Ultimate strength 0.2% offset yield strength Elastic modulus Transverse rupture strength Impact energy (a) Fatigue strength (c) Material designation code MPa ksi MPa ksi Elongation in 25 mm (1 in.), % GPa 10 6 psi MPa ksi J ft · lbf Apparent hardness (b) MPa ksi Density, g/cm 3 FD-0208-55 (d) 540 79 430 63 <1.0 135 19.5 1070 155 12 9.0 83 HRB 230 33 6.90 FD-0208-60 (d) 630 92 470 68 1.0 150 21.5 1240 180 16 12.0 87 HRB 260 38 7.10 FD-0208-65 (d) 710 103 500 73 1.0 160 23.0 1340 195 23 17.0 90 HRB 320 46 7.25 FD-0405-55 (d) 590 86 430 62 1.0 125 18.0 1100 160 15 11.0 80 HRB 170 25 6.75 FD-0405-60 (d) 710 103 460 66 1.0 145 21.0 1340 195 27 20.0 85 HRB 200 28 7.05 FD-0405-65 (d) 850 123 480 70 2.5 165 24.0 1590 230 37 27.0 91 HRB 280 40 7.35 FD-0405-100HT (e) 760 110 (f) (f) <1.0 125 18.0 1100 160 7 5.0 30 HRC (55 HRC) 230 34 6.75 FD-0405-130HT (e) 970 140 (f) (f) <1.0 145 21.0 1380 200 9 7.0 35 HRC (55 HRC) 340 50 7.05 FD-0405-155HT (e) FD-0408-50 (d) 490 71 390 57 <1.0 120 17.5 900 130 12 9.0 85 HRB 150 22 6.70 FD-0408-55 (d) 620 90 430 62 1.0 140 20.0 1140 165 18 13.0 89 HRB 190 27 6.95 FD-0408-60 (d) 760 110 460 67 1.5 155 22.5 1380 200 24 18.0 93 HRB 260 38 7.20 Ultimate strength 0.2% offset yield strength Elastic modulus Transverse rupture strength Impact energy (a) Fatigue strength (c) Material designation code MPa ksi MPa ksi Elongation in 25 mm (1 in.), % GPa 10 6 psi MPa ksi J ft · lbf Apparent hardness (b) MPa ksi Density, g/cm 3 FD-0408-65 (d) 860 125 490 71 2.0 170 24.5 1590 230 30 22.0 95 HRB 330 48 7.40 Copper-infiltrated steel FX-1000-25 (d) 350 51 220 32 7.0 160 23.5 910 132 34 25.0 65 HRB 133 19 7.3 FX-1005-40 (d) 530 77 340 50 4.0 160 23.5 1090 158 18 13.0 82 HRB 200 29 7.3 FX-1005-110HT (e) 830 120 (f) (f) <0.5 160 23.5 1450 210 9 7.0 38 HRC (55 HRC) 230 33 7.3 FX-1008-50 (d) 600 87 410 60 3.0 160 23.5 1140 166 14 10.0 89 HRB 230 33 7.3 FX-1008-110HT (e) 830 120 (f) (f) <0.5 160 23.5 1300 189 9 6.5 43 HRC (58 HRC) 280 41 7.3 FX-2000-25 (d) 320 46 260 37 3.0 145 b1.0 990 144 20 15.0 66 HRB 122 17 7.3 FX-2005-45 (d) 520 75 410 60 1.5 145 21.0 1020 148 11 8.0 85 HRB 140 20 7.3 FX-2005-90HT (e) 690 100 (f) (f) <0.5 145 21.0 1180 171 9 7.0 36 HRC (55 HRC) 160 23 7.3 FX-2008-60 (d) 550 80 480 70 1.0 145 21.0 1080 156 9 7.0 90 HRB 160 23 7.3 FX-2008-90HT (e) 690 100 (f) (f) <0.5 145 21.0 1100 159 7 5.0 36 HRC (58 HRC) 190 27 7.3 (a) Unnotched Charpy test. (b) Apparent hardness measures a combination of matrix hardness plus the effect of porosity. Where applicable, the matrix (converted) hardness is also given in parentheses. (c) Fatigue limit for 10 7 cycles from reverse-bending tests (R.R. Moore testing machines). (d) The suffix number represents the minimum yield strength (in ksi) for the material in the as-sintered condition. (e) The suffix number for the heat treated (HT) or sinter-hardened conditions represents the minimum yield strength (in ksi). Tempering temperature for most heat treated materials is 175 °C (350 °F); nickel steels are tempered at 260 °C (500 °F). (f) Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat treated materials. Appendix 2: Powder Metallurgy Standards Table 1 Cross-index of powder metallurgy standards Designation (a) Standard title ASTM MPIF ISO Other Metal powder specifications Aluminum Pigment, Powder and Paste, for Paint D 962 . . . . . . TT-P-320B Aluminum Powder, Flaked, Grained and Atomized . . . . . . . . . MIL-A-512A Antimony, Powdered, Technical . . . . . . . . . MIL-A-10841B Brass Powder (for sintering) . . . . . . . . . MIL-B-11552B Bronze Powder, Gold D 267 . . . . . . TT-P-340 Copper Powder (for use in ammunition) . . . . . . . . . JAN-C-768 Copper Powder for Use in Antifouling Paints D 964 . . . . . . . . . Iron Powder (for pyrotechnics) . . . . . . . . . MIL-I-12058A Magnesium-Aluminum Alloy, Powdered . . . . . . . . . JAN-M-454 Magnesium Powder (for use in ammunition) . . . . . . . . . JAN-M-382A Manganese, Powdered (for use in ammunition) . . . . . . . . . JAN-M-476A Nickel Powder (for use in ammunition) . . . . . . . . . JAN-N-412A Powders, Metal, Atomized (Aluminum, Magnesium, Magnesium- Aluminum) . . . . . . . . . MIL-P-14067B Tin, Pulverized . . . . . . . . . JAN-T-458 Titanium, Powdered . . . . . . . . . MIL-T-13405 Tungsten, Powdered . . . . . . . . . MIL-T-13827 Zinc Dust (for use in pyrotechnics) . . . . . . . . . JAN-Z-365 Zinc Dust (metallic zinc powder); Dry (paint pigment) D 520 . . . . . . TT-P-460 No. 1 Zirconium-Nickel Alloy Powder (for use in delay compositions) . . . . . . . . . MIL-Z-11410A Zirconium, Powdered (for use in ammunition) . . . . . . . . . JAN-Z-399A Methods of powder characterization and testing Acid-Insoluble Content of Copper and Iron Powders E 194 6 4496 . . . Bronze Filter Powder . . . 39 . . . . . . Chemical Analysis of Zinc Dust (Metallic Zinc Powder) D 521 . . . . . . . . . Compressibility of Metal Powders in Uniaxial Compaction B 331 45 3927 . . . Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature E 9 . . . . . . . . . Density, Apparent, of Free-Flowing Metal Powders B 212 4 3923/1 . . . Density, Apparent, of Metal Powders Using the Arnold Meter 703 48 . . . . . . Density, Apparent, of Non-Free-Flowing Metal Powders B417 28 3923/1 . . . Density, Apparent, of Powders of Refractory Metals and Compounds by Scott Volumeter B 329 . . . 3923/2 . . . Flow Rate of Metal Powders B 213 3 4490 . . . Green Strength for Compacted Metal Powder Specimens B 312 15 3995 . . . Hydrogen Loss of Copper, Tungsten, and Iron Powders E 159 2 4491 . . . Iron Content of Iron Powder . . . 7 . . . . . . Measuring Dimensional Change of Metal Powder Specimens Due to Sintering B 610 44 4492 . . . Particle Distribution of Refractory Metal-Type Powders by Turbidimetry B 430 . . . . . . . . . Particle Size Distribution of Metal Powders and Related Compounds by Light Scattering B 822 . . . . . . . . . Particle Size Distribution of Refractory Metals and Their Compounds by X-Ray Monitoring of Gravity Sedimentation B 761 . . . . . . . . . Particle Size, Average, of Metal Powders by Fisher Subsieve Sizer . . . 32 . . . MIL-STD-1233 Particle Size, Average, of Powders of Refractory Metals and Their Compounds by the Fisher Subsieve Sizer B 330, C 721 . . . . . . . . . Safety Requirements for the Construction, Safeguarding, Care and Use of P/M Presses . . . 47 . . . . . . Sampling and Testing Aluminum Powder and Paste D 480 . . . . . . . . . Sampling Finished Lots of Metal Powders B 215 1 3954 . . . Sieve Analysis of Granular Metal Powders B 214 5 4497.2 MIL-STD-1233 Subsieve Analysis of Granular Metal Powders by Air Classification B 293 12 . . . . . . Tap Density of Metal Powders B 527 46 3953 MIL-STD-1233 Tension Test Specimens for Pressed and Sintered Metal Powders E 8 10 2740 . . . Testing Copper-Base Infiltrating Powders . . . 49 . . . . . . Particle Size Analysis of Particulate Substances in the Range of 0.2 to 75 Micrometers by Optical Microscopy E 20 . . . . . . . . . De-Agglomeration of Refractory Metal Powders and Their Compounds Prior to Particle Size Analysis B 859 . . . . . . . . . Reporting Particle Size Characteristics of Pigments D 1366 . . . . . . . . . Metal powder bearings Iron-Base Sintered Bearings (Oil-Impregnated) B 439 35 . . . SAE J471d, MIL-B- 5687D, MS21782 Iron Bronze Sintered Bearings (Oil-Impregnated) B 612 35 . . . . . . Iron-Graphite Sintered Bearings B 782 35 . . . . . . Materials Standards and Specifications for Powder Metallurgy Mechanical Components and Oil Impregnated Bearings plus Code Designations and Coding Systems B 438, B 439 35 . . . SAE J471d, MIL-B- 5687D Sintered Bronze Bearings (Oil-Impregnated) B 438 35 . . . MIL-B-5687D, MS17795, MS17796, MS21783 Sintered Bronze Bearings (Oil-Impregnated) (Metric) B 438M . . . . . . . . . Density and Interconnected Porosity of Sintered Powder Metal Structural Parts and Oil Impregnated Bearings B 328 42 2738, 3369 . . . Determination of Oil Content B 328 . . . 2737 . . . Determination of Radial Crushing Strength . . . . . . 2739 . . . Magnetic powder cores and ceramic magnets Permeability of Feebly Magnetic Materials A 342 . . . . . . CCPA P-109 Acceptance Standards for Electronic Cores . . . 17 . . . . . . Coding Methods for Color Identification of Magnetic Powder Cores . . . 36 . . . . . . Determination of Iron Powder Toroidal Core Inductance . . . 33 . . . . . . Electronic Iron Powder Core Mechanical Test Specifications . . . 22 . . . . . . Iron Powder Core Dimensional Specifications . . . 11 . . . . . . Nominal Dimensions of Molybdenum-Permalloy Powder Cores . . . 38 . . . . . . Metal powder structural parts Copper-Infiltrated Sintered Carbon Steel Structural Parts B 303 35 . . . SAE No. 870, 872 Materials for Ferrous Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Structural Parts B 783 35 . . . SAE J471d Materials for Nonferrous Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Structural Parts B 823 35 . . . . . . Powder Forged (P/F) Ferrous Structural Parts B 848 . . . . . . . . . Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Boron Stainless Steel Structural Components B 853 . . . . . . . . . Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Titanium Alloy Structural Components B 817 . . . . . . . . . Sintered Aluminum Structural Parts B 595 . . . . . . . . . Sintered Austenitic Stainless Steel Structural Parts B 525 35 . . . . . . Sintered Brass Structural Parts B 282 35 . . . MIL-B-12128C Sintered Bronze Structural Parts B 255 35 . . . . . . Sintered Carbon Steel Structural Parts B 310 35 . . . SAE No. 850, 851,853 Sintered Copper Steel Structural Parts B 426 35 . . . SAE No. 864 Sintered Copper Structural Parts for Electrical Conductivity Applications B 715 . . . . . . . . . Sintered Iron-Copper Structural Parts B 222 35 . . . SAE No. 862, 863 Sintered Metal Powder Parts (bearings and structural parts) . . . . . . . . . SAE J471d Sintered Nickel Silver Structural Parts B 458 35 . . . . . . Sintered Nickel Steel Parts B 484 . . . . . . SAE J471d Tungsten Base, High Density Metal (Sintered or Hot Pressed) . . . . . . . . . MIL-T-21014C Testing of metal powder structural parts Determining the Percentage of Alloyed or Unalloyed Iron Contamination Present in Powder Forged (P/F) Steel Parts B 795 . . . . . . . . . Microhardness and Case Depth of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Parts B 721 51, 52 4507 . . . Nonmetallic Inclusion Level of Powder Forged (P/F) Steel Parts B 796 . . . . . . . . . Surface Finger Oxide Penetration Depth and Presence of Interparticle Oxide Networks in Powder Forged (P/F) Steel Parts B 797 . . . . . . . . . Coefficient of Friction and Wear of Sintered Metal Friction Materials Under Dry Clutch Conditions B 526 . . . . . . . . . Density and Interconnected Porosity B 328 42 2738, 3369 . . . Density of Sintered Metal Friction Materials B 376 . . . . . . . . . Dynamic Coefficient of Friction and Wear of Sintered Metal Friction Materials Under Dry Conditions B 460 . . . . . . . . . Frictional Characteristics of Sintered Metal Friction Materials Run In Lubricants B 461 . . . . . . . . . Hardness of Sintered Metal Friction Materials B 347 . . . . . . . . . Tension Test Specimens for Pressed and Sintered Metal Powders E 8 10 2740 . . . Transverse Rupture Strength of Sintered Metal Friction Materials B 378 . . . . . . . . . Determination of Apparent Hardness of Sintered Metal Powder Products . . . 43 4498 . . . Detemination of Impact Strength of Sintered Metal Powder Specimens . . . 40 5754 . . . Determination of Transverse Rupture or Bending Strength of Sintered Metal Powder Test Specimens B 528 41 3325 . . . Determining the Case Hardness of Powder Metallurgy Parts . . . 37 4507 Young's Modulus . . . . . . 3312 . . . Cemented carbides Tungsten Carbide, Crystalline . . . . . . . . . MIL-T-13366 Abrasive Wear Resistance of Cemented Carbides B 611 . . . . . . . . . Compression Testing for Cemented Carbides . . . . . . 4506 CCPA P-104 Density of Cemented Carbides B 311 . . . . . . CCPA P-101 Determination of Poisson's Ratio at Room Temperature for Cemented Carbides . . . . . . . . . CCPA P-105 Determination of Young's Modulus at Room Temperature for Cemented Carbides . . . . . . . . . CCPA P-106 Diametral Compression Testing of Cemented Carbides . . . . . . . . . CCPA P-115 Electrical Resistivity of Cemented Tungsten Carbides B 421 . . . . . . CCPA M-203 Grain Size, Apparent, and Distribution of Cemented Tungsten Carbides B 390 . . . . . . CCPA P-107 Hardness Testing of Cemented Carbides B 294 . . . 3738 CCPA P-103 Linear Thermal Expansion for Cemented Carbides . . . . . . . . . CCPA P-108 Metallographic Determination of Microstructure in Cemented Carbides B 657 . . . . . . . . . Metallographic Sample Preparation of Cemented Carbides B 665 . . . . . . . . . Porosity, Apparent, in Cemented Carbides B 276 . . . . . . CCPA M-201 Tension Testing of Cemented Carbides . . . . . . . . . CCPA P-113 Transverse Rupture Strength of Cemented Carbides B 406 . . . 3327 CCPA P-102 Short Rod Fracture Toughness B 771 . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous Brushes, Electrical Contacts, and Carbon Stock, Electrical Contact Brush . . . . . . . . . MIL-B-003743D Glossary for Metal Powder Compacting Presses and Tooling . . . 31 . . . . . . Metallized Surfaces on Ceramic, Specification for F 44 . . . . . . . . . Precision Electroformed Sieves, Specification for E 161 . . . . . . . . . [...]... these parts Pressurized nitrogen leak testing is specified for the cover, base, and body Crush testing is specified for the gears Cover Base Body Gear Gear MPIF material FC-0408-P FC-0408-P FC-0408-P FC-0408-P Carbon, % 0.6 0-1 .00 0.6 0-1 .00 0.8 0.6 0-1 .00 0.6 0-1 .00 Copper, % 2.0 0-6 .00 2.0 0-6 .00 2.0 2.0 0-6 .00 2.0 0-6 .00 Nickel, % 0.4 0-0 .50 Manganese, % 0.2 5-0 .35 Molybdenum, % 0.5 5-0 .65... P/M parts and recent award winning parts from the annual parts competition series of the Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF) Acknowledgement The examples in this article were adapted from Metals Handbook, Vol 7, Powder Metallurgy and from Advanced Materials & Processes descriptions of the MPIF parts competition Appendix 3: Examples of Powder Metallurgy Parts General Examples Powder metallurgy parts... Appendix 3: Examples of Powder Metallurgy Parts MPIF Parts Recognition The Metal Powder Industries Federation holds an annual P/M Part- of-the-Year Design Competition to select outstanding powder metallurgy products in five categories: ferrous, nonferrous, stainless steel, injection molding, and overseas The following sections briefly describe parts from recent competitions 1995 Parts Competition Steel... Building, Cleveland, OH 44115 Appendix 3: Examples of Powder Metallurgy Parts Introduction POWDER METALLURGY PARTS are used in a wide variety of applications for automobiles, machinery, appliances, aircraft, consumer items, electrical instruments, and other manufactured products The parts produced by powder metallurgy (P/M) methods can also be unique and innovative As a small sample of various applications, ... (MPIF SS-304NI-30) A specially designed multiactuated feeder system fills the dies with the two different powders Fig 12 1996 Powder Metallurgy Part- of-the-Year Competition winners: Left to right, front row: Vending machine parts and guidance system support base Second row: sprinkler upper trip and bimetallic magnetic pole piece Back: Planetary carrier Courtesy, MPIF The part must withstand a test load... clutch could withstand The P/M notch and pocket plates are assembled with four struts, four springs, and a threaded weir to form the one-way clutch The design is patented by Epilogics Inc., and the part is made by Metal Powder Components Brass optical sensing part (Fig 15) made by FMS Corp holds a photoelectric emitter and receiver in place The part has thin walls and four pyramid-shaped "locking ribs"... from powder in an 825 ton (7.3 MN) compacting press Fig 14 1997 P/M Part- of-the-Year Competition winners Left to right, foreground: Latchbolt and seven gun parts Left to right, background: Exhaust manifold flanges, turbine hub, and a powder tool ratchet wheel set, which includes the wheel, flange, and thrust ring The part has a minimum density of 7.2 g/cm3 (0.26 lb/in.3), a tensile strength of 807 MPa...Terms Used in Powder Metallurgy B 243 9 3252 Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes, Specification for E 11 RR-S-366 Source: 1998 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 2.05, ASTM, 1998 (a) Standards referenced include those of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF), Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and federal agencies, including... economies of powder metallurgy The part also provides high hardness, wear resistance, and net shape The new mortise lock design can change function and handling in the field without disassembly and extra parts, which means the lock can be installed on a door regardless of the way it is swung The lock also contains five copper-infiltrated P/M steel parts The parts are made by Ceromet Three intricate 1 7-4 PH... The part was made by Brush Wellman Inc 1996 Parts Competition Magnetic pole piece (Fig 12) is a bimetallic duplex component that is an essential part of a magetic steering assist unit for cars The complex part is formed via a very innovative simultaneous multipowder compaction process The inner and outer poles are made from iron-phosphorus powder, and the bridge is made of stainless steel (MPIF SS-304NI-30) . FC-0408-P FC-0408-P . . . FC-0408-P FC-0408-P Carbon, % 0.6 0-1 .00 0.6 0-1 .00 0.8 0.6 0-1 .00 0.6 0-1 .00 Copper, % 2.0 0-6 .00 2.0 0-6 .00 2.0 2.0 0-6 .00 2.0 0-6 .00 Nickel, % . . . . . . 0.4 0-0 .50 . . MIL-A-512A Antimony, Powdered, Technical . . . . . . . . . MIL-A-10841B Brass Powder (for sintering) . . . . . . . . . MIL-B-11552B Bronze Powder, Gold D 267 . . . . . . TT-P-340 Copper Powder. Granular Metal Powders B 214 5 4497.2 MIL-STD-1233 Subsieve Analysis of Granular Metal Powders by Air Classification B 293 12 . . . . . . Tap Density of Metal Powders B 527 46 3953 MIL-STD-1233