Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡngvà Môi trường đất NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007. Tr 55 – 65. Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên có thể được sử dụng cho mục đích học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân. Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục vụ các mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả. Mục lục Unit 6 The Greenhouse effect 2 A. READING 2 I Comprehension questions 3 II True - False sentences 4 III Increasing your vocabulary 5 B. WRITING 6 I Sentence-transforming 6 II Sentence - correcting 7 C. FURTHER PRACTIVE 8 D. TRANSLATE 10 I Translate into Vietnamese 10 II Translate into English 10 E. VOCABULARY 11 Unit 6. The Greenhouse effect Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt Unit 6 The Greenhouse effect A. READING • Warm-up Activities - How do you know about the Greenhouse effect? - Does it affect our daily life? In the 1960s Professor Bert Bolin predicted that the 'greenhouse effect', caused by an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the atmosphere, would lead to important changes in the Earth's climate. At the time his predictions were regarded as science fiction. But it is now generally agreed that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will double from 0.03% to 0.06% in the next 50 years and that temperatures worldwide will rise by 2 0 Celsius. Although a temperature rise of 2 0 may not seem significant, the local effects may be much greater: in polar regions a rise of 10 0 by 2025 is expected and in Northern Europe a rise of 4 0 . Indeed the first effects will be felt before the end of the century-perhaps they are already being felt But how does the "greenhouse effect" operate and why should such a tiny proportion of CO 2 have such a harmful effect? When living creatures breathe out or when things are burned, CO 2 enters the atmosphere. Until recently all of this was absorbed by plants, which converted it back into oxygen. However, the balance of nature has been disturbed. In power stations, in factories and in our cars, we are burning more and more fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) and this produces huge quantities of CO 2 -18 billion tons of it enter the atmosphere every year. Added to this, the destruction of forests means that less CO 2 can be converted into oxygen by plants. So, the amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere is increasing every year. As sunlight enters the Earth's atmosphere, the surface of the Earth is warmed. Some of this heat escapes back into space, but the rest is trapped by CO 2 , which acts like the glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunshine and heat to pass in but not out again. Consequently, the temperature rises. As the temperature rises, the amount of water vapor in the air will increase and this too will absorb more of the Earth's heat. The oceans too will become warmer and store more heat, so that they increase the warming effect. According to Dr. Syukuro Manabe of Princeton University, the polar icecaps will start to melt and the oceans will expand as more snow and ice melt. Because the exposed ground, formerly covered in snow, won't reflect the heat so well it will absorb more sunlight and this will lead to even more snowmelting. It is predicted that the level of the sea will have risen by 1 / 2 to 1 1 / 2 meters by 2050 and this will affect many low-lying areas of the world-millions of people today live less than one meter above sea level. Some areas may actually benefit: the higher temperatures may allow a longer growing season, for example. For Northern Europeans, the extra warmth may be welcome- but there is also likely to be increased rainfall. But many areas may suffer the southern states of the USA can expect hotter summers and less rainfall, leading to worse conditions for agriculture, and the Mediterranean region will probably be much drier and hotter than now. The experts agree that the "greenhouse effect" will bring significant changes to the Earth's climate. The inhabitants of this planet will have to get used to living in a hotter world. (Taken from "Progress to first Certificate" by Leo Jones) I Comprehension questions Answer the following questions 1. According to Professor Bert Bolin's predictions what would lead to changes in the Earth's climate? 2. What is released into the atmosphere when things are burnt? What absorb this? 3. What is expected by 2025? 4. Why can less carbon dioxide be converted into oxygen by plants? 5. What happen when we are burning fossil fuels in power stations, in factories and in cars? 6. What is trapped by CO 2 when sunlight enters the Earth's atmosphere? Why does the temperature rise? 7. What do they predict by 2050? What will this have effect on? 8. What will absorb more of the Earth's heat as the temperature rises? What increase the warming effect? 9. Which parts of the USA may tolerate worse conditions for agriculture? 10. What do the experts think about the "Greenhouse effect"? II True - False sentences Decide whether the following statements are true "T" or false "F". Correct the false statements. Professor Bolin's predictions were not taken seriously at first. Only a small proportion of the atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide. No changes in climate will become noticeable for 50 years or more. The rise in temperature will probably be 2 0 in every part of the World. In the North of Europe, temperatures are likely to rise less than in polar regions. CO 2 is produced naturally when we breathe or burn things. CO 2 is converted naturally into oxygen by plants. Increased temperatures will also affect the amount of rainfall. Countries like Greece and Italy are likely to have more rain. Some parts of the World may become cooler as a result of the "Greenhouse effect". III Increasing your vocabulary Compound prepositions Fill in the gaps in these sentences with suitable phrases from the list below. The first is done for you as an example. ahead of as for due to owing to apart from as regards except for on behalf of according to by means of instead of in addition to/ as well as 1. The flight was cancelled owing to the fog. 2. We had wonderful weather every day Sunday. 3. Pollution can only be prevented international laws. 4. I love all animals dogs. 5. Tropical forests are being destroyed the demand for hardwood for furniture. 6. the weather forecast, it's going to snow. 7. Just a minute, I'll go you and hold the door open. 8. Hello. I'm phoning Mr Brown. He asked me to give you a message. 9. People should protect trees cutting them down. 10. They have two cats four pet rabbits. 11. pets. I don't think that people should keep them in small apartments. 12. conservation, I believe that the government should impose controls. (Taken from "Progress to first Certificate" by Leo Jones) B. WRITING I Sentence-transforming Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. A road is so narrow that cars can not park here. The road is too narrow 2. They ought to make it wider at this point. It is 3. There is too little space here to make the road wider. There isn't 4. It is possible to cut down a lot of trees on both sides. A lot of 5. there aren't enough trees here in any case. But there are too 6. Even a few trees can make it too dark for drivers to see clearly. Even a few trees can make it so II Sentence - correcting Choose the underlined words or phrases which would not be appropriate written English and correct them. 1. Sometime air pollution in cities causes a "Greenhouse effect" in which the A B C atmosphere is warmed because of the buildup of carbon dioxide. D 2. At very cool, clear nights the air in contact with the ground maybe cooler so as to A B C form droplets to water which are left on the ground as dew. D 3. The more fearsome of all the animals in the western Hemisphere is the grizzly bear. A B C D 4. The ability to convert raw materials into valuabler commodities is the basic of A B C an industrial economy and the foundation of a high standard of living. D 5. The average age of the Mediterranean olive trees grow today is two hundred years. A B C D C. FURTHER PRACTIVE Exercise 1: Read the following sentences about the different forms of energy available. Match the sentences in Part I with the correct sentences in Part II and write the correct letter in each space. Part I. 1. Muscles and wood were the first sources of energy used by early man. 2. Coal made the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century possible. 3. Today we depend on oil more than any other fuel. 4. Gas is considered as a "mineral" because, together with coal, it is part of the Earth's crust. 5. Hydroelectric power is used to produce electricity. 6. Geothermal energy is produced from the heat stored in the Earth's core. 7. The wind was used as a power source over 1,300 years ago in Pesia when the first windmill was built to turn a millstone. 8. Waves have enormous power. 9. Incoming tides can be trapped behind a dam across a bay or an estuary. 10. A huge amount of solar energy reaches the Earth's outer atmosphere. 11. Nuclear fuels, such as uranium-235 and plutonium, can be made to produce immense heat by a process called "fission" Part II. A. Like oil, it is a fossil fuel and is thus a non-renewable source of energy. B. One danger, however, is in getting rid of the radioactive wastes which are produced. C. They increase and decrease more slowly than the wind, thus making them easier to use as a source of energy. D. It was the first fossil fuel to be used to power machinery. E. However, it is thinly spread and collecting it in countries like Britain and northern Europe is still difficult and expensive. F. It is used as fuel in cars, ships and airplanes, and even in rockets. G. It is produced by the fall of water trapped in a dam. H. It took thousands of years to progress to using coal on a large scale. I. This material heat helps to produce geysers and steam springs and can be used to generate electricity in countries like New Zealand. J. The water is then allowed to flow out past water wheels as the tide goes out. K. For modern purposes, however, it is necessary to build a machine which can store the energy obtained for use on calm days. (Taken from "Longman Texts in context" by Heaton, J.B) Exercise 2: Gap-filling Fill in the gaps with suitable words without referring back the information in the text obove. 1. The burning of (1) (coal, oil and natural gas) and the destruction of (2) increase CO2 in the (3) 2. The surface of the Earth radiates (4) . Some of this escapes into (5) , but the rest is (6) by the CO2. The temperature rises. 3. The rise in temperature increases the amount of water (7) in the air and this (8) more of the Earth's heat. 4. At the poles, snow and ice melt as the (9) temperature rises. Because the exposed surface doesn't absorb the (10) so well, it (11) more sunlight and more (12) is melted. 5. As the Oceans (13) more heat, they increase the (14) effect. The Oceans (15) and rise as more snow and ice melt. D. TRANSLATE I Translate into Vietnamese The atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen (78 per cent), oxygen (21) per cent) and argon (0.9 per cent): the remaining 0.1 per cent includes trace gases that are active in causing global warming. The amounts of these "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere varied before humankind appeared, due to volcanic emissions, or because of fluctuations in biogeochemical cycles or because climate changed. However, during roughly the last two centuries, human activity has been increasing the atmospheric concentration of some greenhouse gases at rates which probably pose a significant threat to global climate. II Translate into English 1. Nhà kính là toà nhà mà các mặt bên và mái của nó được làm bằng kính vì thế mà nhiệt độ bên trong nhà được tăng cường. Nhà kính được sử dụng để trồng các loại cây cần nhiệt độ [...]... vậy làm tăng nhiệt độ bề mặt trái đất Và điều này có thể làm thay đổi hiện tượng mà chúng ta vẫn thường biết đến đó là "hiệu ứng nhà kính" 2 Hiệu ứng nhà kính không còn là một hiện tượng mới mẻ Trong vài thế kỷ qua, các nhà khoa học đã nhận ra rằng lớp khí bao bọc xung quanh trái đất một cách tự nhiên như một tấm... một cách tự nhiên như một tấm chăn , chặn năng lượng phản chiếu của mặt trời lại, ngăn nó không thể thoát vào không trung Điều này làm cho trái đất của chúng ta đủ ấm cho con người, cho thực vật và động vật Tuy nhiên, hoạt động gần đây của con người đã làm tăng sự tập trung của khí hiệu ứng nhà kính và tăng khả năng cản sức nóng của chúng ... likely (adv) : có thể, có lẽ local (adj) : (thuộc) địa phương melt (v) : tan chảy planet (n) : hành tinh polar (n) : cực (địa lý) predict (v) : đoán, dự đoán probable (adj) : có thể, có lẽ proportion (n) : phần, tỉ lệ rainfall (n) : lượng mưa reflect (v) : phản chiếu significant (adj) : quan trọng tiny (adj) : vô cùng nhỏ bé trap (n) : chặn lại, ngăn lại vapor (n) : hơi, khí worldwide (adj) : toàn thế giới . Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡngvà Môi trường đất NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007. Tr 55 – 65 . Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa. đích học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân. Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục vụ các mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả. Mục lục Unit 6 The Greenhouse. ứng nhà kính không còn là một hiện tượng mới mẻ. Trong vài thế kỷ qua, các nhà khoa học đã nhận ra rằng lớp khí bao bọc xung quanh trái đất một cách tự nhiên như một tấm chăn , chặn năng lượng