1 SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION 1. TRANSFORMATION: 1.1 a/. She speaks English better than I do.  I don’t speak English as well as she does. b/. Tom is more careful than Jerry.  Jerry is not so careful as Tom. c/. Iron is not as strong as steel.  Steel ………………………………………………………………………………………… d/. Your coffee is not as good as the coffee my mother makes.  The coffee …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.2. 1.2.1. a/. This bread is fresh enough for us to eat.  This bread is so fresh that we can eat it.  It is such fresh bread that we can eat it. b/. Bill is not old enough to be allowed to drive.  Bill ………………………………………………………………………………………… c/. This camera is cheap enough for us to afford.  It is ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1.2.2. a/. He was so drunk that he couldn’t go home.  He ………………………………………………………………………………………… b/. These eggs are so spoiled that we can’t eat them.  These eggs ………………………………………………………………………………… c/. The cat is too fat to chase the mouse.  It …………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.3. a/. To learn English Grammar is not easy.  It is not easy to learn English Grammar. b/. It is essential to combine theory with practice.  To …………………………………………………………………………………………… c/. To master karate is hard for him.  It ………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.4. -ER……THAN MORE……THAN (NOT) AS/ SO…AS IT + BE + ADJ + TO-INF TO-INF + BE + ADJ HAD BETTER + V HAD BETTER NOT + V ADVISE + TO V ADVISE + NOT TO V ADJ + ENOUGH + (FOR) + TO-INF MORE……THA N SO + ADJ + THAT SUCH + A/ AN + ADJ + N + THAT TOO + ADJ + (FOR) + TO-INF ADJ + ENOUGH + (FOR) + TO-INF MORE……THAN SO + ADJ + THAT SUCH + A/ AN + ADJ + N + THAT 2 a/. You’d better not disturb your father while he’s sleeping.  My mom advises me not to disturb my father while he’s sleeping. b/. I advise you to start studying your lessons now.  You’d ……………………………………………………………………………………… c/. I think you should go to the doctor’s.  You’d ……………………………………………………………………………………… d/. You had better tell him before you take this.  I advise ……………………………………………………………………………………… e/. If you can’t come, you should phone him immediately.  If you can’t come, you’d better phone him immediately. f/. Roy, you should stop fooling around, or you’ll be punished.  Roy, you’d ………………………………………………………………………………… 1.5. a/. William said to me: “I am leaving for Brussels tomorrow.”  William ……………………………………………………………………………………… b/. I asked Smith: “Where are you going?”  I …………………………………………………………………………………………… c/. “Will you come back soon, David?” asked his mother.  His mother ………………………………………………………………………………… d/. My father asked me: “Take this for me, dear!”  My father …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.6. a/. The driver was asleep, so the accident happened.  If the driver had not been asleep, the accident wouldn’t have happened. b/. He is drunk, so he falls out of his bike and bruise his head.  If …………………………………………………………………………………………… c/. Because the traffic was heavy, he came to work so late.  If …………………………………………………………………………………………… d/. If you don’t come to see the doctor, your throat will be more inflamed.  Unless ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.7. a/. I don’t know how to make cakes.  I wish ……………………………………………………………………………………… b/. I’m sorry I didn’t invite her to my party.  I wish ……………………………………………………………………………………… IF…NOT UNLESS DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH PRESENT SITUATION SENTENCE IN PAST SITUATION PRESENT UNREAL CONDITION IF PAST UNREAL CONDITION - PRESENT SENTENCE - PAST IN SITUATION - FUTURE WOULD + V 0 WISH V 2 (Past Subjunctive) HAD + V 3 (Past Perfect Subjunctive) SHOULD/ OUGHT TO + V HAD BETTER + V 0 3 1.8. a/. People said that they got married.  They ………………………………………………………………………………………… b/. We know that he is jealous of her.  It …………………………………………………………………………………………… c/. I don’t like my son to tease his friend.  I don’t ……………………………………………………………………………………… d/. Men used to build houses when they got married.  Houses ……………………………………………………………………………………… e/. Will they finish the road soon?  Will ……………………………………………………………………………………………… f/. I will have Sam repair my bicycle.  I will ………………………………………………………………………………………… g/. Get someone to fit the air-conditioner.  Get ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1.9. a/. Although he was so tired, he came to see me.  Despite his being tired / tiredness, he came to see me. b/. Though the old man was experienced, he failed to manage the situation.  In spite of …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.10. a/. Many competitors had to withdraw because weather condition was bad.  Many competitors had to withdraw due to bad weather condition. b/. He couldn’t pass the exam because he was so lazy.  Because of …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.11. a/. They walked to town in thirty minutes.  It took them thirty minutes to walk to town. b/. We spent five days solving this problem.  It took ……………………………………………………………………………………… c/. A trip to Halong Bay lasts a week.  It takes ……………………………………………………………………………………… d/. We wanted to buy a new house; we had to save up for three years.  It took ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1.12. S + HAVE + DOER + V 0 + O S + GET + DOER + TO V + O S + HAVE/ GET + O + V 3 + BY DOER ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE ALTHOUGH THOUGH S + V + … EVEN THOUGH DIESPITE NOUN/ GERUND IN SPITE OF BECAUSE AS S + V + … SINCE BECAUSE OF NOUN/ GERUND DUE TO IT + TAKE + S. O + TIME + TO V IT WAS NOT UNTIL…………………. THAT + S + V + ……. 4 a/. I could not know how to swim until I was ten.  It was not until I was ten that I could swim. b/. They couldn’t finish the work until the manager came.  It was not ………………………………………………………………………………… c/. The dispute couldn’t be settled down until the police appeared.  It was not …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.13. a/. We haven’t seen each other for three years.  It’s three years since we last saw each other. b/. Smith has not washed for a week.  It’s ………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.14. a/. We would rather die than be slaves  We prefer dying to being slaves. b/. He would rather starve than steal.  He prefers starving than stealing. c/. I would prefer to come tomorrow than to day.  I would rather ……………………………………………………………………………… d/. She prefers sunbathing in the beach.  She would rather …………………………………………………………………………… 1.15. a/. we are working hard so that we may build socialism in Vietnam.  We are working hard in order to build socialism in Vietnam. b/. they save much money so that they can go abroad.  They ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1.16. a/. Can he speak Chinese?  Do you know if he can speak Chinese?  Could you tell me whether he can speak Chinese?  We’d like to know if he can speak Chinese. b/. What are they doing now?  Do you know what they are doing now?  Could you tell me what they are doing now?  We’d like to know what they are doing now. c/. What are you talking about?  Do you know ……………………………………………………………………………… d/. Is this the way to Texas?  Could you tell me …………………………………………………………………………… IT IS SINCE…………………. S + V + ……. WOULD RATHER PREFER + V-ING/ TO V WOULD PREFER + TO V S + V + … SO THAT + S + V + …. IN ORDER THAT S + V + … IN ORDER TO + V + …. SO AS TO/ TO DIRECT QUESTIONS INDIRECT QUESTIONS 5 1.17. a/. “Why don’t you come to see her at once, Hau?” said Nam.  Nam suggested that Hau (should) come to see her at once. b/. “Why don’t you take some medicine, Joe?” asked his mother.  His mother suggested ……………………………………………………………………… c/ Let’s take a break.  Why don’t we take a break? d/. Let’s go out for a walk.  Why don’t ………………………………………………………………………………… 1.18. a/. When I was a child, I often went fishing.  When I was a child, I used to go fishing. b/. He often smoked thirty years ago.  He used …………………………………………………………………………………… c/. We always came to the theatre on Christmas.  We used …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.19. a/. I am accustomed to jogging everyday.  I am used to jogging everyday. b/. My brother gets accustomed to meditating for three hours.  My brother gets used …………………………………………………………………… 1.20. a/. I am wrong, or you are wrong.  Either you or I am wrong. b/. he does not have money, and he does not have a job.  He has neither money nor job. 2. EXERCISES: Part A 2.1. SIMPLE  COMPOUND: 1/. We planned for a long time in order to have a good trip.  We planned for a long time, or we couldn’t have a good trip. 2/. We went to bed early in order to get up early.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. In spite of his great strength, he was overcome.  He was greatly strong, but he was overcome. 4/. In spite of his popularity, he can’t be called a great writer.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5/. The teacher punished the boy for disobedience. WHY DON’T YOU + V ….? S + SUGGEST + THAT + S + (SHOULD) V 0 + … LET’S + V + … WHY DON’T YOU + V ….? S + OFTEN/ ALWAYS + V 2 + … USED TO + V 0 BE ACCUSTOMED TO + V-ING / N GET BE USED TO + V-ING / N GET COMPOUND SENTENCES EITHER … OR …. NEITHER …. NOR …. 6  The boy disobeyed, so the teacher punished him. 6/. He failed to gain much success for his laziness.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7/. Owing to drought, the crop is short.  There is drought, so the crop is short. 8/. Due to bad weather, many drivers have withdrawn.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.2. SIMPLE  COMPLEX: 1/. He was too dull to understand that.  He was so dull that he couldn’t understand that. 2/. This house is too expensive for us to afford.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. He came in very quietly in order to avoid waking his father.  He came in very quietly so that he could avoid waking his father. 4/. Peter studies very hard day after day in order to pass the entrance exam.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5/. Owing to ill-health, he had to retire soon.  Because he was ill, he had to retire soon. 6/. Due to the terrible flood, the crop was destroyed.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7/. James is not old enough to be allowed to drive.  James is so young that he can’t be allowed to drive. 8/. The bread is not fresh enough for us to eat.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Part B 2.3. COMPOUND  SIMPLE: 1/. Make haste, or else you will be late. (in order to)  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2/. He is rich, yet he is not contented. (in spite of)  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. I called him, but he gave me no answer. (in spite of)  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4/. This coat can’t be mine, for it is too big. (too…to…)  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5/. We stayed at home, for the tour had been postponed. (because of)  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.4. COMPOUND  COMPLEX: 1/. Do as I tell you, or you will regret it.  Unless you do as I tell you, you will regret it.  If you don’t do as I tell you, you will regret it. 2/. He had to sign or be executed.  Unless ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. Keep quiet or you will be punished.  If …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4/. The tickets were expensive, but he bought them anyway.  Although the tickets were expensive, he bought them anyway. 5/. Life has few enjoyments, still we cling to it.  Although ……………………………………………………………………………………… C. Part C 2.5. COMPLEX  SIMPLE: 1/. He had done early so that he could avoid the traffic jam. 7  He had gone early in order to avoid the traffic jam. 2/. He took a taxi so that he could catch the early train.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. He made such good speed that he was in time.  He made enough good speed to be in tome. 4/. They made such good arrangements that they worked effectively.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5/. He was late because the line at the ticket window was long.  He was late because of the long line at the ticket window. 6/. He could not go to work because he was ill.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.6. COMPLEX  COMPOUND: 1/. If you do not hurry, you will miss the train.  You must hurry, or you will miss the train. 2/. Unless you try your best to study, you will fail.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. His father still trusted him though he had deceived him.  He had deceived him, but his father still trusted him. 4/. Although there was much trouble, we tried to finish the work.  ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5/. Since duty calls us, we must obey.  Duty calls us, so we must obey. 6/. Because he usually cheats the others, no one believes in him.  ………………………………………………………………………………………………