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Historical Hacking Techniques
SUMMARY Historical Hacking Techniques:• The original (đầu tiên) intent (mục tiêu) of the Internet was toshare resources openly between research institutions.• Some of the first hackers used the Network File System (NFS) to gain (giành quyền) access to information.• rlogin was commonly used by administrator and users to enter remote systems without a password.• Cracking weak passwords or short passwords using brute-force methods is one of the most common ways hackers gain access to systems.• Some weak passwords fall into the bad configuration category because a developer will use a simple password that matches the ID for example, a user ID and password that are both jdoe.• Alternatives to bad password are the use of smart cards or biometrics (sinh trắc học) .• Programming flaws are another method hackers use to exploit (khai thác) computer systems.• Hackers use buffer overflows to inundate (tràn ngập) the target system, causing it to crash or run commands to elevate privileges to the system.• Denial of service (DoS) is used by hackers to render the target unusable.• Distributed denial of service (DDoS) can be targeted toward a large number of systems.• DDoS attacks have three-tiered architecture using the master, slave, and client processes that have been installed on compromised (thoả hịêp/tổn thương) systems.Advanced Techniques:• Sniffers are used by hackers to collect information about a target network or system.• Sniffing a switched network is harder than a network that uses hubs.• The hacker must do one of two things to sniff a switched network: convince (thuyết phục) the switch to send the traffic to it or cause the switch to send traffic to all ports.• The switch can be fooled (bị đánh lừa) to send traffic to the sniffer by duplicating the MAC or spoofing the ARP or DNS.• In order for ARP spoofing (giả mạo) to be effective, the sniffer must have the capability to forward the traffic on to the correct destination.• To accomplish (thực hiện) attacks by sniffing, the attacker must have a system on the local switch.• IP spoofing makes it more difficult to track an attacker.• Using IP spoofing, the attacker cannot see the target’s responses to his actions. Identify Malicious (có hại) Code:• Viruses are not structured to exist by themselves.• Initially, viruses attached themselves to executable files.• Viruses first appeared when the majority of the computer used the Disk Operating System (DOS).• Macro viruses attach themselves to word processing documents.• Trojan horse damage can be similar to that of computer viruses.• Worms travel from system to system without the assistance (trợ giúp) of the user.• The Slapper worm uses a peer-to-peer model.• Attackers combine two types of malicious code to accomplish multiple roles.Identify Methods of the Untargeted Hacker:• The untargeted hacker is not looking (chú ý) to access a particular system.• Reconnaissance (thăm dò) for an untargeted hacker can take many forms.• Untargeted attackers will use a stealth scan to identity what systems are up.• The reset scan is a variation of a stealth scan.• Telephone reconnaissance (war-dialing) is used to identity potential victims (nạn nhân).• Attackers look for wireless network by war-driving.• The untargeted hackers will have a single exploit or a small group of exploits available.• More sophisticated (tinh vi) hackers use reconnaissance tools to identity multiple vulnerability (dễ bị tấn công/“yếu”) systems and then write scripts to allow them to exploit all the systems in a short amount of time. Identify Methods of the Targeted Hacker:• Targeted hackers are motivated by the desire for something an organization has.• The target for this attacker is chosen for a reason.• Address reconnaissance is used to identify the address space used by the target organization.• Attackers can find more information on addresses in use at the target by doing a zone transfer from the primary DNS.• Phone reconnaissance is more difficult than identifying network addresses associated with a target.• The hacker, in addition to looking for phone numbers associated with the target’s computer systems, would also check to see if to the target is using or misusing wireless.• Attacker will use ping sweeps to find open ports.• Vulnerability identification is potentially the most dangerous for the hacker in that there is a potential for being detected while identifying vulnerabilities.• The hacker needs to understand the business of target to know how they use computer systems and what would hurt the target the most.• A targeted hacker may use physical reconnaissance to gain access to systems or information they want (for example, watching the building for opportunities to enter or examining the trash).• The targeted hacker will use a flaw in physical access to gain entry to the site.• The hacker will use the information gathered to choose the best method of access without being detected.• The hacker will know enough information to map external systems and all connection to internal systems.• The attacker will attempt to cover up the intrusion by editing the logs to remove the entries related to the break-in.• The easiest physical attack is to examine the contents of the organization’s trash.• Social engineering is the safest physical attack and can lead to electronic access.• The most dangerous physical access is the physical penetration of the site.Key Terms:ARP spoofing ; buffer overflow ; denial of service (DoS) DNS spoofing ; hacktivism ; hybrid malicious code IP spoofing ; MAC duplicating ; malicious code Ping of Death ; rlogin ; rootkit ; script kiddies Smurf attack ; social engineering ; stack ; SYN flood Trojan horse ; virus ; worms ; zombies Key Term Quiz:Use terms from the Key Terms List to complete the sentences that follow. Don’t use the same term more than once. Not all terms will be used. . SUMMARY Historical Hacking Techniques: • The original (đầu tiên) intent (mục tiêu). been installed on compromised (thoả hịêp/tổn thương) systems.Advanced Techniques: • Sniffers are used by hackers to collect information about a