English Test 20 Clean air provides us with a healthy supply of oxygen. When wastes are poured (1) ______ the atmosphere, the air becomes contaminated and unpleasant to breathe. This is air pollution. Water vapour and carbon dioxide occur in the air naturally. Examples of air pollution are dust storms, volcanic eruptions, forest fires (2) ________ by lightning, pollen, and marsh gases. A large (3) ______ of air pollution in cities comes from sources other than industry, mainly automobiles, home heating, and garbage disposal Vehicles also account (4) ______ air pollution in the cities. Automobiles exhaust and some industrial processes contain carbon monocide, an odourless gas which cannot be seen or tasted. Nitric oxide is another tail – pipe emission that is highly poisonous and may sometimes (5) _____ into the even more dangerous nitrogen dioxide. Lead andsmoke are emitted in engine exhausts as tiny particles. Smog - originally a combination of smoke and fog – also (6) ____ in the atmosphere when nitrogen oxides and organic gases combine under the influence of sunlight. This is photochemical smog. It may not sound familiar, but it is commonly found in most major cities (7)___ there are large concentrations of industry and automobiles. Industrial smoke stacks throw out sulphur and nitrogen oxide. Burning coal and oil releases other gases harmful (8) _____ humans. The most serious of these gases is sulphur dioxide. In the atmosphere it can (9) _______ with water vapour and oxygen to turn into a sulphuric – acid mist. Hydrogen fluoride is produced in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers and some metals. Burning garbage and paper wastes pollute the air with unpleasant odours. Dangerous chemicals can be released (10) _______ burning plastics or hairspray containers. New words Contaminate Pollen Disposal Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2) Vapour Exaust photochemical Oxygen ( O ) Emission ( Emit ) Account for Carbon monoxide ( CO) Sulphur ( S ) Release Stag Hydrogen fluoride ( HF ) Sulphur dioxide ( H2SO4 ) Marsh Organic Nitric oxide ( NO) Sulphuric acid ( HF ) Comprehension 1.Paragraph 1 gives you a way of understanding air pollution. What is it ? _______________________ 2. What two gases occur naturally ? _______________________ 3. What are some sources of air pollution in cities ? _______________________ 4. How do vehicles pollute the air in cities ? _______________________ 5. Where can smog be found ? _______________________ 6. What does sulphur dioxide combine with water vapour and oxygen turn into ? _______________________ Unit 6: Left – handed traffic The next topic was one which I have been investigating (1) ___ some length – why the English drive on the left – hand side of the road. There is only one place in the whole of England (2) ___ it is legal to drive on the right ( barring one – way streets ) and that is the passage and court at the Strand entrance to the Savoy Hotel. Before leaving New York I put the question to Mr C.S. Forester. He said the custom was grounded in good sense and (3) ___ back to the period when many Londoners travelled to and from on the horseback. A horse, said Mr Forester, is always mounted ( 4) ____ the left side. It was a matter of convenience, then that a man coming out of a shop or house or tavern would have his horse aimed toward the left, (5) _____ he’d have to walk into the mud and slop of the street to mount, and from this practice came the custom of bearing to the left in traffic. Sensible, Mr Forester added that my forefathers, the founders of the American nation, reversed the custom after the Revolution out of sheer perversity. On arriving in London I (6) _____ another explanation in a guide book. The author of this book said that the Pope and Napoleon were responsible. Some years before the resign of Bonaparte, the Pope came to visit Paris. Up to then there had been no rule (7)_____ the movement of traffic. The authorities , however, decreed that the Parisians should ride or drive on the right – hand side of the street, leaving the left –hand side clear for the movement of the papal carriage. Thus a custom was born and, when Bonaparte came along, he made it the law of the land. Moreover, as he conquered country (8) _____ country, the right – hand rule was put in force in those lands until it became the general thing throughout continental Europe. The British, however hating Napoleon, reversed the custom out of sheer perversity. Now I had two conflicting theories and I told them to Nat Gubbins and he said they were both wrong. He said that Mr Forester was correct in one detail – the custom really dated back to horseback riding. It (9) ____ into being because men on horseback had a practice of running each of other through with swords and since the right hand was usually the sword hand, Englishmen got into the (10) ____ of riding on the left – hand side of the road, the better to slash and thrust. Logical. New Word In good sense Mount Tavern Perversity Come along Put in force Conflicting Come into being Slash and thrust Comprehension A – Read the following sentences and then choose the Same or Different. 1.In England people can drive on the right in the passage and court at the Strand entrance to the Savoy Hotel. 2.The custom of driving on the left dates back to the days when English people went to and from on horseback. 3. In a guide book, an English author mentioned that the left–hand rule was put in force by Napoleon Bonaparte. 4.Men on horseback used to have a practice of running each other though with swords in their left hands. Unit 7: Being a welcome guest. When people in the US have company or when they are invited (1) ____ a formal or informal get – together they usually make a point of trying to (2) ____ others feel compfortable and relaxed. On the whole, they tend to be informal. Man shake hands, but usually (3) _____ when they are introduced. Male friends and business associates who haven’t seen each other in a while may shake hands when they say hello. Women usually don’t shake hands when being introduced (4) _each other. When a woman and a man are introduced, shaking hands is up to the woman. Americans rarely shake hands to say goodbye, except on business occasion. American women are used (5) ______ being independent. They are used to going places by themselves, earning their own money, and often living alone. Sometimes they will ask men for help, but they usually don’t want to be protected. Since the women’s movement started, it’s not always clear whether except men to open doors or help them into their coats. American women may start conversation (6) ____ men or even ask them to dance. There are a lot of Americans who don’t smoke or drink, and many who don’t want people to do those things in their house. It’s always best to ask before you (7) ___ up a cigarette, if you are with people you don’t know very well. Non – smokers have become more militant about smoking in public places. Many restaurants, for instance, have established special sections (8) _______ smokers. House guests may bring gifts when they come to visit, and they often offer to help in some ways. As a guest , you may want to ask your host or hostess if there’s anything you can do to help in the kitchen. In many (9) ______, the gesture is more important than actually helping. You may also want to take your friend out to dinner (10) _____ the end of your stay, but it’s not expected for you to do so. New words. 1. company 4. help sb into one’s coat 2. get – together 5. light up 3. make a point of doing 6. special section Comprehension. Exercise 1. True or False a. ______ Americans tend to be informal in get – togethers. b. ______ Americans men always shake hands when they meet. c. ______ An American woman always shake hands when she is introduced to a man. d. ______ Few American women live alone. e. ______ American may ask men to dance. f. ______ You should always bring alcohol to a dinner. g. ______ American men never cook meals in the kitchen. Exercise 5. Find and correct the mistakes in these sentences. 1. Sam used to living in Oklahoma, but his company had him transfer to a better position in Georgia. 2. We got used to cook our food when we had to live alone. 3. The price of crude oil used to being a great deal lower than now, didn’t it ? 4. Mr Peter used to be thinking of him as the only president of the company. 5. Janet finally used to cook on an electric stove after having a gas one for so long. . English Test 20 Clean air provides us with a healthy supply of oxygen. When wastes are poured (1) ______. 2.The custom of driving on the left dates back to the days when English people went to and from on horseback. 3. In a guide book, an English author mentioned that the left–hand rule was put in force. running each of other through with swords and since the right hand was usually the sword hand, Englishmen got into the (10) ____ of riding on the left – hand side of the road, the better to