212 4TH GENERATION Wideband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (W-OFDM) is a transmis- sion design that provides for data to be encoded on multiple high-speed radio frequencies concurrently which allows for greater security along with increased amounts of data being sent as well as a more efficient use of bandwidth. W-OFDM is the basis of the IEEE standard 802.11a, which is the foundation of the proposed IEEE standard 802.16. W-OFDM is a patented technology in the United States under patent number 5 282 222 and in Canada under patent number 2 064 975. W-OFDM technology is currently used in Wi-LAN’s broadband wireless access systems and allows for the implementation of low power multipoint RF net- works that minimize interference with adjacent networks. The results in reduced interference, which in turn enables independent channels to operate within the same band allowing multipoint networks and point-to-point backbone systems to be overlaid in the same frequency band. From a technical standpoint, the 4G network, which is also being called “The Worldwide Network”, will be more stable and intelligent then ever before. 4G is a superior technology when compared to the existing aging copper and aluminium local loop. 4th Generation Technology is also seen as a move from intelligence in the network or at the edges to intelligence everywhere. 4G is an all-IP based access and core with effective management of all types of QoS over IP, including handoff. Most likely 4G will beIPv6 based which is better adapted to mobile networks than IPv4 having adequate addressing capacity, multicast management, security mechanisms, QoS management, and mobility management. Some of the Benefits of 4th Generation Technology include: • Multiple functionalities in a single handset Ž Voice, bulk data transfer, image, short message, fax, Web surfing, video- conferencing/broadcasting and future applications, etc. • Global roaming • A single universal identification access number • Seamless access, transparent billing, security • Low cost in service and handset Some of the Technical Challenges of 4th Generation Technology include: • Resource allocation: multiplexing heterogeneous, bursty data traffic • QoS guarantee for bandwidth and/or delay sensitive applications • User channel scheduling: code assignment in CDMA • Interoperability with 3G standards 4TH GENERATION 213 • Ubiquitous deployment: indoor and outdoor cell coverage • Convergence with backbone (wireline) networks As we enter into the twenty-first century, the competitive landscape is undergoing radical change. Globalization of politics, economics, technology and communica- tions appear unstoppable. While boundaries between countries and regions may be meaningful in political terms, with the advent of the Internet and now the glob- alization of information and communication technologies, these boundaries have all but disappeared. The ever-faster flow of information across the world has made people aware of the tastes, preferences, and lifestyles of citizens in other countries. Now with the availability of 3rd Generation Wireless Technologies and the work to produce the 4th Generation, being tied to a place to access this global informa- tion resource is going away. People will be free to travel and maintain constant connections to the world of information. Through this information flow we are all becoming global citizens and we only want quicker response, greater bandwidth and more capabilities such as Cisco’s Advanced Voice and Integrated Data. References Schneier, B. (1996) Applied Cryptography, Second Edn, p. 758. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Siep, T.M. (2000) An IEEE Guide: How to Find What You Need in the Bluetooth Spec., IEEE Press. Telegraph Age, November 1 and November 15, (1897). Marconi Telegraphy, London Electrician. (Reprint). Brady, J.T. (1920) Talking by wireless as you travel by train or motor. Boston Sunday Post, November 7. Wireless Data Technologies. Vern A. Dubendorf  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-84949-5 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACK acknowledgment ACL asynchronous connectionless link ACO authenticated ciphering offset AES advanced encryption standard AG attachment gateway AM − ADDR active member address AR − ADDR access request address ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses ARQ automatic repeat request ARQN automatic repeat request negative ASN.1 abstract syntax notation one BB baseband BCH Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem BD − ADDR Bluetooth device address BER bit error rate BNEP Bluetooth network encapsulation protocol specification BQA Bluetooth qualification administrator BSIG Bluetooth special interest group BT bandwidth time product (i.e. B*T) CAC channel access code CC call control CDMA code division multiple access CID channel identifier CL connectionless COD class of device CODECS coder decoders COF ciphering offset number CRC cyclic redundancy check CSMA/CD carrier sense multiple access with collision detection CVSD continuous variable slope delta DAC device access code DC direct current DCE data communication equipment DCI default check initialization DCID destination channel identifier DH data-high rate DIAC dedicated inquiry access code DLC data link control DLCI data link connection identifier DLL data link layer DM data-medium rate DQPSK differential quadrature phase shift keying DSAP destination address field DTE data terminal equipment DTMF dual tone multiple frequency DUT device under test DV data voice ED energy detection EIFS extended inter-frame space ERTX expanded response timeout expired ETC extreme test conditions ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute Wireless Data Technologies. Vern A. Dubendorf  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-84949-5 218 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS FC frame control FCC Federal Communications Commission FCS frame check sequence FEC forward error correction FER frame error rate FH frequency hopping FHS frequency hop synchronization FHSS frequency hopping spread spectrum FIFO first in first out FSK frequency shift keying FW firmware GAP generic access profile GEOP generic object exchange profile GFSK gaussian frequency shift keying GIAC general inquiry access code GM group management HA host application software using Bluetooth HC host controller HCI host controller interface HEC header error check HID human interface device HPC hand-held personal computer HV high-quality voice HW hardware IAC inquiry access code ICS implementation conformance statement ICV integrity check value ID identity or identifier IDU interface data unit IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IP Internet protocol IrDA Infrared Data Association IrMC infrared mobile communications ISDN integrated services digital networks ISM industrial, scientific, medical IUT implementation under test IV initialization vector L − CH logical channel L2CA logical link control and adaption L2CAP logical link control and adaption protocol LAN local area network LAP lower address part LC link control LCID local channel identifier LCP link control protocol LCSS link controller service signaling LFSR linear feedback shift register LIAC limited inquiry access code LLC logical link control LM link manager LME layer management entity LMP link manager protocol Log PCM logarithmic pulse coded modulation LP lower-layer protocol LPO low-power oscillator LSB least significant bit M master or mandatory MAC medium access control MAPI messaging application procedure interface MDF management-defined field MIB management information base MLME MAC sublayer management entity MMI man–machine interface MPDU MAC protocol data unit MPT Ministry of Post and Telecommunications MSB most significant bit MSC message sequence chart MSDU MAC service data unit MTU maximum transmission unit MUX multiplexing sublayer a sublayer of the L2CAP layer ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 219 NAK negative acknowledgment NAP non-significant address part NOP no operation NTC normal test condition O optional OBEX object exchange protocol OCF opcode command field OGF opcode group field OSI open systems interconnection PANpersonalareanetwork PAR project authorization request PC personal computer PCM pulse coded modulation PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCS personal communications service PDA personal digital assistant PDU protocol data unit PHT pseudo-hadamard transform PHY physical layer PICS protocol implementation conformance statement PIN personal identification number PLCP physical layer convergence procedure PLME PHY layer management entity PM − ADDR parked member address PMD physical medium dependent PN pseudo-random noise PnP plug and play POS personal operating space POTS plain old telephone service PPDU PHY protocol data unit ppm part per million PPP point-to-point protocol PRBS pseudo random bit sequence PRD program reference document PRNG pseudo-random number generator PS power save PSM protocol/service multiplexer PSTN public switched telephone network QoS quality of service RA receiver address RAND random number RF radio frequency RFC request for comments RFCOMM serial cable emulation protocol based on ETSI TS 07.10 RSSI receiver signal strength indication RTS request to send RTX response timeout expired RX receive or receiver Sslave SA source address SABM set asynchronous balanced mode SAP service access point SAR segmentation and reassembly SC scan period SCID source channel identifier SCO synchronous connection-oriented SD service discovery SDDB service discovery database SDL specification and description language SDP service discovery protocol SDU service data unit SEQN sequential numbering scheme SFD start frame delimiter SIFS short inter-frame space SIG special interest group SLRC station long retry count SME station management entity SQ signal quality SR scan repetition SRC short retry count SRES signed response SS supplementary services SSAP source address field 220 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS SSI signal strength indication SSRC station short retry count SUT system under test SW software TA transmitter address TAE terminal adapter equipment TBD to be defined TBTT target beacon transmission time TC test control layer for the test interface TCI test control interface TCP transmission control protocol TCP/IP transport control protocol/Internet protocol TCS telephony control protocol specification TDD time division duplex TDMA time division multiple access TS technical specification TSF timing synchronization function TTP tiny transport protocol TX transmit or transmitter TXE transmit enable UA user asynchronous UAP upper address part UART universal asynchronous receiver transmitter UC user control UDP user datagram protocol UDP/IP user datagram protocol/Internet protocol UI user isochronous URL uniform resource locator US user synchronous USB universal serial bus UT upper tester UUID universally unique identifier w.r.t. with respect to WAN wide area network WAP wireless application protocol WLAN wireless local area network WPAN wireless personal area network WUG wireless user group Glossary ad hoc network A network typically created in a spontaneous manner. The principal characteristic of an ad hoc network is its limited temporal and spatial extent. Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL) link The ACL link is a point-to-multipoint link between the master and all the slaves participating on the piconet. In the slots not reserved for the SCO link(s), the master can establish an ACL link on a per-slot basis to any slave, including the slave(s) already engaged in an SCO link. Attachment Gateway (AG) The attachment gateway is a communications node with at least two communication interfaces, one of which is a Bluetooth interface and one of which is an interface to another network. An attachment gateway is used to attach a Bluetooth WPAN to the other network. In particular, an 802 LAN attachment gateway attaches a Bluetooth WPAN to an 802 LAN, while a PSTN attachment gateway attaches a Bluetooth WPAN to the PSTN network. Authenticated device A Bluetooth device whose identity has been verified during the lifetime of the current link, based on the authentication procedure. Authentication A generic procedure based on LMP-authentication if a link key exists or on LMP-pairing if no link key exists. Wireless Data Technologies. Vern A. Dubendorf  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-84949-5 [...]... W-INFOSEC 187, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204 Wired Equivalent Privacy, see WEP Wireless Application Protocol, see WAP Wireless Guru xix INDEX Wireless Local Area Networks, see WLAN Wireless Personal Area Network, see WPAN wireless technologies xix Wireless Transport Layer Security, see WTLS WLAN, see Wireless Local Area Networks WPAN 147 WTLS 193 ... 223 GLOSSARY Bluetooth unit Bluetooth Unit is voice /data circuit equipment for a short-range wireless communication link It allows voice and data communications between Bluetooth Hosts Bluetooth Bluetooth is a wireless communication link, operating in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 GHz using a frequency hopping transceiver It allows real-time voice and data communications between Bluetooth Hosts The link... binary phase shift keying 10 Bluetooth 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157 broadcast channels (BCH) 42 broadcast control channel (BCCH) 43 BS 47 BSC 47 BSS 47 BTS 47 Burst Formats 44 C Cape Cod, Massachusetts 4 Collision Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance, see CSMA/CA Collision Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect, see CSMA/CD common control channels (CCCH) 43 Wireless Data Technologies Vern A Dubendorf... Ethereal 141 ETSI 31 EXOR 10 F February 1896 1 FHSS 10 frequency correction channel (FCCH) 43 Frequency hopping 9 J July, 1896 1 G K gateway GPRS support node, see GGSN Gateway MSC (GMSC) 35 GGSN 47 Global System for Mobile Communications, see GSM GSM 31 Guglielmo Marconi 1 Kennedy–Kassebaum Act, see HIPAA L L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol 3 LPI Low Probability of Intercept 9 H High Data Rate HDR 205 HIPAA... connection establishment was requested Wireless Communication without the use of wires other than the aerial; the ether and ground taking the place of wires WPAN The term WPAN refers specifically to a wireless personal area network as outlined in the IEEE 802.15 standard Index “ “End to End Security model” “Two Phase Security Model” 194 194 1 1xEV CDMA200 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification 205... the RFCOMM session, i.e setting up RFCOMM channel on L2CAP and starting RFCOMM multiplexing with the Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode (SABM) command on Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) 0 (zero) RFCOMM server channel This is a subfield of the TS 07 .10 DLCI number This abstraction is used to allow both server and client applications to reside on both sides of an RFCOMM session RFCOMM server An RFCOMM... home location register (HLR) 35 home locator register, see HLR D I DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 2 DDOS Distributed denial of Service Attacks 83 December 11, 1901 4 direct sequence 10 DSSS 10 IMTS Improved Mobile Telephone System 2 Industrial, Scientific, Medical, see ISM Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 81 INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium... Security model” “Two Phase Security Model” 194 194 1 1xEV CDMA200 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification 205 2 26-control multiframes 5 52-multiframe 47 47 8 802.11 81 802.11a 81 802.11b 81 802.15 102 802.16 158 802.3 81 A access grant channel (AGCH) 43 AiroPeek 141 AirSnort 142 AJ Anti-Jam 9 ALOHANET 5 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System 3 ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network 2 AS Autonomous... among several Bluetooth units The units sharing a common channel constitute a piconet 226 GLOSSARY POS A Personal Operating Space (POS) is the space about a person or object that typically extends up to 10 meters in all directions and envelops the person whether stationary or in motion Pre-paired device A Bluetooth device with which a link key was exchanged, and the link key is stored, before link establishment... confirmation, or the existence of a trusted relationship Bluetooth baseband The Bluetooth baseband specifies the medium access and physical layers procedures to support the exchange of real-time voice, data information streams, and ad hoc networking between Bluetooth units Bluetooth channel A Channel that is divided into time slots in which each slot corresponds to an RF hop frequency Consecutive hops . London Electrician. (Reprint). Brady, J.T. (1920) Talking by wireless as you travel by train or motor. Boston Sunday Post, November 7. Wireless Data Technologies. Vern A. Dubendorf  2003 John Wiley &. current DCE data communication equipment DCI default check initialization DCID destination channel identifier DH data- high rate DIAC dedicated inquiry access code DLC data link control DLCI data link. identifier w.r.t. with respect to WAN wide area network WAP wireless application protocol WLAN wireless local area network WPAN wireless personal area network WUG wireless user group Glossary ad hoc network