The articles: alan and tile 161 Articles in phrases of time A Introduction - - - - - - - In a phrase of time we often use a singular noun without an anic le in winter on Monday Bur we put at an or the before an adjec ti ve + noun. n very cold winte r We also use an article if there is a phrase or clause after the nOun. the Munday before the holiday the winter wh en we had all cllat sn ow In 8-H there are some examples with various kinds of time phr ase. B Years The company was formed in 1981. The war iIl s ledfrom 18121 018 15. C Seasons and months If winter comes, c an s pring be fllr behind? It 's nice here in (the) summer . June is my fai lO urite month. Th e elections are in March. D Special times of the year in the ye ar 1981 the winter of 2002 a marvellous summer I don't enjoy C hr is tm as muc h. It was a C hr ist mas I'll ne ver forget. Americans eat tu rkey at Thanksgiving. E Days of the week 208 I must finish th is report by Monday . (Monday of next week) Our visitors are co ming on Friday. (Friday of this w ee k) I'm leaving on the Wednesday before Easter. That's the second Wednesday in April. This happ ened on a Friday ill July. We usually go out on Saturday I on Saturdays. (; every Saturday) F Parts of the day and night At midday it was very hot. They reached the camp at sunset. We ' ll be home before dark . at night, by day/night 161 Articles in phrases of time We usually go out on a Saturday. Friday 12 May would be OK, but I'm busy on the Thursday. (; the Thursday of that week) I'll see you at the weekend. It was a wDtlderful sunset. I couldn't see in the dark. in/during the day /the night/ the morning/the afternoon/the evening In phrases of time we normally use these nouns on their own: dawn, da)'break, sunrise; midday, noon: du sk, sunset, twilight; dark, nightfall; midnight. But we use af an or the when we talk about the physical aspect, e.g. not being able to see in the dark, rather than about the time. G Meals Breakfast is from seven o 'clock. I had a sandwich for lunch. H Phrases with last and next The breakfast we had at the hOlel wasn't very nice. They all had a delicious lunch. The meal was perfect. These fiats were built last year. The flats had been built the previous year / the year before. We're having a party next Saturday. They were having a party tile following Saturday. Compare these phrases. Seen from the present I'm leaving tomorrow. The match is !lext week. Seen from th e past I was leaving (the) next day . The match was the following week. . , 209 The articles: alan and the 162 Names A Most n ames of peop le and places are without, the, Daniel Mrs Pars on s Texas South Au stralia Som e place names have the, es pec ia ll y names consisting of more than one word, but there are others whi ch do not have the. For example, we say the Black Sea but Lake S up e ri or, Two things affect w heth er a name has the or not. They are the kind of place it is (e,g. a sea or a lake ), and the grammatica l str ucture of the name . We often usc the in these str uct ur es, Of-phrase: Adjective: Plural form: the Duke of Edinburgh the Ame ri can School th e Joh"sonslthe Johnson famil y We do not usually Wie the befor e a possessive. Possessive: Cleopatra's Needle th e Isle of Wight the Ro ya l Opera llou se the We st Indi es For more details about place names and the . > 163. NOTE A noun su ch as doctor, profe .~s or, or pres idem can be part of a p er son's name. J s aw D oc tor Fry But when the noun is nOI part of a name, we lI SC an article In the usual way. J saw the doctor. B We can s ome times use an art icl e wi th a per son's name. There's a Laura whu works in our office. (= a per son ca ll ed Laura) A Mr Wilsoll called to s ee YOf.t . (= someone ca ll ed Mr Wilson) The Laura I know has dark hair. (= the person called Laura) That's a Hockn ey, is n't it? (= a pict ur e by Hockn ey) Here are s ome examples of al an and zhe with place name s which normally have no article. ' There 's a Plymouth in the US. (= a place ca ll ed Plymouth) The Plymouth of today is very different from tlte Ply mouth I once knew. (Plymouth at different time s) Am sterdam is th e Venice of the norch. (= the pl ace li ke Veni ce ) Stressed (he ! fJi: ! before a n ame can mean ' tne famolls I kno,w a Joan Collins, but she is n' t TH E joan Collin s. We can also stress a leI! to c ontra st with the :. 1 know 1\ joan Collin s, but she isn't THE joa~l Collins. 163 Place names and the 210 For some general points about place nam es and the, > 1 62A. H er e the different types of pl ace name are dea lt wi rh in more deta il. 163 Place names and the A Continents, countries, and states Masl continents, islands, countrie s, states, and counties are wilhout the. a trip to Europe on Bermuda a holiday in France through Ohio in Hampshire New South Wales B Regions Exceptions are name s ending with republic or kingdom. the Dominican Republic the UK Plural names also have the. the Netherlands the US When the name of a continent or Most other regions ha ve the. country (e.g. America) is modified by another word (e.g. Centra!), we do not use the. Central America to North Wales South·East Asia in New England C Mountains Most mountains and hills are without the. climbing (Mount) Kilimanjaro up (Mount) Everest o Lakes, rivers, and seas Lakes are wi thout the. beside l.ake Ontario the Sou th the Mid-West the Midlands the Riviera A velY few mountains have the. the Matterhorn the Eiger Mountain ranges and hill ranges hav e the. across the Alps in the Cots wolds Rivers, canals, and seas ha ve the. on the (River) Avon the Missouri (River) building the Panama Canal the NortFi Sea in the Pacific (Ocean) 211 The a rt icles: alan and the E Cities and towns F G 212 Most ci ties. towns, suburbs. and villages are without the. in Sydney Ki ngswood, a suburb of Bristol at Nether Wa ll op Roads and streets Most roads, streets. and parks are wilh am 'he. off SlO.tion //oad in Balcer Street Madison Avenue along Broadway in Omtral Park Kew Gardens Bridges Some br idges are witho ut th e. across Magdalen Bridge We stminster Bridge near Tower Bridge This includes the major London bridges. Exceptions are The Hague and The Bronx. Some names wi th adjectives have the, the High Street the Bo tanical Gardens We u sc the in th is structure. the Bath Road (; t he road to Bath) We can also use the with some main road s in cities. along t he Edgware Road We use the with by-passes and motorways. the York by-pass the M6 (motorwayJ Other exceptions to the general ru le are The Avenue, The Mall, and The Strand. But there arc also bridges w it h th e. the Sydney Harbour Bridge the H umbe r Bridge (; the bridge over the Hu mber) The is used in American English. lhe Quee nshoro' Bridge H Stations, churches, schools, etc Most lTan spon facilities, churches, s choo l s, and other important buildings, as we ll as palaces and house s are wit hout the. to Eusion (Station) Heathrow (Airport) 51 Pau!'s (Cathedral) Rugby (School) at Essex (University) in Slough General Hospital Leeds Town Hall behind Buckingham Palace at Clarence House Theatres, hotels, etc With theatres , c inemas , hotels, mu se ums, gallenes, and ce ntres, we usually lise the except with a possessive form. St Marrin 's (Theatre) Claridge's (Hale/) When the first word of the phrase is a place name (e.g. York), we can sometimes u se the phrase without the. in York Museum Some US names with cefiter are without the. near Rockefeller Center J Shops and restaurants Most shops arc with out the. shopping at Harrod 's in Next A restaurant can be without the if it has a possessive form. at Charley's (Restaurant) 163 Place names and the VVe li se the when there is an of-phrase. the Church of the Holy Trinicy the Unillersily of Essex We generally use the when there is an adjective or n oun modifier. the Royal High School the Old Town Hall the White House Norma ll y we use Lhe. the Prince Edward (Theatre) I saw it at the Odeon (Cinema ) the Dorset (Hotel) the Science M meum the National Gallery shopping in the Metro Centre We u se the wi th building. the Chrysler Building We use the with shops and re stau r ants when t here is an adjective or nou n modifier. the Kilchen ISfi op at the Old Bakehouse (Restaurant) Most pub names have the. at the Red Lion (Inn) 213 Possessives and demonstratives 164 Possessives A Introduction 214 In this conversation four people are discussing a date for a meeting. Emma: What about Friday? Luke: I'll just look in my diary . Emma: Have you got your diary, Tina? Tin (t: Jason: L uk e: J chink so. I haven't gOl mille with me. I can 't come Oil Friday, We're giuing a party for one of our neighbours. /t 's her birthday. We use possessives to express a connection , often the fact that someone has something or that someth ing belongs to s omeone . My diary is the diary that belongs to m' e. The possessi ve form of a noun has the same meaning. > 1328 Luke 's diary our neighbour's birthday There are possessive determiners (my, your, etc) and possessive pronouns ( mine . yours. etc). Possessive determiner s come before a noun. our neighbour her birthday some of your friends my diary (N01 ' fite-diary-o~ on IhHtly-t1'~ry) Po ssessive determiners are sometimes call~a ' po ssessive adjectives'. We leave out (h e noun when it is clear from the co nt ext wh at we mean, for example when the noun has just been mentioned . We u sc a po ssess ive pronoun (e.g. mine ) instead of a po ssess ive determin er + noun (e.g. my diary). I'll just look in my diary. - I haven't gOl mine with me. I LOok LiSll in my car because hers had broken down. I've gOl my opinion, and I'm sure you've got yours. A po ssessi ve pronoun can be a co mplement. Is this diary yours? No, I think it's Luk~ 's. (NOT n-fhi:! tiia" fB YBU? OR -lH1tffl-dtttrY-0fyotff) NOTE For my one, your one, etc, ,. 179C Note . B Form DClenniners Singular First person my pen Second person your number Third person his father her decision its location His is male, and her is female. Luke's father his father Emma's father -+ her father 164 Possessives Pronouns Plural Singular Plural our house mine Ollrs your coats yours yours their artilude his theirs hers Its refe rs to something not human or to a place or an organization. the roof of the car its roof the country's exports -+ its exports Their is the plural of his, her, and its. Luke and Emma's father -+ their father the interests of the two countries ~ their interests His can be either a determiner or a pronoun. Has James got his mobile? I've got my mobile, but james hasn't got his. Its is a detenniner but not a pronoun . The restaurant is famous for its good food. We avoid using its without a following noun. The east-coast route has its advantages, and the west-coast route has its advantages £00. (NOT au: /:Veil eatiSf IOttU htt:!J its latJ.) We do not use an apostrophe with a possessive. (NO T y&t.tH ). Note that it 's is a short form of it is or it has, > 290C. C Possessives with parts of the body We normally use a possessive with people's heads, arms, legs, etc, and their clothes, even if it is clear whose we mean. What's the matter? J've hurt my ba ck. (NOT Fbt flUi t the baek.) We all gal out of the car to stretch our legs. He just stood there with his hands in his pockets. But we u sua lly use the in this pattern where a person is the object. Verb Person Prepositional phrase The stone hit the policeman on J Ire head . Someone pushed me in the back. Tom LOok Karen by the arm. 215 Possessives and demonstratives We use the in the equi va lent passive sentence s. A police man was hit on the head . Co mpare these examples. The SlOne hil him on the Jz ead. He h ad a bandage ro"nd his head. A per so n is the object ( him ) only in the first example. o A friend of mine My friend means a definite person, the person I am friends with. To talk about a person I am fri ends with, we say one of my friends or a frie nd of min.e. Sing ul ar Plural Oe finite my friend my friends Ind efin it e one of my friends I a friend of mine so me of my friends I so me frie nds of mine Here arc some examples of this of-structure. I like The Strok es. I'm a fan of th eirs. My brother has just seen an old girlfriend of his . Didn 't you borrow some CDs of min e? I don't th ink my private lif e is any business of yours . We can also use the possessive form of names and other nouns in the of-structure. We mel a cousin of Nicola's. These ar e ju st some papers of my jlatmate 's, NOT I: In informal specch we can u se t" is, tllat, th ese, or those. I've been lhmki rz g about that suggestion of yours. E Own We can use ow n after a possessive determine r. I'd love to have my own flat. S tud erl lS ar e exp ec ted to contribute their own ideas. My own means 'belonging (0 me and not to an yo ne else'. There is also a structure with of I'd love a Jlne of my own (N OT ~ ) So metimes own expresses the id ea of doing something yo urself without help. You'll ha ve to make your owt! bed. 1 (; Yo u' ll have to make your bed y ours el f.) We can mi ss out the noun if the meaning is clear withoUl it. The ideas should be your own. On you r own and by yourself mean 'alone'. I dOll't wanlto walk home on my own /by my se lf 2 16 165 Demonstratives NOT E Very OI U rI IS more emphatic . 1 never expected (J little vIllage /0 Iltwe its very OWl! zoo J lannah 's dr( ~ am was to ha/lt a pony of lIer /lery OWl! . ~ 65 Demonstratives A In this conversation Debbie is ch oosing a birthday gifl for her mot her. D eb bie: I just warll to look at th ese jugs. I might buy one Jor my mother. La uren: Tho se glass ones are nice. Debbie: Yes , this one looks the so rt of thing s he might l ike. L auren: Wha t ubuut tllis? Debbie: I don't like that so much. We use de m ons tratives to 'point 10' s ome thing in th e situation. This and the se refer to somet hing n ear the speaker. That and those refer to thin gs fu rther away _ This an d that are singular. These and lhose are plural. Singular Pl u ra l Ne ar Furt l1 er away this colour that car these flowers those hills We also usc this and that with unco unt able no un s as we ll as singul ar ones. this co ffee th at musi c For uncounta ble noun s, > 137. We leave out th e no un when it is clear frol11 the context what we mea n. vVhen we do th is we u se a pronoun . Det erm iner: Pronoun: What about thi s jug? What about tliis? I like th ose pictures. I like tho se. 217 [...]... of how to express whole and part quantities Some of these forms arc dealt with in more detail in 169 - 174 B The whole All (oj) the tickets Itave been sold > 169 B The whole lof the) show will be televised live > 169 D Every seat will be occupied > 171 C The greater part I slept through most of the film > 169 A-B o A large part A lot of the passengers 011 tile plane were backpackers Many of the spectators... work > 176C-0 A small number of houses will be buill The group has only a handful of m embers Several people were inju red in the incident (perhaps four or five people) Only with an uncountable noun /'II just have a little waterla bit of water > 167 C-0 A computer uses only a small amount of electricity E Zero quantity There's no milk in the fridge > 172C I haven't sent any e-mails today > 172A 67 A lot... o[wit h whole and part quant ities Some quantifiers can express either large/small quantities or whole/pan quantities They include a JOI of much, many, a few, and a little 223 Quantifiers Large/small > 166 - 167 Whole I pa ri > B- H I found a lot of information on the Internet ( l67A ,B There's masse vheaps/loads of time (in formal) Only with a plural noun Many questions remain unanswered > 167 A,B A large/considerable number of languages have died nUl completely Numerous diffiCUlties were put in m y way On ly wit h an uncountable noun We haven't had much rain lately > 167 A,B A dishwasher uses a great deal of electricity A... the apples have gone bad 224 '69 All, most, half, none, and wh ole G A small part A few of the apples have gone bad Can you eat a little of this cake? We'll oniy miss a hit of our holiday Not many of the motorists were carrying passengers You haven't read much of that book y ef H No part None of my friends wellt to the parly > 169 13 I don't like nny of these colours 169 All, most, half, none, and whole... leaves of eve rgreen shrubs) There's a big difference between studies which are scientific and thuse which are not (:: stu dies which are not) This use of that and those is rather formal 219 Quantifiers 166 Large and small quantities A What is a quantifier? A quantifier is a word like many, no, or some It usually cnmes before a noun many times no rickets some waler A quantifier says how many or how much... of dala has bee" gathered Adjectives we can usc before number or amounl include considerable, enormous, fair, farge, substantial, and treme1ldous 220 1 167 A lot of, many, much, a few a little and a b,t o f NOTE The verb agret:s with the nou n > 146B " farxe number of ltmguuges have dIed O ld C A quantity With eit her a plural or an uncountable noull I need to earn some money > 172A Only with a plural... quite a lot of mOtley For the possible co mbinations, > 196F We can lise a quantifier without a noun when the meaning is clear (rom lhe coni ext > 174 J expected to st.#(! Jots of people, but there were Dilly a few In B- E there are so me examples of how to ex press large and s m,IJl quantiti es Some of these forms are dealt with in more detail in 167 - 174 B A large quantity With either a plural or an... Lm'l it? I'm really enjoying it These shoes are wet / left them outside in the rain when we mention something a second time, we use it or lhey/them We do not usually use a demonst rative aga in 2J8 165 Demonstratives o We can use a demon strative wit h wo rds for peo ple that waiter (over there) these people (in here) We can also use the prono uns this and that when we identify someone Mum, this is... smallness of the number f only took a lew photos This mea ns a smaller numhcr than we might expec t NOTI\ Utile can also be an adjective me'lIl ing ·SIll'lll in size', e.g 222 (J lililej/(ll I (I smrlll flat 168 Whole and part quantities o few and little f'ew,lIld little without a have a nega tive meaning Compare these examples Do people come here on holiday? - Yes, there are a few tourists (= some tourists . Collins. 163 Place names and the 210 For some general points about place nam es and the, > 1 62 A. H er e the different types of pl ace name are dea lt wi rh in more deta il. 163 . in clude a JOI of. much, many, a few, and a little. 223 Quantifiers Large/small > 1 66 - 16 7 I found a lot of information on the Internet. (<1 large amount) We didtz't. dealt with in more detail in 169 - 174. B The whole All (oj) the tickets Itave been sold. > 169 B The whole lof the) show will be televised live. > 169 D Every seat will be occupied.