Henry Stoll Northwestern University • Charles L. Thomas University of Utah • Gerald Trantina General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center • B. Lee Tuttle GMI Engineering and Management Institute • George F. Vander Voort Buehler Ltd. • Anthony J. Vizzini University of Maryland • Gary A. Vrsek Ford Motor Company • Volker Weiss Syracuse University • Jack H. Westbrook Brookline Technologies • James C. Williams General Electric Aircraft Engines • Roy Williams Materials Characterization Laboratory • Kristin L. Wood University of Texas • David A. Woodford Materials Performance Analysis, Inc. Reviewers • John Abraham Purdue University • Robert M. Aiken, Jr. Case Western Reserve University • David J. Albert Albert Consulting Group • C. Wesley Allen CWA Engineering • William Anderson Automated Analysis Corporation • Harry W. Antes SPS Technologies (retired) • William R. Apblett Amet Engineering • Michael F. Ashby Cambridge University • Carl Baker Pacific Northwest National Laboratory • H. Barry Bebb Barry Bebb & Associates • James Birchmeier General Motors Corporation • Neil Birks University of Pittsburgh • Peter J. Blau Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Omer W. Blodgett Lincoln Electric Company • Geoffrey Boothroyd Boothroyd Dewhurst Inc. • David L. Bourell University of Texas at Austin • Rodney R. Boyer Boeing Company • Bruce L. Bramfitt Bethlehem Steel Corporation • Charlie R. Brooks The University of Tennessee • Eric W. Brooman Concurrent Technologies Corporation • William L. Brown Caterpillar Inc. • Myron E. Browning Matrix Technologies • George C. Campbell Ford Motor Company • Barry H. Carden Charter Oak Consulting Group, Inc. • Ronald N. Caron Olin Corporation • Craig D. Clauser Consulting Engineers Inc. • Don P. Clausing Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Lou Cohen Independent Consultant • Arthur Cohen Copper Development Association Inc. • Thomas H. Courtney Michigan Technological University • Eugene E. Covert Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Margaret D. Cramer IMO Pumps, IMO Industries Inc. • Richard Crawford University of Texas • Robert C. Creese West Virginia University • Frank W. Crossman Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center • Charles J. Crout Forging Developments International, Inc. • David Cutherell Design Edge • Fran Cverna ASM International • Edward J. Daniels Argonne National Laboratory • Craig V. Darragh The Timken Company • Randall W. Davis McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems • Rudolph Deanin University of Massachusetts-Lowell • John J. deBarbadillo Inco Alloys International • Donald L. Dewhirst Ford Motor Company • George E. Dieter University of Maryland • John R. Dixon University of Massachusetts • Keith A. Ellison Wilson & Daleo Inc. • William J. Endres University of Michigan • Steven Eppinger Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Georges Fadel Clemson University • Abdel Aziz Fahmy North Carolina State University • Mahmoud M. Farag The American University in Cairo • Mattison K. Ferber Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Stephen Freiman National Institute of Standards and Technology • Peter A. Gallerani Integrated Technologies, Inc. • Murray W. Garbrick Lockheed Martin Corporation • Michelle M. Gauthier Raytheon Electronic Systems • T.B. Gibbons ABB-CE Power Plant Laboratories • Brian Gleeson The University of New South Wales • Raphael Haftka University of Florida • Larry D. Hanke Materials Evaluation and Engineering, Inc. • Richard W. Heckel Michigan Technological University • Alfredo Herrera McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems • Barry S. Hindin Battelle Columbus Division • David Hoeppner University of Utah • Maurice Howes IIT Research Institute • Kenneth H. Huebner Ford Motor Company • M.W. Hyer Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University • Serope Kalpakjian Illinois Institute of Technology • Geza Kardos Carleton University • Theodoulos Z. Kattamis University of Connecticut • J. Gilbert Kaufman Aluminum Association • Michael Kemen Attwood Corporation • Robert D. Kissinger GE Aircraft Engines • William D. Kline GE Aircraft Engines • Lawrence J. Korb Metallurgical Consultant • Paul J. Kovach Stress Engineering Services, Inc. • Jesa Kreiner California State University, Fullerton • Howard A. Kuhn Concurrent Technologies Corporation • Joseph V. Lambert Lockheed Martin • Richard C. Laramee Intermountain Design Inc. • David E. Laughlin Carnegie Mellon University • Alan Lawley Drexel University • Peter W. Lee The Timken Company • Keith Legg Rowan Catalyst Inc. • Richard L. Lehman Rutgers The State University of New Jersey • Iain LeMay Metallurgical Consulting Services Ltd. • James H. Lindsay General Motors R&D Center • Carl R. Loper, Jr. The University of Wisconsin-Madison • Kenneth Ludema University of Michigan • John MacKrell CIMdata, Inc. • Arnold R. Marder Lehigh University • Lee S. Mayer Cessna Aircraft Company • Anna E. McHale Consultant • Gerald H. Meier University of Pittsburgh • A. Mikulec Ford Motor Company • M.R. Mitchell Rockwell International Science Center • James G. Morris University of Kentucky • Edward Muccio Ferris State University • Mary C. Murdock Buffalo State College • James A. Murray Independent Consultant • John S. Nelson Pennsylvania Steel Technologies, Inc. • Glenn B. Nordmark Consultant • David LeRoy Olson Colorado School of Mines • Joel Orr Orr Associates International • Kevin N. Otto Massachusetts Institute of Technology • William G. Ovens Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology • Charles Overby Ohio University • Leander F. Pease III Powder-Tech Associates, Inc. • Thomas S. Piwonka The University of Alabama • Michael Poccia Eastman Kodak Company • Hans H. Portisch Krupp VDM Austria GmbH • Tom Priestley Analogy Inc. • Louis J. Pulgrano DuPont Company • Chandra Putcha California State University, Fullerton • Donald W. Radford Colorado State University • James A. Rains, Jr. General Motors Corporation • Harold S. Reemsnyder Bethlehem Steel Corporation • Michael Rigdon Institute for Defense Analyses • David A. Rigney The Ohio State University • Ana Rivas Case Western Reserve University • J. Barry Roach Welch Allyn, Inc. • Mark L. Robinson Hamilton Precision Metals, Inc. • Gerald J. Roe Bethlehem Steel Corporation • Edwin Ruh Ruh International Inc. • John Rumble National Institute of Standards and Technology • Jerry Russmann Deere & Company • C.O. Ruud The Pennsylvania State University • Edmund F. Rybicki The University of Tulsa • K. Sampath Concurrent Technologies Corporation • John A. Schey University of Waterloo • Julie M. Schoenung California State Polytechnic University, Ponoma • Marlene Schwarz Polaroid Corporation • S.L. Semiatin Air Force Materials Directorate, Wright Laboratory • Donald P. Seraphim Rainbow Displays & Company • Sheri D. Sheppard Stanford University • John A. Shields, Jr. CSM Industries, Inc. • Allen W. Sindel Sindel & Associates • M. Singh NYMA, Inc., NASA Lewis Research Center • James L. Smialek NASA Lewis Research Center • Charles O. Smith Engineering Consultant • Robert S. Sproule Consulting Engineer • James T. Staley Alcoa Technical Center • Edgar A. Starke, Jr. University of Virginia • Henry Stoll Northwestern University • Brent Strong Brigham Young University • Gary S. Strumolo Ford Motor Company • John Sullivan Ford Motor Company • Thomas F. Talbot Consulting Engineer • Raj B. Thakkar A.O. Smith Automotive Products Company • Thomas Thurman Rockwell Avionics and Communications • Tracy S. Tillman Eastern Michigan University • Peter Timmins Risk Based Inspection Inc. • George E. Totten Union Carbide Corporation • Marc Tricard Norton Company • R.C. Tucker, Jr. Praxair Surface Technologies, Inc. • Floyd R. Tuler Alcan Aluminum Corporation • George F. Vander Voort Buehler Ltd. • Garret N. Vanderplaats Vanderplaats Research & Development, Inc. • Jack R. Vinson University of Delaware • Anthony M. Waas University of Michigan • John Walters Scientific Forming Technologies Corporation • Harry W. Walton The Torrington Company • Paul T. Wang Alcoa Technical Center • Colin Wearring Variation Systems Analysis, Inc. • David C. Weckman University of Waterloo • David W. Weiss University of Maryland • Volker Weiss Syracuse University • Jack H. Westbrook Brookline Technologies • Bruce A. Wilson McDonnell Douglas Corporation • Ronald Wolosewicz Rockwell Graphic Systems • Kristin L. Wood University of Texas • David A. Woodford Materials Performance analysis, Inc. • Michael G. Wyzgoski General Motors R&D Center • Ren-Jye Yang Ford Motor Company • Steven B. Young Trent University • David C. Zenger Worcester Polytechnic Institute Foreword Handbooks published by ASM International have long been the premier reference sources on the properties, processing, and applications of metals and nonmetallic engineering materials. The fundamental purpose of these handbooks is to provide authoritative information and data necessary for the appropriate selection of materials to meet critical design and performance criteria. ASM Handbook, Volume 20 takes the next step by focusing in detail on the processes of materials selection and engineering design and by providing tools, techniques, and resources to help optimize these processes. Information of this type has been provided in other handbook volumes most notably in Volume 3 of the 9th Edition Metals Handbook but never to the impressive scope and depth of this handbook. Volume 20 reflects the increasingly interrelated nature of engineering product development, encompassing design, materials selection and processing, and manufacturing and assembly. Many of the articles in this volume describe methods for coordinating or integrating activities that traditionally have been viewed as isolated, self-contained steps in a linear process. Other articles focus on specific design and materials considerations that must be addressed to achieve particular design and performance objectives. As in all ASM Handbook volumes, the emphasis is on providing practical information that will help engineers and technical personnel perform their jobs. The creation of this multidisciplinary volume has been a complex and demanding task. It would not have been possible without the leadership of Volume Chair George E. Dieter. We are grateful to Dr. Dieter for his efforts in developing the concept for this volume, organizing an outstanding group of contributors, and guiding the project through to completion. Special thanks are also due to the Section Chairs, to the members of the ASM Handbook Committee, and to the ASM editorial and production staff. We are especially grateful to the more than two hundred authors and reviewers who contributed their time and expertise to create this extraordinary information resource. George Krauss President, ASM International Michael J. DeHaemer Managing Director, ASM International Preface All engineers who are concerned with the development of products or the design of machines and structures must be knowledgeable about the materials from which they are made. After all, the selection of the correct material for a design is a key step in the design process because it is the crucial decision that links the computer calculations and the lines on an engineering drawing with a working design. At the same time, the rapid progress in materials science and engineering has made a large number of materials metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites of potential interest to the designer. Thus, the range of materials available to the engineer is much larger than ever before. This presents the opportunity for innovation in design by utilizing these materials in products that provide greater performance at lower cost. To achieve this requires a more rational process for materials selection than is normally used. Materials engineers have traditionally been involved in helping to select materials. In most cases, this is done more or less in isolation from the actual design process. Sometimes the materials expert becomes involved only when the design fails. In the past ten years, mostly in response to the pressures of international competitiveness, new approaches to product design and development have arisen to improve quality, drive down cost, and reduce product cycle time. Generally called concurrent engineering, it uses product development teams of experts from all functions design, manufacturing, marketing, and so forth to work together from the start of the product design project. This opens new opportunities for better material selection. It also has resulted in the development of new computer-based design tools. If materials engineers are to play an important future role in product development, they need to be more familiar with the design process and these design tools. Thus, Volume 20 of ASM Handbook is aimed at two important groups: materials professionals and design professionals. As a handbook on materials selection and design, it is unique. No other handbook deals with this subject area in this way, bridging the gaps between two vital but often distant areas of expertise. The Handbook is divided into seven sections: • The Design Process • Criteria and Concepts in Design • Design Tools • The Materials Selection Process • Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Materials Properties • Properties versus Performance of Materials • Manufacturing Aspects of Design Emphasis throughout is on concepts and principles, amply supported by examples and case histories. This is not a handbook of material property data, nor is it a place to find detailed discussion of specific material selection problems. Other volumes in the ASM Handbook series often provide this type of information. Section 1, "The Design Process," sets the stage for the materials engineer to better understand and participate in the product design process. The context of design within a manufacturing firm is described, and the role of the materials engineer in design is discussed. Emphasis is placed on methods for conceptual and configuration design, including the development of a product specification. Methods for creative generation of conceptual designs and for evaluation of conceptual and configuration alternatives are introduced. Learning to work effectively in cross-functional teams is discussed. Section 2, "Criteria and Concepts in Design" deals with design concepts and methods that are important for a complete understanding of engineering design. The list is long: concurrent engineering, including QFD; codes and standards; statistical aspects of design; reliability in design; life-cycle engineering; design for quality; robust design (the Taguchi approach); risk and hazard analysis; human factors in design; design for the environment (green design); safety; and product liability and design. Section 3 considers "Design Tools." This section provides an overview of the computer-aided engineering tools that are finding wide usage in product design. This includes the fundamentals of computer-aided design, and the use of computer- based methods in mechanism dynamics, stress analysis (finite element analysis), fluid and heat transfer analysis, and electronic design. Also considered are computer methods for design optimization and tolerance analysis. Finally, the section ends with discussions of the document packages necessary for design and of methods for rapid prototyping. Section 4, "The Materials Selection Process," lays out the complexity of the materials selection problem and describes various methodologies for the selection of materials. Included are Ashby's material property charts and performance indices, the use of decision matrices, and computer-aided methods. Also discussed are the use that can be made of value analysis and failure analysis in solving a materials selection problem. The close interrelationship of materials selection and economic issues and processing are reinforced in separate articles. Section 5, "Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Materials Properties," is aimed chiefly at the design engineer who is not a materials specialist. It is a "mini-textbook" on materials science and engineering, with a strong engineering flavor and oriented chiefly at explaining mechanical properties and behavior in terms of structure. The role that processing plays in influencing structure is given emphasis. The articles in this Section cover metallic alloys, ceramics, engineering plastics, and composite materials. The Section concludes with an article on places to find materials information and properties. Section 6, "Properties versus Performance of Materials," features articles that attempt to cross the materials/design gap in a way that the designer will understand how the material controls properties and the materials engineer will become more familiar with real-world operating conditions. Again, emphasis is mostly on mechanical behavior and includes articles on design for static structures, fatigue, fracture toughness, and high temperature. Other articles consider design for corrosion resistance, oxidation, wear, and electronic and magnetic applications. Separate articles consider the special concerns when designing with brittle materials, plastics, and composite materials. Section 7, "Manufacturing Aspects of Design," focuses on the effects of manufacturing processes on the properties and the costs of product designs. The section contains articles on design for manufacture and assembly (DFM and DFA), general guidelines for selecting processes, modeling of processes, and cost estimation in manufacturing. Individual articles deal with design for casting, deformation processes, powder processing, machining, joining, heat treatment, residual stresses, and surface finishing. Articles also deal with design for ceramic processing, plastics processing, and composite manufacture. This Handbook would not have been possible without the dedicated hard work of the chairmen of the sections: John R. Dixon, University of Massachusetts (retired); Bruce Boardman, Deere & Company; Kenneth H. Huebner, Ford Motor Company; Richard W. Heckel, Michigan Technological University (retired); David A. Woodford, Materials Performance analysis Inc.; and Howard A. Kuhn, Concurrent Technologies Corporation. Special thanks goes to several individuals who did work well beyond the normal call of duty in reviewing manuscripts: Serope Kalpakjian, John A. Schey, and Charles O. Smith. I wish to thank all of the busy people who agreed to author articles for the Handbook. The high rate of acceptance, from both the design community and the materials community, is a strong indicator of the importance of the need that ASM Handbook, Volume 20, fills. George E. Dieter University of Maryland General Information Officers and Trustees of ASM International (1996-1997) Officers • George Krauss President and Trustee Colorado School of Mines • Alton D. Romig, Jr. Vice President and Trustee Sandia National Laboratories • Michael J. DeHaemer Secretary and Managing Director ASM International • W. Raymond Cribb Treasurer Brush Wellman Inc. • William E. Quist Immediate Past President Boeing Commercial Airplane Group Trustees • Nicholas F. Fiore Carpenter Technology Corporation • Merton C. Flemings Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Gerald G. Hoeft Caterpillar Inc. • Kishor M. Kulkarni Advanced Metalworking Practices Inc. • Thomas F. McCardle Kolene Corporation • Bhakta B. Rath U.S. Naval Research Laboratory • Darrell W. Smith Michigan Technological University • Leo G. Thompson Lindberg Corporation • William Wallace National Research Council Canada Members of the ASM Handbook Committee (1996-1997) • William L. Mankins (Chair 1994-; Member 1989-) Inco Alloys International Inc. • Michelle M. Gauthier (Vice Chair 1994-; Member 1990-) Raytheon Company • Bruce P. Bardes (1993-) Miami University • Rodney R. Boyer (1982-1985; 1995-) Boeing Commercial Airplane Group • Toni M. Brugger (1993-) Carpenter Technology • R. Chattopadhyay (1996-) Consultant • Rosalind P. Cheslock (1994-) Ashurst Technology Center Inc. • Craig V. Darragh (1989-) The Timken Company • Aicha Elshabini-Riad (1990-) Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University • Henry E. Fairman (1993-) MQS Inspection Inc. • Michael T. Hahn (1995-) Northrop Grumman Corporation • Larry D. Hanke (1994-) Materials Evaluation and Engineering Inc. • Dennis D. Huffman (1982-) The Timken Company • S. Jim Ibarra, Jr. (1991-) Amoco Corporation • Dwight Janoff (1995-) FMC Corporation • Paul J. Kovach (1995-) Stress Engineering Services Inc. • Peter W. Lee (1990-) The Timken Company • Anthony J. Rotolico (1993-) Engelhard Surface Technology • Mahi Sahoo (1993-) CANMET • Wilbur C. Simmons (1993-) Army Research Office • Kenneth B. Tator (1991-) KTA-Tator Inc. • Malcolm Thomas (1993-) Allison Engine Company • Jeffrey Waldman (1995-) Drexel University • Dan Zhao (1996-) Essex Group Inc. Previous Chairs of the ASM Handbook Committee • R.J. Austin (1992-1994) (Member 1984-1996) • L.B. Case (1931-1933) (Member 1927-1933) • T.D. Cooper (1984-1986) (Member 1981-1986) • E.O. Dixon (1952-1954) (Member 1947-1955) • R.L. Dowdell (1938-1939) (Member 1935-1939) • J.P. Gill (1937) (Member 1934-1937) • J.D. Graham (1966-1968) (Member 1961-1970) • J.F. Harper (1923-1926) (Member 1923-1926) • C.H. Herty, Jr. (1934-1936) (Member 1930-1936) • D.D. Huffman (1986-1990) (Member 1982-) • J.B. Johnson (1948-1951) (Member 1944-1951) • L.J. Korb (1983) (Member 1978-1983) • R.W.E. Leiter (1962-1963) (Member 1955-1958, 1960-1964) • G.V. Luerssen (1943-1947) (Member 1942-1947) • G.N. Maniar (1979-1980) (Member 1974-1980) • J.L. McCall (1982) (Member 1977-1982) • W.J. Merten (1927-1930) (Member 1923-1933) • D.L. Olson (1990-1992) (Member 1982-1988, 1989-1992) • N.E. Promisel (1955-1961) (Member 1954-1963) • G.J. Shubat (1973-1975) (Member 1966-1975) • W.A. Stadtler (1969-1972) (Member 1962-1972) • R. Ward (1976-1978) (Member 1972-1978) • M.G.H. Wells (1981) (Member 1976-1981) • D.J. Wright (1964-1965) (Member 1959-1967) Staff ASM International staff who contributed to the development of the Volume included Scott D. Henry, Assistant Director of Reference Publications; Steven R. Lampman, Technical Editor; Grace M. Davidson, Manager of Handbook Production; Bonnie R. Sanders, Chief Copy Editor; Randall L. Boring, Production Coordinator; Kathleen S. Dragolich, Production Coordinator; and Amy E. Hammel, Editorial Assistant. Editorial assistance was provided by Nikki DiMatteo, [...]... Metals handbook Includes bibliographical references and indexes Contents: v 1 Properties and selection irons,steels, and high-performance alloys v 2 Propertiesand selection- nonferrous alloys and special-purposematerials [etc.] v 20 Materials selection and design 1 Metals Handbooks, manuals, etc 2 HandbookCommittee II Metals Handbook TA459.M43 19 90 620. 1' 6 9 0 -1 15 ISBN 0-8 717 0-3 7 7-7 (v .1) SAN 204 -7 586... Academy Press, 19 91 16 D.A Garvin, Competing on the Eight Dimensions of Quality, Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec 19 87, p 10 1- 1 09 17 R.C Camp, Benchmarking, ASCQ Quality Press, 19 89 18 F.G Tucker, How to Measure Yourself Against the Best, Harvard Business Review, Jan/Feb 19 87, p 8 -1 0 19 P.G Smith and D.G Reinertsen, Developing Products in Half the Time, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 19 91 20 D.R Hauser and D Clausing,... 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 G Boothroyd, Assembly Automation and Product Design, Marcel Dekker, 19 92 D.A Gatenby, Design for "X"(DFX) and CAD/CAE, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Design for Manufacturability and Assembly, 6-8 June 19 88, (Newport, RI) J.R Dixon and C Poli, Engineering Design and Design for Manufacturing, Field Stone Publishers, 19 95 S Pugh, Total Design: Integrating... subassemblies and finally into individual parts or standard components (See the section "Engineering Conceptual Design" in this article.) Then to complete the design, the individual parts must be designed, manufactured, and assembled The process of designing parts is described in the article "Conceptual and Configuration Design of Parts" in this Volume The design of a part involves selection of a material and. .. Stone Publishers, 19 95 10 G Taguchi, The Development of Quality Engineering, The American Supplier Institute, Vol 1 (No 1) , Fall, 19 88 11 G Taguchi and D Clausing, Robust Quality, Harvard Business Review, Jan-Feb, 19 90 12 P.Y Papalambros and D.J Wilde, Principles of Optimal Design, Cambridge University Press, John Wiley & Sons, 19 89 13 G.E.P Box, S Bisgaard, and C Fung, An Explanation and Critique of... engineering design process References 1 G Boothroyd, Assembly Automation and Product Design, Marcel Dekker, 19 92 2 D.A Gatenby, Design for "X"(DFX) and CAD/CAE, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Design for Manufacturability and Assembly, 6-8 June 19 88, (Newport, RI) 3 J.R Dixon and C Poli, Engineering Design and Design for Manufacturing, Field Stone Publishers, 19 95 Overview of the Design. .. Ref 5) expand the conceptual stage into two separate stages called conceptual and embodiment design and then include the configuration design of parts as a part of detail design References cited in this section 3 J.R Dixon and C Poli, Engineering Design and Design for Manufacturing, Field Stone Publishers, 19 95 5 G Pahl and W Beitz, Engineering Design, K Wallace, Ed., The Design Council, 19 84 Overview... applied to special-purpose parts and to standard parts and standard assemblies A number of powerful methods are available for the parametric design of components and small assemblies, including guided iteration, optimization (see the article "Design Optimization" in this Volume) , and statistical methods (see the articles "Statistical Aspects of Design" and "Robust Design" in this Volume) Tolerances... Table 1 and discussed further in the following paragraphs Table 1 Overview of the Sections in ASM Handbook, Vol 20, Materials Selection and Design Section title Summary 1 The Design Process This section offers insights into the several roles that must be played by the materials selection expert It also reviews the process and methods that may be applied to enhance and improve the effectiveness of the design. .. Product Engineering, Addison-Wesley, 19 91 G Pahl and W Beitz, Engineering Design, K Wallace, Ed., The Design Council, 19 84 E Crossley, A Shorthand Route to Design Creativity, Mach Des., April 10 , 19 80 C.W Allen, personal communication, 19 93 G Boothroyd and P Dewhurst, Product Design for Assembly, Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc., 19 89 K.T Ulrich et al., "Including the Value of Time in Design for Manufacturing," . (19 6 6 -1 968) (Member 19 6 1- 1 970) • J.F. Harper (19 2 3 -1 926) (Member 19 2 3 -1 926) • C.H. Herty, Jr. (19 3 4 -1 936) (Member 19 3 0 -1 936) • D.D. Huffman (19 8 6 -1 990) (Member 19 8 2-) • J.B. Johnson (19 4 8 -1 9 51) . (19 4 8 -1 9 51) (Member 19 4 4 -1 9 51) • L.J. Korb (19 83) (Member 19 7 8 -1 983) • R.W.E. Leiter (19 6 2 -1 963) (Member 19 5 5 -1 958, 19 6 0 -1 964) • G.V. Luerssen (19 4 3 -1 947) (Member 19 4 2 -1 947) • G.N. Maniar (19 7 9 -1 980). (19 5 5 -1 9 61) (Member 19 5 4 -1 963) • G.J. Shubat (19 7 3 -1 975) (Member 19 6 6 -1 975) • W.A. Stadtler (19 6 9 -1 972) (Member 19 6 2 -1 972) • R. Ward (19 7 6 -1 978) (Member 19 7 2 -1 978) • M.G.H. Wells (19 81) (Member