Oracle8: Database Administration Volume • Instructor Guide 30020GC10 Production 1.0 March 1998 M06291 Authors Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 1998 All rights reserved Ulrike Schwinn Vijayanandan Venkatachalam This documentation contains proprietary information of Oracle Corporation It is provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and is also protected by copyright law Reverse engineering of the software is prohibited If this documentation is delivered to a U.S Government Agency of the Department of Defense, then it is delivered with Restricted Rights and the following legend is applicable: Technical Contributors and Reviewers David Austin Ben van Balen Gerry Batista Doug Bridges Sandra Cheevers Bruce Ernst Joel Goodman Scott Gossett Lex de Haan Tony Holbrook Heike Hundt Christine Jeal Dominique Jeunot Thomas Kerepes Steven King Pierre Labrousse Dean Margolese Jean-Marie Misztela Tigger Newman Howard Ostrow Hans Proetzl Gary Purcell Shankar Raman Donalyn Selinsky Roger Simon Jim Spiller Ramonito Te Sabine Teuber Jean-Francois Verrier Norbert Wittje Publishers Stephanie Jones Kelly Lee Renee Voss Restricted Rights Legend Use, duplication or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions for commercial computer software and shall be deemed to be Restricted Rights software under Federal law, as set forth in subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of DFARS 252.227-7013, Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software (October 1988) This material or any portion of it may not be copied in any form or by any means without the express prior written permission of the Worldwide Education Services group of Oracle Corporation Any other copying is a violation of copyright law and may result in civil and/or criminal penalties If this documentation is delivered to a U.S Government Agency not within the Department of Defense, then it is delivered with “Restricted Right,” as defined in FAR 52.227-14, Rights in Data-General, including Alternate III (June 1987) The information in this document is subject to change without notice If you find any problems in the documentation, please report them in writing to Education Products, Oracle Corporation, 500 Oracle Parkway, Box 659806, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 Oracle Corporation does not warrant that this document is error-free SQL*Loader, SQL*Net, SQL*Plus, Net8, Oracle Call Interface, Oracle7, Oracle8, Developer/2000, Developer/2000 Forms, Designer/2000, Oracle Enterprise Manager, Oracle Parallel Server, Oracle Server Manager, PL/ SQL, Pro*C, Pro*C/C++, and Trusted Oracle are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation All other products or company names are used for identification purposes only, and may be trademarks of their respective owners Contents Preface Profile xii Related Publications xiii Typographic Conventions xiv Curriculum Map Oracle8 Database Administrator Curriculum xviii Advanced DBA Curriculum xix Introduction Course Objectives I-3 Oracle8 Enterprise Edition I-4 Database Administrator Tasks I-5 Course Schedule I-6 Lesson 1: Oracle Architectural Components Objectives 1-3 Overview 1-4 Connecting to a Database 1-6 Running a Query 1-14 Running a DML Statement 1-19 COMMIT Processing 1-25 Summary 1-27 Lesson 2: Using Administration Tools Objectives 2-3 Overview 2-4 Using the Server Manager 2-5 Oracle Enterprise Manager 2-9 OEM Components 2-11 Using Oracle Enterprise Manager 2-19 Summary 2-24 Lesson 3: Managing an Oracle Instance Objectives 3-3 Overview 3-4 Validating Privileged Users 3-5 Creating a Parameter File 3-14 Stages in Startup and Shutdown 3-19 Starting Up 3-22 Shutting Down 3-25 Getting and Setting Parameter Values 3-30 Managing Sessions 3-36 Trace Files and the ALERT File 3-40 Summary 3-43 Oracle8: Database Administration iii Contents Lesson 4: Creating a Database Objectives 4-3 Overview 4-4 Preparing the Operating System 4-5 Creating a Database 4-12 Lesson 5: Creating Data Dictionary Views and Standard Packages Objectives 5-3 Data Dictionary Structure 5-4 Constructing the Data Dictionary 5-11 Using Administrative Scripts 5-13 Administering Stored Procedures and Packages 5-15 Obtaining Information 5-23 Troubleshooting 5-26 Summary 5-27 Lesson 6: Maintaining the Control File Objectives 6-3 Using the Control File 6-4 The Contents of the Control File 6-5 Obtaining Information About the Control File 6-7 Multiplexing the Control File 6-9 Summary 6-10 Lesson 7: Maintaining Redo Log Files Objectives 7-3 Overview 7-4 Using Online Redo Files 7-5 LGWR, Log Switches, and Checkpoints 7-7 Archiving Redo Log Files 7-9 Obtaining Log and Archive Information 7-11 Controlling Log Switches and Checkpoints 7-17 Multiplexing and Maintaining Members and Groups 7-19 Relocating Online Redo Log Files 7-22 Dropping Online Redo Log Groups and Members 7-23 Clearing Online Redo Log Files 7-27 Planning Online Redo Logs 7-28 Troubleshooting 7-30 Summary 7-31 iv Oracle8: Database Administration Contents Lesson 8: Managing Tablespaces and Data Files Objectives 8-3 Overview 8-4 Logical Database Structure 8-5 Creating Tablespaces 8-8 Changing the Size of Tablespaces 8-16 Changing the Size of Data Files 8-18 Changing the Storage Settings 8-21 Taking Tablespaces Offline or Online 8-22 Moving Data Files 8-24 Read-Only Tablespaces 8-27 Dropping Tablespaces 8-30 Data Dictionary Information 8-32 Considerations in Creating Tablespaces 8-37 Lesson 9: Storage Structure and Relationships Objectives 9-3 Overview 9-4 Types of Segments 9-5 Using Block Space Utilization Parameters 9-16 Obtaining Information About Storage Structures 9-21 Planning the Location of Segments 9-25 Summary 9-27 Lesson 10: Managing Rollback Segments Objectives 10-3 Overview 10-4 Rollback Segments 10-5 Using Rollback Segments with Transactions 10-8 Planning Rollback Segments 10-13 Creating Rollback Segments 10-15 Maintaining Rollback Segments 10-21 Obtaining Rollback Segment Information 10-26 Troubleshooting Rollback Segment Problems 10-32 Summary 10-39 Lesson 11: Managing Temporary Segments Objectives 11-3 Overview 11-4 Types of Temporary Segments 11-6 Allocating Space for Temporary Segments 11-9 Obtaining Temporary Segment Information 11-11 Summary 11-14 Oracle8: Database Administration v Contents Lesson 12: Managing Tables Objectives 12-3 Overview 12-4 Oracle Data Types 12-7 Creating a Table 12-16 Controlling Space Used by Tables 12-24 Retrieving Table Information 12-42 Summary 12-47 Lesson 13: Managing Indexes Objectives 13-3 Types of Indexes 13-4 Creating Indexes 13-12 Reorganizing Indexes 13-20 Dropping Indexes 13-26 Obtaining Index Information 13-28 Summary 13-30 Lesson 14: Maintaining Data Integrity Objectives 14-3 Overview 14-4 Integrity Constraints and Triggers 14-6 Implementing Constraints and Triggers 14-16 Maintaining Constraints and Triggers 14-20 Getting Constraint and Trigger Information 14-31 Summary 14-36 Lesson 15: Using Clusters and Index-Organized Tables Objectives 15-3 Overview 15-4 Clusters 15-5 Creating Clusters 15-9 Maintaining Clusters 15-17 Retrieving Information About Clusters 15-21 Index-Organized Tables 15-24 Using Index-Organized Tables 15-26 Retrieving Information About Index-Organized Tables 15-31 Summary 15-32 Lesson 16: Loading and Reorganizing Data Objectives 16-3 Overview 16-4 Loading Data Using Direct-Load Insert 16-6 Loading Data Using SQL*Loader 16-9 Reorganizing Data Using Export and Import 16-29 Summary 16-48 vi Oracle8: Database Administration Contents Lesson 17: Managing Users Objectives 17-3 Overview 17-4 Creating New Database Users 17-7 Altering and Dropping Database Users 17-14 Dropping Users 17-18 Monitoring Information About Users 17-19 Summary 17-21 Lesson 18: Managing Profiles Objectives 18-3 Overview 18-4 Controlling Usage of Resources 18-6 Altering and Dropping a Profile 18-14 Viewing Resource Limits 18-18 Administering Passwords 18-20 Viewing Password Information 18-27 Summary 18-29 Lesson 19: Managing Privileges Objectives 19-3 Overview 19-4 System Privileges 19-5 Granting System Privileges 19-8 Password File Authentication 19-10 Displaying System Privileges 19-13 Revoking System Privileges 19-17 Object Privileges 19-20 Granting Object Privileges 19-21 Displaying Object Privileges 19-23 Revoking Object Privileges 19-25 Summary 19-29 Lesson 20: Managing Roles Objectives 20-3 Overview 20-4 Creating and Modifying Roles 20-7 Assigning Roles 20-13 Controlling Availability of Roles 20-15 Displaying Role Information 20-27 Summary 20-28 Oracle8: Database Administration vii Contents Lesson 21: Auditing Objectives 21-3 Overview 21-4 Using Database Auditing 21-7 Viewing Auditing Results 21-18 Auditing Guidelines 21-20 Summary 21-22 Lesson 22: Using National Language Support Objectives 22-3 Overview 22-4 Choosing a Database and a National Character Set 22-6 Specifying Language-Dependent Behavior 22-12 NLS Parameters and SQL-Functions 22-20 NLS Parameters in SQL-Functions 22-22 Importing and Loading Data Using NLS 22-26 Obtaining Information About NLS Settings 22-27 Summary 22-32 Appendix A: Practices Environment A-2 Exercise 1—Oracle Architectural Components A-3 Lab 2—Using Administration Tools A-5 Lab 3—Managing an Oracle Instance A-6 Lab 4—Creating a Database A-8 Lab 5—Creating Data Dictionary Views and Standard Packages A-9 Lab 6—Maintaining the Control File A-10 Lab 7—Maintaining Redo Log Files A-11 Lab 8—Managing Tablespaces and Data Files A-12 Lab 9—Storage Structure and Relationships A-13 Lab 10—Managing Rollback Segments A-14 Lab 11—Managing Temporary Segments A-15 Lab 12—Managing Tables A-16 Lab 13—Managing Indexes A-18 Lab 14—Maintaining Data Integrity A-20 Lab 15—Using Clusters and Index-Organized Tables A-22 Lab 16—Loading and Reorganizing Data A-23 Lab 17—Managing Users A-25 Lab 18—Managing Profiles A-26 Lab 19—Managing Privileges A-27 Lab 20—Managing Roles A-28 Lab 21—Auditing A-29 Lab 22—Using National Language Support A-30 viii Oracle8: Database Administration Contents Appendix B: Hints Exercise 1—Oracle Architectural Components B-2 Lab 2—Using Administration Tools B-3 Lab 3—Managing an Oracle Instance B-4 Lab 4—Creating a Database B-7 Lab 5—Creating Data Dictionary Views and Standard Packages B-9 Lab 6—Maintaining the Control File B-10 Lab 7—Maintaining Redo Log Files B-11 Lab 8—Managing Tablespaces and Data Files B-13 Lab 9—Storage Structure and Relationships B-15 Lab 10—Managing Rollback Segments B-17 Lab 11—Managing Temporary Segments B-19 Lab 12—Managing Tables B-20 Lab 13—Managing Indexes B-22 Lab 14—Maintaining Data Integrity B-24 Lab 15—Using Clusters and Index-Organized Tables B-26 Lab 16—Loading and Reorganizing Data B-28 Lab 17—Managing Users B-30 Lab 18—Managing Profiles B-31 Lab 19—Managing Privileges B-33 Lab 20—Managing Roles B-34 Lab 21—Auditing B-35 Lab 22—Using National Language Support B-36 Appendix C: Server Manager Solutions Exercise 1—Oracle Architectural Components C-2 Lab 2—Using Administration Tools C-4 Lab 3—Managing an Oracle Instance C-8 Lab 4—Creating a Database C-16 Lab 5—Creating Data Dictionary Views and Standard Packages C-20 Lab 6—Maintaining the Control File C-25 Lab 7—Maintaining Redo Log Files C-29 Lab 8—Managing Tablespaces and Data Files C-35 Lab 9—Storage Structure and Relationships C-40 Lab 10—Managing Rollback Segments C-47 Lab 11—Managing Temporary Segments C-56 Lab 12—Managing Tables C-60 Lab 13—Managing Indexes C-70 Lab 14—Maintaining Data Integrity C-78 Lab 15—Using Clusters and Index-Organized Tables C-87 Lab 16—Loading and Reorganizing Data C-92 Lab 17—Managing Users C-102 Lab 18—Managing Profiles C-105 Lab 19—Managing Privileges C-112 Lab 20—Managing Roles C-117 Oracle8: Database Administration ix Contents Lab 21—Auditing C-120 Lab 22—Using National Language Support C-121 Appendix D: Oracle Enterprise Manager Solutions Exercise 1—Oracle Architectural Components D-3 Lab 2—Using Administration Tools D-5 Lab 3—Managing an Oracle Instance D-9 Lab 4—Creating a Database D-18 Lab 5—Creating Data Dictionary Views and Standard Packages D-21 Lab 6—Maintaining the Control File D-25 Lab 7—Maintaining Redo Log Files D-28 Lab 8—Managing Tablespaces and Data Files D-34 Lab 9—Storage Structure and Relationships D-38 Lab 10—Managing Rollback Segments D-46 Lab 11—Managing Temporary Segments D-55 Lab 12—Managing Tables D-59 Lab 13—Managing Indexes D-68 Lab 14—Maintaining Data Integrity D-76 Lab 15—Using Clusters and Index-Organized Tables D-85 Lab 16—Loading and Reorganizing Data D-90 Lab 17—Managing Users D-100 Lab 18—Managing Profiles D-103 Lab 19—Managing Privileges D-110 Lab 20—Managing Roles D-115 Lab 21—Auditing D-118 Lab 22—Using National Language Support D-119 Appendix E: Certification Test: Sample Questions Oracle Certified Professional (OCP) Program: Oracle Certified Database Administrator Track E-2 Oracle Database Administration: Sample Test E-3 Oracle Backup and Recovery: Sample Test E-5 Answers E-8 Registering for an OCP Test E-9 x Oracle8: Database Administration Introduction Course Schedule Suggested Course Schedule Day End Lesson Lesson Lab Lab Lesson Lab 12 Lesson 13 Lab 17 I-5 Start Lesson 18 Lesson 22 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 1998 All rights reserved The following is the recommended lesson schedule for this course: Day 1 Oracle Architectural Components Using Administration Tools Managing an Oracle Instance Creating a Database (lesson only, lab on Day 2) Day Creating Data Dictionary Views and Standard Packages Maintaining the Control File Maintaining Redo Log Files Managing Tablespaces and Data Files Day Storage Structure and Relationships 10 Managing Rollback Segments 11 Managing Temporary Segments 12 Managing Tables I-6 Oracle8: Database Administration Course Schedule Day 13 Managing Indexes 14 Maintaining Data Integrity 15 Using Clusters and Index-Organized Tables 16 Loading and Reorganizing Data 17 Managing Users Day 18 Managing Profiles 19 Managing Privileges 20 Managing Roles 21 Auditing 22 Using National Language Support Oracle8: Database Administration I-7 Introduction I-8 Oracle8: Database Administration Oracle Architectural Components Lesson 1: Oracle Architectural Components Instructor Note Topic Lecture Timing 60 minutes Practice 15 minutes Total 75 minutes 1-2 Oracle8: Database Administration Objectives Objectives Objectives • Listing the structures involved in connecting a user to an Oracle server • Listing the stages in processing a query • Listing the stages in processing a DML statement • Listing the stages in processing COMMITS 1-2 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 1998 All rights reserved This lesson introduces the data Oracle server architecture by examining the structures involved in establishing a new database connection and of several familiar SQL commands Instructor Note The purpose of this lesson is to introduce the processes, memory structures, and files associated with an Oracle server It is not intended to be an extensive description of the Oracle architecture Each component is discussed in detail in the lessons throughout the course Oracle8: Database Administration 1-3 Lesson 1: Oracle Architectural Components Overview The Oracle Server Oracle server Application/ network server Server 1-3 Users Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 1998 All rights reserved The Oracle server is an object-relational database management system that provides an open, comprehensive, integrated approach to information management Oracle Database Users A database user can connect to an Oracle server in any one of the following ways: • Logging in directly to the host— that is, the machine running the Oracle server (For example, a user connecting to a UNIX machine running Oracle, and using Server Manager to access the database is logging in directly to the host.) • Using a two-tiered (client-server) connection, where the machine on which the user is logged in is connected directly to the machine running the Oracle server (For example, a user running a Developer/2000 application on a Windows 95 personal computer to access an Oracle database residing on an NT server is using a two-tiered connection.) • Using a three-tiered connection, where the user’s machine communicates to an application or a network server, which in turn is connected through a network to the machine running the Oracle server (This may be the case when a user runs a browser on a network computer to use an application residing on an NT server, that retrieves data from an Oracle database running on a UNIX host.) 1-4 Oracle8: Database Administration Overview Database users directly issue SQL commands using a tool such as SQL*Plus or using an application that contains SQL statements The Oracle server processes these commands and returns the results to the users Oracle Database Administrators Database administrators are responsible for maintaining the Oracle server so that the server can process user requests An understanding of the Oracle architecture is necessary to effectively maintain it This course focuses on creating and maintaining an Oracle server where users connect either by directly logging in to the machine running the Oracle server or by using a client-server model Oracle8: Database Administration 1-5 Lesson 1: Oracle Architectural Components Connecting to a Database Connecting to a Database Client User process Server process Server Oracle server User 1-4 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 1998 All rights reserved The user who needs to interact with the Oracle server first needs to establish a database connection The following steps are carried out to connect to a database: • The user starts a tool such as SQL*Plus, or runs an application developed using a tool such as Developer/2000 Forms, spawning a user process In a client-server model, the tool or the application runs on the client machine • In the most basic configuration, when a user logs on to the Oracle server by specifying a username, password, and a database, a process is created on the machine that is running the Oracle server This process is called a server process The server process communicates with the Oracle server on behalf of the user process that runs on the client Connection A connection is a communication pathway between a user process and an Oracle server If the user runs the tool or the application on the same machine as the Oracle server, the communication pathway is established using the interprocess communication mechanisms available on the machine If the user runs the tool on a client machine, network software is used to communicate between the user and the Oracle server using the network 1-6 Oracle8: Database Administration Connecting to a Database Sessions A session is a specific connection of a user to an Oracle server The session commences when the user is validated by the Oracle server, and it ends when the user logs out or when there is an abnormal termination For a given database user, many concurrent sessions are possible if the user logs on from many tools, applications, or terminals at the same time Except for some specialized database administration tools, starting a database session requires that the Oracle server is available for use Troubleshooting The Oracle error message “ORA-01034: Oracle not available” occurs when a user or an application attempts to connect to an Oracle server that is not available for use To resolve this, the database administrator needs to start up the Oracle server Oracle8: Database Administration 1-7 Lesson 1: Oracle Architectural Components User Process • Runs on the client machine • Is spawned when a tool or an application is invoked • Runs the tool or application (SQL*Plus, Server Manager, Oracle Enterprise Manager, Developer/2000) • Includes the User Program Interface (UPI) • Generates calls to the Oracle server 1-5 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 1998 All rights reserved A user process, also known as the client, has the following properties: • It is created when a user executes a tool or an application such as SQL*Plus, Server Manager, or a Developer/2000 application • It runs on the client—that is, on the machine where the user is directly logged on • It is started when the tool is started and is terminated when the user exits, or is forced to discontinue • The user process includes the user program interface (UPI) • The UPI generates calls to the Oracle server whenever the user makes a request 1-8 Oracle8: Database Administration Connecting to a Database Server Process • Runs on the server machine (host) • Services a single user process in the dedicated server configuration • Uses an exclusive PGA • Includes the Oracle Program Interface (OPI) • Processes calls generated by the client • Returns results to the client 1-6 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 1998 All rights reserved The server process has the following characteristics: • It runs on the same machine as the Oracle server • In the simplest configuration known as a dedicated server, each server process services only one user process The server process is created when the user requests a connection and is generally terminated when the user disconnects • Each server process uses an area of memory called the Program Global Area (PGA) The PGA is described in a subsequent section in this lesson • The server process uses the Oracle Program Interface (OPI), which is used to communicate with the Oracle server, at the request of the user process • The server process returns status information and results to the user process Note If using a multithreaded server (MTS) configuration, it is possible for multiple user processes to share server processes MTS is covered in more detail in the course, Oracle8: Network Administration Oracle8: Database Administration 1-9 Lesson 1: Oracle Architectural Components Oracle Instance Instance SGA Background processes An Oracle instance: • Is a means to access an Oracle database • Always opens one and only one database 1-7 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 1998 All rights reserved Oracle server consists of an Oracle instance and an Oracle database An Oracle instance consists of a memory structure, called the System Global Area (SGA), and background processes used by an Oracle server to manage a database An Oracle instance, which is identified by setting ORACLE_SID at the operating system, can open and use only one database at any point in time System Global Area The memory structures of an Oracle instance are contained in a memory region called the SGA, which contains data and control information for the Oracle server The SGA is allocated in the virtual memory of the computer where the Oracle server resides The SGA comprises several memory structures, including: • Shared pool: used to store information such as the most recently executed SQL and the most recently used data from the data dictionary • Database buffer cache: used to store the most recently used data • Redo log buffer: used to register changes made to the database using the instance The purpose of these structures is discussed in detail in a later section 1-10 Oracle8: Database Administration Connecting to a Database Background Processes The background processes in an instance perform common functions that are needed to service the requests from several concurrent users, without compromising the integrity and performance of the whole system Each Oracle instance may use several background processes, depending on the configuration, but every instance comprises these five background processes by default: • Database Writer (DBWR): responsible for writing changed data to the database • Log Writer (LGWR): records changes registered in the redo log buffer to the database • System Monitor (SMON): whose primary function is to check for consistency and initiate recovery of the database when the database is opened • Process Monitor (PMON): cleans up the resources if one of the processes fails • Checkpoint process (CKPT): responsible for updating the database status information whenever changes in the buffer cache are permanently recorded in the database The functions of each of these processes are covered in detail later in the course Instructor Note If you are using a UNIX server, demonstrate the following: Log on to the server and run the following command, and showing the background processes for the instance: ps -ef | grep Connect as system/manager using SQL*Plus Use the host command Execute ps (without any arguments) to show the user process and the operating system process ID Execute the command in step again, identify the server process, and show that the parent process of this server is the sqlplus process displayed in step Oracle8: Database Administration 1-11 Lesson 1: Oracle Architectural Components Oracle Database Control files Parameter file Password file Data files Redo log files Archived log files Database 1-8 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 1998 All rights reserved An Oracle database, identified by the database name (DB_NAME), represents the physical structures and is composed of operating system files Although it is possible to use a database name that is different from the name of the instance, Oracle recommends that the same name be used for ease of administration Database Files The files constituting a database contain user data and the additional information that is needed to ensure proper database operation An Oracle database consists of the following types of files: • Data files: store the data dictionary, user objects, and before-images of data that are modified by current transactions A database has at least one data file • Redo log files: contain a record of changes made to the database to ensure reconstruction of the data in case of failures (A database requires at least two redo log files.) • Control files: contain the information needed to maintain and verify database integrity (A database needs at least one control file.) 1-12 Oracle8: Database Administration ... Dropping Database Users 17 -14 Dropping Users 17 - 18 Monitoring Information About Users 17 -19 Summary 17 - 21 Lesson 18 : Managing Profiles Objectives 18 - 3 Overview 18 - 4 Controlling Usage of Resources 18 - 6... Number Oracle8 : Server Documentation Kit A54665 Oracle DBA Handbook, 7.3 Edition ISBN: 0-07 088 2 285 Oracle8 : A Beginner’s Guide ISBN: 0-07 -88 2393 Oracle Troubleshooting ISBN: 0-07 -88 2 388 Oracle: ... Tables D -85 Lab 16 —Loading and Reorganizing Data D-90 Lab 17 —Managing Users D -10 0 Lab 18 ? ??Managing Profiles D -10 3 Lab 19 —Managing Privileges D -11 0 Lab 20—Managing Roles D -11 5 Lab 21? ??Auditing D -1 18 Lab