MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES HOANG XUAN LAM STUDYING THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT CAPACITIES AND TECHNICAL MEASURES TO INCREASE YIELDS, QUALITIES OF SOME EXOTIC ORCHID CULTIVARS (CATTLEYA, DENDROBIUM, ONCIDIUM) FOR NORTHERN VIETNAM Branch of study: Crop science Code : 62 62 01 10 SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL DOCTORAL THESIS HANOI - 2014 Project completed at: VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Scientific supervisors: Ass Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Kim Ly Prof Dr Nguyen Xuan Linh Critic 1: Critic 2: Critic 3: The thesis is defended at Council for Thesis Assessment at University/ Institutional level, held at: Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences At hours, day month year This thesis can be referred to at: - Vietnam National Labrary - The Libray of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences INTRODUCTION Urgency of research topic Of all popularly planted types of flowers, orchids are known as a flower not only beautiful, fragrant, multi – colorful, but also are of high economic value So far, mankinds have learned on more than 750 orchid branches with 35000 wild orchids species and 75000 orchid cultivars as a result of selection and breeding [33] In Vietnam, there are about 1003 species of orchids available [ 33 ] These are very abundant plant resources to serve the creatation and breeding of new varieties of orchids However, most of these orchids can only be exploited and cultivated in natural conditions, technical measures have not yet been applied, so their yields and qualities are not high that can not meet the requirements of consumers Whereas the exotic orchids have their advantages as having good growth and healthy development, high yields , good quality of flowers: big flowers, beautiful colors, various diversified, durable and long -lasting flowers and that their flower blooming time can be controlled for the occasions of Holidays or Lunar New Year Celebration, that has brought about high economic efficiency to growers Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium are pretty orchids species popularly esteemed by the markets It is attractive to consumers with diversified colors, beguiling aroma and especially, commercial producers are attracted by the durability of flowers However, the actual production of these orchids in Vietnam still faces many difficulties Lan Cattleya, Dendrobium , Oncidium orchids are very suitable the climate in Southern areas as of its all - year-round warm weather, great sun radiation and long appropriate sunlight for plant to grow and develop, whereas the climatic condition in the North is not favorable due to high summer temperatures (33 - 380C), high humidity and high sunlight intensity that causes a negative impact to the growth of the plants, making the plants susceptible to leaf blight, high percentage to rotten disease prevalence In Winter, the temperatures is too low, weak sunlight intensity, short sunlight during the days are also not favorable for plant growth , development and giving flowers On the other hand, as for lack of good seeds, technical inconsistency and inappropriate caring process the production cuold not bring about high efficiency, quantity and quality of orchids still can not meet consumer requirements, while the demand for the above mentioned orchids is very high In order to overcome this limitation, enabling plant orchids in general and Cattleya, Dendrobium and Oncidium orchids in particular to develop to be effective, the research subject " Studying the growth, development and technical measures to increase productivity, quality of exotic orchid varieties (Cattleya , Dendrobium , Oncidium ) for Northern Vietnam " The purpose and requirements of the subject 2.1 Purpose - The purpose of this research subject is to study the growth, development of some exotic hybrid orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium in order to select new promising hybrid orchid cultivars, consistent with the Northern Delta region and the nearby region with similar ecological conditions - To determine the impact of growing conditions and technical factors to the growth, development, flowering of some exotic hybrid orchid genera as Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium and to propose appropriate technical measures, applying effectively to production that contribute to the development of growing orchids in the Northern Delta 2.2 Requirements of the research subject: - To evaluate the adaptability of exotic orchids belonging to branches of Catlleya, Dendrobium and Oncidium (survival, growth and development capabilities) in the period of nursery and in production gardens in order to select some new promising orchid cultivars adaptable to ecological conditions of the Northern Delta region - To study the effect of growing conditions (substrate, fertilizers, shading system, flowering control) to the growth and development of selected hybrid orchids in order to identify appropriate technical measures that help reaching high yield, high quality of flowers for these orchids Scientific and practical significances: 3.1 Scientific significance - The results of the study subjects have provided the scientific data on basical criteria for an orchid to reach high yield, good quality as well as the influence of growing conditions (temperature, light, substrate, fertilizer, ) to the growth, development and the formation of flowers and flower quality of the Cattleya orchid, Dendrobium, Oncidium in Northern Delta conditions - The study results are also references of great value for teaching, research and production of orchid plants in general as well as Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium in particular 3.2 Practical significance - Having introduced to production exortic hybrid orchids belonging to branches of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium adapted to the ecological conditions of the northern delta region with good stability, growth and development that meet the requirements of selecting new orchid cultivars for production - Have proposed farming techniques to increase the capabilities for the growth, development and the proportion of bearing flowers for these newly selected orchid cultivars These technical measures are of high feasibility, high application capability to mass production that bring about highly practical effectiveness for growers 3.3 The Novelty of the thesis - Having fully and systematically studied the morphological characteristics , growth and development for an orchid to gain high yield and quality On that basis, hybrid orchid cultivars of Cattleya, Dendrobium , Oncidium with good prospects for growth, development, good flowering in the condition of Winter - Spring season in the Northern Delta region, have been selected for the production of hybrid orchids - Having studied systematically the growing conditions and technical measures for eachcrop season for orchid genera of Cattleya orchid, Dendrobium, Oncidium, in order to increase survival rate of seedling and to reduce the incidence of soft rotten disease in nursery stage in hot and humid summer climate condition At the same time, it helped to increase the rate of flowering of the plants as well as flower quality blooming in cold winter conditions of the Northern Delta region The structure of the thesis The main contents of the thesis are presented in 139 pages (excluding references and appendices) Introduction: pages; Chapter 1: Overview document: 40 pages, Chapter 2: Materials, research content and methodology: 17 pages; Chapter 3: Research Results and Discussion: 76 pages; Conclusion and proposals: pages The dissertation consists of 37 tables, 19 form, 50 Vietnamese documents, 72 documents in English The appendix includes photos of selected orchids in the experiments, statistical analysis results and experimental data processing and contents related to the thesis Chapter OVERVIEW 1.1 General Overview of the orchid Cattleya , Dendrobium , Oncidium Cattleya (Cattleya orchids) includes about 65,000 primitive species and numerous outvarietal and intervarietal crossed species They are native to tropical America, mostly in the mountains with altitude from 600 - 1800 m [46] Dendrobium (Hoang Thao orchid) is the largest genus in orchid family, consisting of over 1,600 species whose distribution stretches from Korea, Japan, Indonesia to Australia In Vietnam, over 200 species of orchid Dendrobium has been recorded [ 94 ] Oncidium (dancing lady) consists of about 400-600 species originating from the America and subtropical regions They can be found from Florida to the Bahamas, Caribbean Islands and southern Mexico, Central and South America to Argentina [122] By studying botanical characteristics and for external requirements for Cattleyas, Dendrobium, Oncidium, it is shown that climatic condition of Vietnam can absolutely be suitable for the culture of this species, particularly in the provinces of the Southern region However, because of the cold weather in the northern provinces, the plants are less developed and grown To develop this orchid in production, it is necessary to pay special attention to the uses of substrates, fertilizers, growth regulators, flowering stimulants and flowering control measures on the occasions of Tet and Holidays 1.2 The status on production and consumption of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium orchids in the world and in Vietnam: Export markets of orchids on the world are ever-expandin European Union (EU), North America and Japan are still biggist areas to consume most cut- orchids, although China is also becoming an important market Only 25 countries of the EU on average have spent 13.7 billion USD/year (CBI, 2007) for consumer cutorchids, mainly Dendrobium and Oncidium, accounting for over 50% of total orchid consumption Of which, Germany topped with the expendicture of about billion euros per year The folowing countries with high demand are the UK (2.82 billion ), France (1.85 billions), Italy (1.62 billions), Spain (0.99 billions) and the Netherlands (0.89 billion ) [ 118 ] Japanese consumer demand by 5.4 million/year on cut orchid, U.S: $ 5.5 billion [119] It can be said that orchid production has brought about very highly profits for developed and developing countries Besides, Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium account up for the bulk of total production and consumption of orchids in the world This proves that these flowers bring high economic efficiency to growers and preferred by consumers Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium are common orchids genera which bring high economic efficiency for the orchid production branches of orchid growing countries over the world In recent years, thanks to the expansion of production and development of these orchids, significant economic benefits have been brought about to countries such as Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, China With similar climatic conditions to these countries and experienced growers, the Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium orchid genera can be grown and fully developed in Vietnam Orchid growing area in Vietnam is t at modes level, only accounting for 10 % of the flowers growing areas [23] Production of orchids in Vietnam concentrates in main directions : - Production of newly bred or selected orchid species or or imported ones in industrial scales (industrial orchids) - Exploiting and cultivating native orchids species (wild orchids) Thus, the production, trading of orchids in Vietnam so far still remains in the form of potentiality Meanwhile, the competitiveness on the world market is very huge The trading activities and export in recent years are only at launching stage that leads to a promising future for development of these flowers basing on the existing favorable conditions for the development of orchid growing branch 1.3 Status of research on Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium orchids in the world and in Vietnam: 1.3.1 Status of research on Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium orchids in the world For many years, due to high economic and aesthetic values of orchid plants, that developed countries in the world have used traditional techniques and modern methods for breeding and selecting flowers in general and for orchids in particular and have achieved very satisfactory results, especially on some industrial orchids as Dancing lady (Oncidium), Hoang Thao (Dendrobium), Cat (Cattleya) and some other orchids and these have brought about big financial resources for orchids producing branches in countries as Netherlands, China, Taiwan, Thailand The above results show that the world has had a lot of research work on orchid plants, in general and on the genera of Cattleyas, Dendrobium and Oncidium, in particular The study focused on a number of areas such as plant breeding and seed multiplication, technical planting measures and measures for pests and diseases preventions, 1.3.2 Status of research on Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium orchids in Vietnam In Vietnam, there have been many studies on collectioconservation the genetic resources of native orchids and exotic cultivars as well as evaluation and selection of promising orchid varieties for production and concentrate to study technical measures on substrates, fertilizers, flowering control techniques, pest prevention The research results that have been applied in production have initially brought about positive effectiveness in the development of orchid cultivation in Vietnam However, new researches have just been carried out on some objects and technical process for planting, taking adequate care of the orchids, especially Cattleya, Dendrobium and Oncidium, have not been completed From the results of the study, it is shown that Cattleya, Dendrobium and Oncidium can fully grow and develop well in Vietnam, especially in the southern region due to the warm climate all the year round In the northern delta regions, due to cold winter temperature, the plants can not grow and develop well, and very often there are virtually no flowering in winter time To develop and grow the orchid genus Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium in condition of Northern Delta region, it is necessary to deeply study the growth, development and flowering characteristics of these cultivars At the same time, research on technical planting measures to increase survival rate, to reduce the incidence of soft rotten disease of seedlings in summer time and increase flowering rate, flower quality of mature plants in winter time for the introduced hybrid orchids belonging to the above mentioned orchid genera Chapter RESEARCH MATERIALS, CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Research Materials 2.1.1 Varieties: - Oncidium orchid cultivars, imported from Thailand, as seedlings after the stage of tissue culture, with height: 6-8 cm, number of leaves: 3-4 leaves/plant, number of roots: 5-7 roots/plant and one Oncidium cultivar which is widely planted in production as the controls (cntrl) Dendrobium orchid cultivars, imported from Thailand, as seedling, after the stage of tissue culture with height: 6-8 cm, number of leaves: 2-3 leaves / plant, number of roots: 4-6 roots/plant and one Dendrobium cultivar which is widely planted outside in production is used as the controls (cntrl) - one leaf Cattleya orchid cultivars imported from Thailand were used as seedling after the stage of tissue culture with height: 5-7 cm, number of leaves: 2-3 leaves/plant, number of roots: 3-5 roots/plant and cattleyas which is widely planted in production outside was used as the control (cntrl) 2.1.2 Substrates: The experiments included types of substrates formula of differen mixing ratios - Coal (charcoal), pine barks, light stones, volcano foaming slag, Seaweed 2.1.3 Leaf Foliars: - Including types of fertilizers: Growmore, Hidrophos, Multi K fertilizers, Striving buffalo, Milo-3 Distribution 2.1.4 Substances capable of regulating the growth(growth regulator): - DD 1.8 Atonik, ProGibb 10 SP, Dekamon 22.43L 2.1.5 Substance capable of stimulating flowering: - Asco Gold, RB, AT preparations 2.1.6 Other materials: - Slow release root fertilizer N: P: K = 14:14:14, wires, Compax bulbs 75W and 100W, incandescent bulbs 75W and 100W, clamps ruler, tape-measure, electronic balance, light intensity meter, moisture meter 2.2 Research contents: 2.2.1 To evaluate the growth, development capacities and select some exotic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium adaptable to the North Delta area 2.2 Study some technical measures in the nursery stage for some selected exortic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium 2.2.3 Study some technical measures at the stage of production garden for some selected exortic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium 2.2.4 Study some measures to control flowering time for some selected exortic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium 2.3 Research Methodology and experimental design * Methods of experimental design - The experiments were designed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) [33] with three replicates At nursery stage, each treatment consisted of 150 plants; at the garden production stage, each treatments consisted of 75 plants The observation, subscription and measurment on the growth and development criteria of the plants were conducted on30 plants/ treatment 2.3.1 Methods to evaluate the growth, development capacities and select some exotic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium - Experiment 1: Study the growth at the nursery stage of the exotic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium - Experiment 2: Study the growth, development and flowering capacity at the garden production stage of the exotic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium 2.3.2 Experiments on technical measures at the nursery stage - Experiment 3: Effect of the seasonal planting time to the growth of the seedlings at nursery stage - Experiment 4: Effect of the type of substrates to the growth of seedlings at the nursery stage - Experiment 5: Effect of some foliar fertilizer to the growth of the seedlings at nursery stage - Experiment 6: Effect of some growth regulators to the growth of the seedlings at nursery stage 2.3.3 The experiments on technical measures in the garden production stage for the exotic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium - Experiment 7: Effects of shading system to the growth and development of selected orchid cultivar Den5 - Experiment 8: Effect of different types of substrates to the growth and development of selected orchid cultivar On1 - Experiment 9: Effect of some foliar fertilizers to the growth and development of selected orchid cultivar Cat6 11 Seedlings at the nursery stage of the study, orchids grow well, have high tillering ability to facilitate growth and development in the future This proves that the imported seedlings at the nursery stage perfectly adapted to the ecological conditions of the Northern Delta area 3.1.2 Some growth characteristics of exotic hybrid orchid at garden production stage Table 3.2 Growth characteristics of exotic hybrid orchids at garden production stage (December, 2009 - Van Giang, Hung Yen) Criteria Plant height (cm) Diameter (cm) Number of stems / plant (stems) Cultivars Cat1 35.5 2.3 Cat2 30.3 1.8 Cat3 34.7 2.3 Cat4 33.7 2.1 Cat5 31.7 1.9 Cat6 36.1 2.5 Cat7 32.5 1.8 CV% 5.1 11.8 3.0 0.4 LSD0,05 Den1 39.1 1.7 Den2 36.4 1.8 Den3 37.2 1.9 Den4 42.5 1.9 Den5 42.8 1.9 Den6 33.6 1.4 CV% 5.3 10.3 3.7 0.3 LSD0,05 On1 36.2 3.0 On2 40.2 3.5 On3 38.9 4.5 On4 39.6 4.2 On5 39.6 4.2 On6 32.3 2.7 CV% 5.0 6.5 3.3 0.4 LSD0,05 The evaluation on the growth of Number of leaves /plant (leaves) 10.5 7.1 10.6 9.6 8.3 11.7 8.6 6.7 1.1 5.9 5.2 5.3 6.1 6.2 4.3 7.3 0.7 4.2 5.3 6.2 5.5 5.6 4.4 6.8 0.6 exotic orchids Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) 10.5 20.5 5.0 7.1 17.1 3.7 10.6 20.5 4.9 9.6 19.3 4.5 8.3 18.2 3.8 11.7 21.5 5.5 8.6 20.5 5.1 4.2 8.2 9.6 0.7 2.8 0.8 28.4 15.4 3.9 27.0 15.6 4.1 27.2 1.2 4.5 29.8 15.0 4.4 29.3 16.8 4.0 26.0 14.7 4.0 5.1 6.6 8.3 2.5 1.8 0.6 10.6 28.7 2.4 15.9 31.2 3.0 18.8 30.1 4.3 16.3 31.5 4.1 16.6 31.7 4.1 12.5 22.2 2.2 7.6 5.9 7.8 2.1 3.1 0.5 at mature stage showed that cultivars Cat6, On1 and Den5 have the best growth indicators 12 3.1.3 Studying flowering ability of exotic orchids Table 3.3 Ability of flowering of researched orchids (December, 2009 - Van Giang, Hung Yen) Criteria Cultivar Cat1 Cat2 Cat3 Cat4 Cat5 Cat6 Cat7 CV% LSD0.05 Den1 Den2 Den3 Den4 Den5 Den6 CV% LSD0.05 On1 On2 On3 On4 On5 On6 CV% LSD0.05 Flowering ratio (%) No of flowers / plant (flowers) No of buds / plant ( buds) 36.3 20.6 38.1 33.8 17.5 56.7 21.0 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 9.5 0.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.1 9.4 0.2 3.5 2.3 5.6 2.9 3.4 2.0 7.6 0.4 3.2 2.7 3.4 2.4 2.9 3.3 2.4 6.6 0.3 10.7 7.2 8.6 9.4 11.8 5.4 4.1 0.6 117.1 78.7 52.4 84.6 109.3 83.7 7.8 12.2 72.9 61.4 56.0 72.3 76.2 70.7 56.7 51.3 43.7 52.0 54.3 51.3 No of effective flowers / plant ( flowers ) 3.0 2.3 3.2 2.1 2.6 3.2 2.1 6.6 0.3 10.1 6.6 7.1 9.0 11.3 5.0 4.3 0.6 101.1 60.8 44.2 75.6 97.3 72.2 8.5 11.4 Thus, all orchid cultivars in the orchid group of the research are well capable of flowering Depending on the cultivars, number of flowers differs The number of effective flowers in Cattleya was from 2.1 to 3.2 flowers/plant , Dendrobium from to 11.3 flowers/plant, Oncidium: from 44.2 to 101.1 flowers/plant 13 3.1.4 Research on quality characteristics of the imported orchid cultivars Table 3.4 Some quality characteristics of the orchid flower in the study (December, 2009 - Van Giang , Hung Yen ) Criteria Cultivars Cat1 Cat2 Length of Flower Natural Flower diamet Durabili stem er (cm) ty (days) (cm) 14.5 13.0 17.7 10.7 12.4 14.7 Cat3 12.0 13.2 17.7 Cat4 Cat5 8.3 9.6 9.6 8.4 15.3 13.3 Cat6 14.8 13.7 18.7 Cat7 CV% LSD0.05 Den1 Den2 Den3 Den4 Den5 Den6 CV% LSD0.05 On1 On2 8.4 3.1 0.6 31.1 26.3 27.9 30.7 32.4 22.0 6.7 3.4 32.2 50.0 8.2 3.0 0.6 8.0 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.3 6.7 3.9 0.6 3.63 3.25 9.0 2.7 0.7 41.7 37.3 41.0 43.7 54.7 34.7 5.5 4.1 36.3 31.3 On3 42.0 4.57 24.3 On4 On5 On6 CV% LSD0.05 47.0 48.0 27.0 4.8 3.5 5.12 5.16 3.03 4.7 0.4 33.3 33.7 27.3 6.8 3.7 Color Fragrance Orange Whitr, purple lip Lemon gold, purple lip Light pink Light violet Yellow, dark purple White Purple light fragrant light fragrant Very fragrant light fragrance No smell Very fragrant No smell Whitish Bright pink Whitish purple White, red lip Red Whitish Non- aromatic Non- aromatic Non- aromatic Non- aromatic Non- aromatic Non- aromatic Dark yellow Dark yellow Spotted Chocolate Spotted white Fasciated yellow Dark yellow Non- aromatic Non- aromatic Very fragrant fragrant Very fragrant Non- aromatic From the results of the studies on the quality of flowers, it showed that, of all Cattleya orchids in the research, Cat6 has the best characteristics of flower quality, such as flower length (14.8 cm), large flower diameter (13, cm), flower long-lasting durability (18.7 days) and fragrant flowers In the varietal study on Dendrobium and Oncidium varieties, cultivars On1 and Den5 have the best criteria 14 on flower quality This is the basis for the selection of promising varieties for production Thus, the testing results showed that the majority of the imported Cattleya orchid, Dendrobium and Oncidium are of good growth and development, strong tillering ability and uniformity The studied varieties proved their suitability for the climatic conditions of the northern delta region, have good flowering, various and beautiful flower colors, high natural durability, representing the color characteristic of the varieties These varieties are well resistant to pests and diseases, harmful insects 3.2 Research on technical measures for the exotic hybrid orchid cultivars belonging to selected orchid genera of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium at the nursery stage 3.2.1 Influence of the seasonal growing time to the growth of selected orchids at nursery stage Table 3:11 Influence of the seasonal growing time to the growth of selected orchids at nursery stage (November, 2006 - Van Giang , Hung Yen) Cultivar Treatment CT1 CT2 CT3 Cat6 CT4 CV% LSD0,05 CT1 CT2 CT3 Den5 CT4 CV% LSD0,05 CT1 CT2 CT3 On1 CT4 CV% LSD0,05 Note: CT1: March CT3: April Survival rate (%) 52.7 74.6 66.3 70.2 65.7 84.0 73.5 79.3 72.3 83.0 78.7 83.3 Plant No of hight stem/plant (cm) (stems) 13.3 3.5 16.5 4.4 14.1 3.8 15.2 4.1 2.0 4.9 0.6 0.4 17.9 2.4 22.6 3.9 19.1 3.0 20.7 3.3 1.5 6.8 0.6 0.4 13.5 2.7 15.6 3.4 13.8 3.0 14.1 3.2 1.8 6.3 0.5 0.4 CT3: May CT4: June No of leaves/plant (leaves) 3.5 4.4 3.8 4.1 4.9 0.4 8.0 10.4 8.2 9.6 3.2 0.6 4.1 4.6 4.2 4.6 4.4 0.4 15 Tỷ lệ sống (%) 93,7 91,0 89,3 90,0 89,0 88,0 86,5 84,3 83,8 CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 81,0 78,2 77,6 74,5 70,0 CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 Cat6 Den5 On1 Figure 3.4 The influences of substrates to survival rate and growth capacity of selected orchid cultivars at nursery stage Thus, in the nursery stage, the best substrates for Orchid cultivar On1 is: light stone + pine bark + seaweed (ratio 2:2:1) With this substrate, the survival rate of On1 is 91%, the plant is fat, healthy, well-developed, the growth indicators are higher than other treatments 3.2.3 The influences of foliar fertilizers on the growth of selected orchids at nursery stage Chiều cao (cm) CT1 CT2 30,0 27,2 24,3 25,0 20,0 17,2 18,5 25,6 CT3 CT4 26,0 20,3 18,9 18,4 19,7 16,6 17,3 15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0 Cat6 Den5 On1 Figure 3.5 Effect of foliar fertilizers to the height of the selected orchid plants at the nursery stage The results of the study showed that foliar fertilizer Growmore (30:10:10) concentration of 0.1% periodically sprayed 1time/ week/helped selected orchids Cat6, Den5, On1 to grow and develop best at nursery stage 16 CT1 Tỷ lệ sống (%) CT2 CT3 97,3 96,7 93,5 93,3 90,0 CT4 94,7 91,7 93,5 91,1 86,3 83,6 84,3 81,2 70,0 Cat6 Den5 On1 Figure 3.6 Effect of growth regulators to the survival rate of the selected orchids at nursery stage Thus, in the nursery stage, to increase the growth potential for the selected orchids Cat6, Den5 and On1, spraying Atonik with dosage of 0.1%, days/time helped seedlings to grow well, increase survival rate, reduce soft rotten disease incidence, increase plant height and tillering caapacity of seedlings 3.3 Research on technical measures for the selected orchids in the garden production stage 3.3.1 Effect of shading measures to the growth, development and quality of orchid flower Cultivar Den5 3.3.1.2 Effect of shading measures to the ability of flowering of the orchid Den5 So, with orchid Den5, shading with layer, reflective mesh: fixed layer, one semi-automatic control layer (light intensity 18000-22000 lux) is most suitable for summer conditions in the North Delta area that helps the plant to grow and develop well, increase the ability to achieve higher flowering to 90.7 %, increase flower length, flower diameter and increase the durability of the flowers This result is quite right to the affirmation of Nguyen Thi Kim Ly (2009), [26] when she asserted that the suitable intensity of light for Dendrobium orchid was from 1500030000 lux 17 Table 3.20 Effect of shading measures to flowering capacity of Den5 orchid (July, 2010 - Van Giang, Hung Yen) Criteria Average No of Number of No of Effective flowering flowers / plant buds / plant flowers / plant ratio (%) (flowers) (buds) (flowers) Treatment CT (Cntrl) 86.4 1.3 11.9 9.2 CT 86.3 1.4 12,4 11.3 CT 81.3 1.4 12,7 11.6 CT 90.7 1.5 13.5 12.8 CV% 5.9 3.4 2.4 LSD0,05 0.2 0.8 0.5 Note: CT1 : No cover (cntrl) CT2: Cover by layer, fixed reflective mesh (22.000 – 28.000 lux) CT3: Cover by 2layer, fixed reflective mesh (15.000 – 18.000 lux) CT4: Cover by layer reflective mesh: fixed layer, one layer of semi-automatic control (18.000 - 22.000 lux) 3.3.2 The influence of substrates to the growth, development and quality of orchid cultivar On1 3.3.2.2 Influence of substrate to the flowering ability of orchid cultivar On1 Table 3:23 The influence of substrates to the flowering ability of the orchid cultivar On1 (December, 2010 - Phu Thuong, Tay Ho, Ha Noi) Criteria Number of No of Effective buds / flowers / plant plant (flowers) Treatment (buds) CT1 56.8 3.5 118.3 103.0 CT2 60.7 4.1 126.9 112.3 CT3 76.3 4.7 163.5 146.7 CT4 70.7 4.2 137.4 116.8 CT5 (Cntrl) 50.0 3.2 130.2 114.5 CV% 9.9 10.0 11.3 LSD0,05 0.7 24.7 24.4 Thus, the treatments using different types of substrate have significant impact to the quality criteria of flowers such as length of flower stem, flower diameter, flower durability The mixture of substrate of pea gravel + tree bark + seaweed with proportion 2:2:1 is best suited for the growth, development and Flowering ability (%) Average No of flower stems / plant (stem) 18 quality enhancement for On1 orchid flower The research results are consistent with the assertion of Tran Van Bao (2001) [1] and Viet Chuong (2001) [5] when they comfirmed that using tree bark and seaweed (firn) as substrate for growing orchids was very good However, with the conditions in the North Delta area, for On1 orchid cultivar, it is necessary to add pea gravel This is a very important component to mix as substrate for Oncidium orchids 3.3.3 Influence of foliar fertilizer to the growth, development and flower quality of orchid cultivar Cat6 3.3.3.2 Influence of foliar fertilizers on the flowering ability of orchid cultivar Cat6 Table 3:26 Effect of some foliar fertilizers to flowering ability of orchid Cat6 (December, 2010 - Phu Thuong, Tay Ho, Ha Noi) Criteria Number of No of Effective Flowering Average No of buds / flowers / plant ability flower stems / Treatment plant (%) plant (stem) (flowers) (buds) CT1 (Cntrl) 56.7 1.4 3.3 3.2 CT2 58.6 1.5 3.4 3.2 CT3 57.1 1.5 3.5 3.4 CT4 67.3 1.5 3.5 3.4 CT5 69.5 1.5 3.5 3.5 CT6 73.2 1.6 3.7 3.7 CV% 6.3 5.8 5.6 LSD0.05 0.2 0.4 0.3 Thus, it can be seen that foliar fertilizers affected the ability of flowering of orchids Cat6 Fertilizer Hydrophos (CT6) with dose of 0.1%, spraying time/week would help orchid cultivar Cat6 strongly bear flowers, more stems (1.6 stems/ plant) and the high rate of effective flowers blooming (73.2%) This result is quite right to the assertation of Nguyen Cong Nghiep (2000) [29] when said that when applying fertilizers to Cattleyas, in addition to maintaining the growth and development, it was also aiming to control the flowering of these orchids The study results also found out that Hydrophos fertilizer (Treatment 6) is of high of P and K which gave best performance on Cat6 orchid This is also consistent with findings of Pham Thi Lien (2010) [20] while studying the effects of foliar fertilizers to flowering and flower quality of Dendrobium 3.4 Research some techniques to control of flowering for selected orchid cultivars of Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium 3.4.1 Influence of the types of additional lighting lamps to the flowering capabilities and flower quality of orchid cultivars Den5 and On1 19 3.4.1.1 Influence of the types of additional lighting lamps to the flowering capabilities of orchid cultivars Den5 and On1 Table 3.28 The influence of the types of additional lighting lamps to the flowering capabilities of orchid cultivars Den5 and On1 (March, 2011 - Van Giang, Hung Yen) Criteria Number No of Effective Flowering Average No of of buds / flowers / plant ability flower stems / plant (%) plant (stems) (flowers) Treatment (buds) CT1 1.3 16.2 10.7 9,5 (Cntrl) CT2 33.3 1.3 11.3 10,3 Den5 CT3 40.5 1.3 11.7 10,7 CT4 58.5 1.4 12.5 12,0 CT5 59.3 1.4 13.0 12,5 CV% 0.8 1.0 1.0 LSD0.05 0.2 0.2 0.2 CT1 3.8 23.0 136.0 119,5 (Cntrl) CT2 43.7 3.9 140.7 129.3 On1 CT3 49.3 4.0 151.7 136,3 CT4 61.0 4.3 160.5 145.7 CT5 63.5 4.4 167.3 151.0 CV% 0.8 3.7 3.4 LSD0.05 0.6 10.3 8.3 Note: CT : No additional lighting (cntrl) CT : additional lighting by 75W Compax lamp ( from 18h - 22h) CT : additional lighting by 100w Compax lamp ( from 18h - 22h) CT : Additional Lightingby 75W incandescent ( from 18h - 22h) CT : additional lighting by 100w incandescent lamp ( from 18h - 22h) From the research results in Table 3:28 and 3:29, it is shown that different types of additional lighting lamps have significantly influenced the flowering rate of Den5 and On1 Light of incandescent bulbs (red light, long wavelength) increases the flowering rate of the above orchid cultivars Research results are fully consistent with the scientific basis of the additional lighting This study also reflects exactly right to the findings of Pham Thi Lien (2010) [20] when the authors suggested that the additional lighting in winter conditions of the North Delta area would help to increase flowering and quality of Dendrobium orchids However, the use of incandescent light bulbs is more efficient as compared with Compax bulbs 20 3.4.2 Effect of additional lighting time on the growth, development of Den5 and On1 3.4.2.2 Influence of additional lighting time to flowering ability of orchids Den5 and On1 Additional lighting time from 45-60 days, hours per day (18 - 22h) with 75W incandescent lamp, density of lamp/ 4m2 in winter conditions of the North Delta area would help orchid Den5 and On1 to grow and develop better, improve flowering ability, bud formation and promote the ability to bloom effective, particularly increases flower quality, flower long lasting durability Table 3:31 The influences of additional lighting time to flowering capability of orchid cultivars Den5 and On1 (March, 2011 - Van Giang, Hung Yen) Criteria Average Flowering number of ratio (%) flower stems/ Treatment plant (stems) CT1 (cntrl) 16.3 1.3 CT2 51.5 1.3 CT3 58.7 1.4 Den5 CT4 54.8 1.4 CV% 4.0 LSD0.05 0.1 CT1 (cntrl) 23.7 3.8 CT2 56.3 3.8 CT3 61.5 4.3 On1 CT4 57.0 4.0 CV% 4.2 LSD0.05 0.3 Number of buds / plant (buds) 10.5 11.2 12.6 11.7 3.1 0.7 136.7 149.5 161.7 153.4 3.9 11.1 Number of effective flowers / plant (flowers) 9,7 10,6 12,1 11,0 3.0 0.6 120,3 134,0 145,5 136,7 4.0 10.0 3.4.3 To study the effect of additional lighting time combining with plastic cover to the flowering abilities of Den5 and On1 cultivars Thus, the application of additional lighting for 45 days, hours per day (from 18 - 22 pm with a 75W incandescent lamp, density bulb/4m2) in combination with plastic cover in the northern winter conditions of our country has made positive effect on the ability to flower and orchid flower quality of On1 and Den5 cultivars, markedly increases the rate of flowering plants, increasing the number of buds, number of flowers, the indicators of quality, flower durability Especially to cultivar On1, all indicators in flower quality increased significantly in treatment of additional lighting plus plastic cover 21 Table 3:33 The influence of additional lighting time in combination with plastic cover to the ability to flower of Den5 and On1 cultivars (March, 2011 - Van Giang, Hung Yen) Criteria Treatment Flowering ratio (%) Average number of flower stems/ plant (stems) Number of buds / plant (buds) Number of effective flowers / plant (flowers) 9,1 11,0 13,7 6.3 1.4 123,0 141,3 176,5 3.8 11.1 CT1 (cntrl) 16.7 1.3 10.5 CT2 1.4 62.4 12.7 Den5 CT3 1.5 69.8 14.6 CV% 5.9 5.7 LSD0.05 0.2 1.4 CT1 (cntrl) 23.7 3.8 138.5 On1 CT2 62.0 4.3 160.8 CT3 71.3 5.1 179.3 CV% 4.4 3.9 LSD0.05 0.4 12.4 Note: CT1 (cntrl): No additional lighting CT2: 45 days additional lighting by incandescent lamp 75W (from 18h - 22h) CT3: 45 days additional lighting by incandescent lamp75W (from 18h - 22h) in combination with plastic cover 3.4.4 Studying the effect of flowering stimulants to flowering and flower quality of the cultivar Cat6 For orchid Cat6, using flowering stimulants HVP (Treatment 3) in condition of the Northen Delta area has increased flowering percentage (88.8%), and remarkablly increased the indicator of flower quality as increasing flower length, flower diameter and natural durability of flowers Table 3:35 The influence of flowering stimulants to flowering capacity of orchid cultivar Cat6 (March, 2011 - Phu Thuong, Tay Ho, Ha Noi) Criteria Treatment CT1 (cntrl) CT2 CT3 CT4 CV% LSD0.05 Flowering ratio (%) 73.2 79.1 88.8 84.3 Average number of flowering stems/ plant (stems) 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 6.8 0.2 Number of buds / plant (buds) 3.7 3.9 4.1 3.9 4.0 0.3 Number of effective flowers / plant (flowers) 3.3 3.7 4.1 3.8 4.0 0.3 22 Note: CT1 (cntrl): Spray water CT2: ASCO GOLD Spray (0.1%) CT3: Spray HVP (0.1%) CT4: Spray Preparations AT (0.15%) Table 3.37 Evaluation of economic value of using technical measures for orchid cultivars Price (VND /plant) None flowering plant s x cost Revenues (VND) Total expenses (VND) Profit (VND) Efficienc y (times) 57 160,000 2,580,000 11,700,000 6,250,000 5,450,000 100 89 160,000 660,000 14,900,000 6,412,000 8,488,000 1.56 CT1 (cntrl) 100 17 65,000 2,905,000 4,010,000 3,750,000 260,000 CT2 100 70 65,000 1,050,000 5,600,000 3,973,000 1,627,000 CT1 (cntrl) 100 24 75,000 3,040,000 4,840,000 4,250,000 590,000 CT2 100 71 75,000 1,160,000 6,485,000 4,473,000 2,012,000 Cultivar Treat ment Cat6 CT1 (cntrl) CT2 Den5 On1 No of plant (plant) Flowering plants (Plants) 100 Note: For Cat: CT (cntrl): Growing in natural condition CT : Using flowering stimulants + foliar spray For Den5 and On1: CT (cntrl): Growing in natural conditions CT 2: Using additional lighting by 75 W incandescent lamp for 45 days + plastic cover Prices of commercial crops in the market (original price of fingerlings) Cultivars No flower With (VND) flowers (VND) Cat6 60,000 160,000 Den5 35,000 65,000 On1 40,000 75,000 Time selling the seedlings: Lunar New Year in 2011 Planting area 10m2/ treatment The total area of experiments: 60m2 Total revenue = price x number of flowering plants for sale (flowering plants) + x number of not flowering plants x initial price Total expenditure = price x number of initial plant trees (no flowers) + other costs (see Appendix 6) Although the quality of the orchid flowers in all treatment applying technical measures is higher than the control However, if only temporarily figuring out that the selling price of all cultivars is the same, the application of stimulants plus foliar fertilizer to Cat6 helped to increase economic efficiency up to 1.56 times 6.26 3.41 23 comparing with the control treatment With orchid On1and Den5, the economic efficiency increased significantly when using additional lighting measure combining with plastic cover, specifically: to orchid Den5, the efficiency increased by 6.26 times as compared with no additional lighting and plastic cover, to On1 the efficiency increased by 3.41 times as compared with the control treatment Thus, the application of techniques for selected orchids has brought about remarkable economic efficiency The results of this study help orchid growers as a base to apply and invest in developing selected orchid cultivars CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion Through the results of survey and evaluation on criteria of growth, development and quality of some imported orchid flowers of genera of Cattleya , Dendrobium and Oncidium at the nursery and garden production stages, promising orchid cultivars have been chosen, adaptable to ecological conditions of the Northern Delta region: cultivars of the genus Cattleya are Cat1 (Cattleya ploenpit golden delight), Cat3 (Cattleya netrasiri green) and Cat6 (Cattleya haadyai delight); cultivars of genus Dendrobium are Den1 (Dendrobium Big white sanan), Den4 (Dendrobium charming white) and Den5 (Dendrobium cherry red), varieties of the genus Oncidium are On1 (Oncidium Aloha Iwanaga), On5 (Oncidium (Agnole x Manilatum) The above mentioned cultivars have good characteristics such as good stability, good growth and development, strong tillering, high flowering rate, good flower quality, long lasting flower durability with resistance to pests and diseases harmful insects These orchi cultivars can meet the requirements of the breeding new orchid cultivars for production At the nursery stage, the most appropriate seasonal planting time for orchid cultivars of Cat6, Den5, On1 is in April The most suitable substrate for Cat6, Den5 is charcoal + volcano foaming slag + seaweed ( 2:2:1 ), for On1is pea gravel + pine bark + seaweed ( 2:2:1 ) Foliar fertilizer Growmore 1(N : P : K = 30:10:10) and substances capable of growth regulators Atonik DD 1.8 ( 0.1 % ) are suitable for the growth and development of all orchid cultivars Den5, On1, 24 increasing survival rate, reducing incidence of soft rotten disease of seedlings in summer of the northern region At the stage of garden production, in conditions of summer the Northern delta region, covering by layer reflective mesh consisting of fixed layer and semi-automatic control layer (light intensity 18000-22000 lux ) help orchid cultivar Den5 to grow and develop better, increase flowering and flower quality The most suitable substrate for On1 at this stage is pea gravel+ pine bark + seaweed ( 2:2:1) With Cat6 orchid, using foliar spray Hydrophos time/7 days with the concentration of 0.1 % (1liter infusion for 4m2 ≈ 100 plants) has brought about the highest effectiveness To increase the percentage of flowering , flower quality and durability of cultivars Den5 and On1 in winter-spring conditions of the Northern Delta region additional lighting h/day during 45 days with a 75W incandescent lamp, with density of 1bulb/4 m2 combining with plastic cover has brought high effectiveness And for Cat6, the application of flower stimulant HVP with the concentrations of 0.15% (1liter infusion for m2 ≈ 100 plants), spraying 10 days/time, combining with foliar Hydrophos, has helped to increase the proportion of flowering, flower quality and durability Recommendation - It is necessary to evaluate the growth and development of the orchid group of Cattleyas, Dendrobium, Oncidium in different ecological regions in order to assess the stability and scalability in production of the selected cultivars - To release the orchid cultivars of Cat6, Den5, On1 to production in Northern Delta region and applying technical measures of the research such as using substrates, fertilizers, growth regulators, substances capable of stimulating flowering reasonably, especially applying shading measures in the summer time, additional lighting in winter in order to increase yields and quality of these orchid cultivars to contribute to sustainable development and to improve economic efficiency for orchid growers 25 PUBLISHED WORK RELATED TO THE THESIS Hoang Xuan Lam, Nguyen Thi Kim Ly (2010), The results on research and selection of some exotic orchid cultivars of Cattleya, Journal of Vietnam Agricultural Science and Technology, number 6: pages 63 - 68 Hoang Xuan Lam, Nguyen Thi Kim Ly (2012), The results on research and selection of some exotic orchid cultivars of Dendrobium, imported from Thailand, Journal of Vietnam Agricultural Science and Technology, number 3: pages 115 - 120 Hoang Xuan Lam, Nguyen Thi Kim Ly (2012), Studying the influence of Foliar fertilizers to the growth and development of Cattleya orchid cultivar “Haadyai delight”, Journal of Vietnam Agricultural Science and Technology, number 3: pages 120 - 125 Hoang Xuan Lam, Nguyen Thi Kim Ly (2012), Studying the influence of substrate to the growth, development and flowering capacity of Dancing Lady orchid cultivar “Oncidium Aloha Iwanaga”, Journal of Vietnam Ecological Economy, (Certificate for having an article published in 2012) ... order to increase yields and quality of these orchid cultivars to contribute to sustainable development and to improve economic efficiency for orchid growers 25 PUBLISHED WORK RELATED TO THE THESIS. .. conditions - To determine the impact of growing conditions and technical factors to the growth, development, flowering of some exotic hybrid orchid genera as Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium and to propose... increase the rate of flowering of the plants as well as flower quality blooming in cold winter conditions of the Northern Delta region The structure of the thesis The main contents of the thesis are