[...]... 94 97 97 99 99 10 0 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 3 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 5 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 9 10 9 10 9 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 2 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 4 11 5 11 6 11 6 11 7 11 7 11 8 11 9 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 1 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 6 xii Contents 3.8 Internet protocols 3.8 .1 Internet networking basics 3.8.2 Protocol hierarchies 3.8.3 Connectionless network layer 3.8.4 The IP packet format 3.8.5 IP address 3.8.6 Mapping between Internet and physical network... operation systems and mediation functions 12 7 12 7 12 8 12 8 12 8 13 0 13 1 13 2 13 2 13 2 13 3 13 3 13 3 13 4 13 5 13 6 13 7 13 8 13 9 14 0 14 0 14 1 14 1 14 2 14 3 14 4 14 5 14 5 14 7 14 7 14 7 14 8 14 8 14 9 14 9 15 0 15 0 15 1 15 1 15 2 15 2 15 4 15 4 15 5 15 6 15 6 15 8 15 8 Contents 4.5 Access and transit transmission networks 4.5 .1 Analogue telephony networks 4.5.2 Telephony network traffic engineering concept 4.5.3 Access to satellite networks... satellite ATM networking architecture 5.3 .1 The ground segment 5.3.2 The space segment 5.3.3 Satellite bandwidth resource management 5.3.4 Connection admission control (CAC) xiii 16 0 16 0 16 1 16 2 16 2 16 3 16 3 16 4 16 5 16 5 16 6 16 7 16 7 16 8 16 9 16 9 17 1 17 1 17 3 17 3 17 4 17 5 17 6 17 6 17 7 17 7 17 8 17 9 17 9 18 0 18 3 18 4 18 4 18 4 18 5 18 5 18 6 18 7 18 7 18 8 18 8 19 0 19 0 19 1 19 2 19 2 19 3 19 4 19 5 xiv Contents 5.3.5 Network policing... (ITU-T, G 114 ) LSP attributes IPv6 extension headers Some reserved multicast addresses IPv6 addressing architecture 32 33 76 79 85 13 0 17 9 18 0 18 1 200 246 247 307 308 319 326 328 328 List of Figures 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 1. 9 1. 10 1. 11 1 .12 1. 13 1. 14 1. 15 1. 16 1. 17 1. 18 1. 19 1. 20 1. 21 1.22 1. 23 1. 24 1. 25 1. 26 1. 27 2 .1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Typical applications and services of satellite networking. .. between IP and different network technologies Satellite- centric viewpoint of global networks Mapping from earth-centric view to GEO-centric view Network-centric view of satellite networks Basic concept of encapsulation of an IP packet xxiii 12 9 12 9 13 0 13 1 13 4 13 7 13 8 13 8 15 2 15 3 15 3 15 4 15 5 15 6 15 7 15 9 16 3 16 4 16 5 16 6 16 6 16 7 16 8 17 0 17 3 17 4 17 5 17 6 17 7 17 8 17 8 18 2 18 2 18 3 18 9 18 9 19 3 19 4 19 5 19 8 2 01 204... GCRA (1. 5, 0.5) Illustration of burst traffic coming to the leaky bucket - GCRA(4.5, 7) Virtual scheduling algorithm (VSA) 65 66 67 68 69 70 73 74 76 77 77 80 81 82 82 82 83 87 87 88 89 91 93 98 98 99 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 2 10 3 10 3 10 5 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 8 11 0 11 1 11 2 11 3 11 4 11 5 11 8 12 4 12 4 12 5 12 6 12 6 List of Figures 3.28 3.29 3.30 3. 31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 4 .1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4 .10 4 .11 4 .12 4 .13 ... (AB) and semi-major axis of orbit (AO) Inclination of orbit, I Equatorial, incline and polar orbits Right Ascension of the node and argument of perigee Footprints of geosynchronous satellites A typical high elliptical orbit 2 3 11 11 13 14 14 15 15 16 18 19 21 23 25 26 29 31 32 35 36 38 39 40 41 41 51 57 59 62 62 63 64 65 xxii 2.8 2.9 2 .10 2 .11 2 .12 2 .13 2 .14 2 .15 2 .16 2 .17 2 .18 2 .19 2.20 2. 21 2.22... 1. 10.4 Space segment 1. 10.5 Ground segment 1. 10.6 Satellite orbits 1. 10.7 Satellite transmission frequency bands Characteristics of satellite networks 1. 11. 1 Propagation delay 1. 11. 2 Propagation loss and power limited 1. 11. 3 Orbit space and bandwidth limited for coverage 1. 11. 4 Operational complexity for LEO Channel capacity of digital transmissions 1. 12 .1 The Nyquist formula for noiseless channels 1. 12.2... 1. 14.2 DVB-S satellite delivery 1. 14.3 MPEG-2 baseband processing 1. 14.4 Transport stream (TS) 1. 14.5 Service objectives 1. 14.6 Satellite channel adaptation 1. 14.7 DVB return channel over satellite (DVB-RCS) 1. 14.8 TCP/IP over DVB 1. 15 Historical development of computer and data networks 1. 15 .1 The dawn of the computer and data communications age 1. 15.2 Development of local area networks (LANs) 1. 15.3... layer 1. 13.2 Bridges at link layer 1. 13.3 Switches at the physical, link and network layers 1. 13.4 Routers for interconnecting heterogeneous networks 1. 13.5 Protocol translation, stacking and tunnelling 1. 13.6 Quality of service (QoS) 1. 13.7 End-user QoS class and requirements 1. 13.8 Network performance 1. 13.9 QoS and NP for satellite networking 1. 14 Digital video broadcasting (DVB) 1. 14 .1 The DVB standards . frequency bands 31 1 .11 Characteristics of satellite networks 32 1. 11. 1 Propagation delay 33 1. 11. 2 Propagation loss and power limited 33 1. 11. 3 Orbit space and bandwidth limited for coverage 34 1. 11. 4. Services 18 4 4 .10 .2 Addressing 18 4 4 .10 .3 Routing 18 4 4 .10 .4 Evolution 18 5 Further reading 18 5 Exercises 18 6 5 ATM over Satellite Networks 18 7 5 .1 Background 18 7 5 .1. 1 Networking issues 18 8 5 .1. 2 Satellite. regions and countries 50 1. 16.7 Satellite broadband networks and mobile networks 50 1. 16.8 Internet over satellite networks 50 1. 17 Convergence of network technologies and protocols 51 1 .17 .1 Convergence