The lottery is held every year, on or around the second Sunday of January, and the lucky winners receive things like bicycles or portable radios or consolation prizes of commemorative postage stamps. The ending of this sentence, T b 5, is the equivalent of T$ and belongs to a bookish style of writing. LI KEY SENTENCES 1. Yesterday was warm so I went swirnrning with my friend. 2. When I opened the box, it (the inside) was empty. U Vocabulary I Practice the following patterns by changing verbs and adjectives as in the examples given. V 194 PRACTICE "=4lTYSl 3 &@C- t : C:v 0.4 33* -xa 'a 17 fa 4.24 A.n )o/ PIY 'C +a 4.LYSl TI 4 -o/.& .P 4672 L :P(! GPfi l C 'I & $.LC@ >p11 i=1 PIYC-Y z Y 'i: L IYI @%' 'P [...]... difficult, poor at can read meaning can choose but, however formality, procedure can borrow (counter for books) only can ask can get io, reach, can go Potential form of verbs Potentiality can be expressed by the verb T 2 5 and also by the pattern Z Z 71' T 5 b (See Book I for the first and p 38 for the latter.) In addition, many verbs have a potential form made by conjugation It will be noted that in terms... Sino -Japanese characters." ,!l" { 7 %& 2 +iLmeans "the letters are unreadable." Potential verbs have customarily taken the particle d\ into use but recently % has also come Lli 1 % 8 & 2 8 "Chang can read SineJapanese characters." 'You can borrow books." 2 $ d i / 5 I% 1) b )2 a 3 3 ko- dPl% it; 0 6 2 8 , "(You) can ask for copies." ex l # r 2 5 o When it comes to a choice between the potential form... i b h & 8 , & i b ) 2 f : Regular I1 and Irregular $8 ii conditional l 8 6 - T $ 6 : ex -f Y"t 4 Y"4 4 $11 11 H L 2 8 , "Children use (it) too." li H T 3 2 8 , "Children can use (it) too." $11 'I I + The topic or subject of a potential verb can be either animate or inanimate For example, Z 0 t i l L < 3 )2- 2 T "This knife cuts well." 7 i ex 1 2 E 25 L l S ? dC C i ),l Y 7L 2 Z 0 i %& 2 8 , "Smith...k ivolitional form Verbs ending in L i (plain form) and 3 L a i are in the volitional form and, in general are translatable by "1'11," "we'ii" or "let's." As in other cases, the usage of plain forms at the ends of sentences indicates familiar speech i7 : i "Shall we go by taxi?" 3 4 4 Z i L "Since (it's) close, let's walk." t, As for the volitional form of Regular I verbs, note ex... the former, being slightly shorter, is often preferred # r 2 5 L l EiSE 1: Ab li,, Z Y d P 7 3 2 8 ,although grarnrnatically correct, sounds a bit stiited Stiii the forms are interchangeable, and it is not necessary to be overly cautious concerning the differences between them L li L l ?,A d P 8& 2 8 , '5mith can read a Uapanese) newspaper." 4% KraJ 2.Ei+%l: 4 T l f l f , 1 0 +I L i Ì 0 %.M $ 8 i ZYdC... the time or money required is with the pattern T plus potential form In meaning, this sentence forms a pair with 2 3 'B\ L 15 4\15 l! 3 -tf L,rather 71\15\11 $ T than 2 3 ex h /i Q 17lfli' 4000WT R ; i & T L , r A i), "At that store (it) can be bought for Y4000." D KEY SENTENCES 216 7 PRACTICE 1 Mr Brown can speak Japanese 2 If they go through the formalities, anybody can borrow books 3 Watanabe eats... replaced by eru, for example, C 4 , "can read," "be - readable." And iì i i: - A 4 i "can choose," "can be chosen." (Aithough it is techni, b, cally correct to call b and A b b dictionary forms, in the great majority of cases this form does not appear in bilingual dictionaries since the verbs are made by regular transformations of other verbs.) Regular I 2-f Q\1 I conditional 11 7 ti Potential verbs... 6 to the stem of the t form as, for example, ; R+d't - J$ b i 6, "can see," "can be seen," and 'I 7Cb t - 4% O b 6 , "can borrow," l i "can be borrowed." The Irregular + 6 becomes i #t 6 , ; "can come," and 8 6 is replaced by T 3 6 An easier, more practical way to make this form is to insert b )2 (or sometimes only i l in colloquial usage) between the stem and the fina1 6, 3 8, t:,etc ex & I : b &... no volitional form Other examples: %T{ +%Tltb,%$ l i 'i -.%-tib,~@b i)'z ~ fi < ~ ~ -.$)24,f b ~ { i i' i i),% - sita,xs xita l i i, i ii The foliowing sentences compare the meanings of the verb and its potential form: ex 1 f t 2 ' L l i I 2 f t 2 ' Lii I EiSEl: L i)'L L t A l) 2 T "Chang enters the library." Iii, lt, EiSt%l: iA)2 2 -f, "Chang can enter the library." L L t +,,L , ~ For Regular I1... intend to study Japanese every day 2 If it clears up tomorrow, (1) plan to play tennis Lì Vocabulary 18 I lih6 clear up I Verbs: Study the examples, convert into the volitional form, and memorize ex ;3 . no (informal) you (informa1 men's speech) un, un-huh, yeah (informal) not very (colloquial £or 6 'I ) New Year's horrible, nasty, unwelcorne some-Ianyplace (informal. [isl until when?") Man: Until December 28. The end of the year is always (so) busy. It's horrible! Woman: Are you going someplace for New Year's? Man: No, nowhere. (I) want. postage al] right VOCABULARY 203 I k i volitional form Verbs ending in L i (plain form) and 3 L a i are in the volitional form and, in general. are translatable by "1'11,"