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'tgo:d z aq lJa:ns pJno,r,, "'luauls)^rn Jlqr , J-11",,,*Tli'-;.:t :ilid ;H ::Tl'JH::a -"'l *,",'q,o,n,.'*i::XT,fiffr,fi#ij:r,l|;$ rdo^ ^roN .::dnds,n:u JD)ol s.ts3JJluno4 q Bu-rqusapr tnoqlri{, )p.rrp r :noqr roJ r.:Tl! rl pr*-rr' ,il",,l;l"j""o^, .jo uaor srIJ Ur pflrJ-ol 3Jgts IID?a.r- ruurs x .slBrruassg tr30^" :Ju.rzu8ur! ssfrnsnq fxuoff,J c lI prEJddu f[4.l'oJJoJ JrlI I . ruacnary 11,r,{9 IErId,ty ltt ::':- :l :'" (raauol puu) ouo,,. .*']ffi ,T:#: yt*, 14 rrrrddl rn p:rdl: aJour sr 3ldur's t-, "rr, lr,,*]^ _'ll-"""' Jv'tntg " Jo r!8uat :,uo,u. no,{ qSnown:) noo# t-9 '(ur'xa rnol uo tuJrrq,,, rstuno)u3 Jo l{toq ,eururngrv';;.: lf,rrlgo eql u! sf,uo tt{l ol r?ri r sx-Jrasrl rua'rnf.r*u,T-1* tlt" ;";;;;;; il;'#HJ":]ffi 'rr! rorrp) 'our:u, r €.t;;;l tj]^ord u:qr pur (qr).ds ,-o 'rur.rr1rrnp, ; prp;qrod,(q str atuf,lpur m^r tulunfJv )r[l ,r q t r o [ . | | - \., ", r, ortt t'! t f,!,li ?,3, a^IrJa{g eqj i. 9Ntut 4\ ]v3[^]vNv lvrv9 crNV lu9 lnoSv SICVJ lHl .1.,1v a8pssd eqJ @pptcrnl Dtnecnorus AND GuIDEUNEs FoR THE Anoumeur Wnnrrqc Tasr On the GI\{AT. a morc dcLrilcd dirccrivc immcdiatell follows thc passagc and is rhe same for cvcn.Argumenr in rhc officitl Gl\,lAT pool. Thc dircctivc is csscntixlly as follos's: Discuss l)ow wcll rcasol)cd vou find dris aqlunrent. ln vour discussiolt, be surc to tnalvze tltc linc ofrcxsoning and t}lc use of evidcncc in dtc xrgumenr. For example, you mrl' need ro considcr vhat questionablc nssumprions underlic the rhinking xnd whar alrcm;rrivc explanations or counterexamples mighr weaken the conclusion. you can also discuss whxr son of evidencc would strengthen or rcfutc the argument, what changes in tltc argument would make it more logicallv sound, and what, if anr,thing. would help vou betrcr evaluate irs conclusron. During your prc-resl compuler rurorial @cfore vou be[iin the timed rest), ttre resting sysrem will providc directions for all exam sccrjons, in rum. For .the.Argumenr writing task, the sysrem will prcsent ro yort tuo 'screens" of directions and guidclines specific to th:lr msk. Screen 1 (General Guidelines and Suggestions) unrta.Pcle6ons.com The frst screen will describe thc task in genera.l'ancl indicare the four gencral scorinS criteria. Here's essentially what you'll sec on dre screen This wridng task is designed ro resr your cridcal-reasoning skills as well as your wridng skills. Your task is ro cririque the stared argu- ment in terms of its logical soundness and in ierms of tlle strcnEtth of thc cvidence offercd in suppon of the a_rgument. In scoring your Argumen! essay, thc reade q/ill consider how effcctivelv vou: o Identrly and ana.lyzc the kcy elemcnF of rhe afgumenr . Organizc, dcvelop, and exprcss vour cririquc . Support your ideas (with rc2sons and examptei) - ' . Control lhe clcments of standard wrinrcn Engtish ''The screcn 'will then ind.icarc mles and guidclincs for tie Argurncnt writing rask. H€re's essendally what you'll see fur*rer down the screcn: . Your dme timir is 30 minures. . You must critique tlre logiel soundness of thc argument prescnted. . A critique of an), other argumcntris unrccepnble. Pctcrson's t lzriting Sh k /o/ tbc GRE,/GLUT Tests ,atoJ 5 2tOSJ.1'iq O'nIn' ttsal lvw'rza, ,1. J()J sltlis n-ulrLr^l I t,uosJatad 'lu:tUn8jv )rll .lo (ss)upunos ln)I8ol) ,\luf,tlo:) InuJatul ]ql uo,iltlurs sttl(u lslruj no,,r q)lt1,r'r ut 'lsnl lu)I.Ulr3^: f,tJl ol :ur^)l)!I a.rc stulod,$:ra qf,ns rnB sat:rutr::oddo qol lnnb: :o tuau;,ro1dtu: 1n1 Srnmsu: :o1 Allrqlsuodsa: ))1t;t plnoqs oqn\ rroqr stutod,tat,t snout,r :u:s::d ol no,{:o.1 1p:r rqSlu tu:uln8ry 3q) ut p)tr) spua:: lu:ruioldurr DUU f,nrJouore aqr 8u1,r1o,rur :tdor :uss1 uy (saursupul lurlg lnoqr) \lt(l sa8rd ma; x p:J):uno)u) nol stu:run8-ry o^\r atlt Jo puof,rs aqt 'aJdrurxe JoJ 'Japlsuo3 J)uapJ^) sll uo pux sa:nrral prfol s,:ulu:n8ry aqt uo ,tprp:s snro; lsnur sysllrur Jnol 'allo^ul :q8nu :u:un3ry aql lxql anssl ur :noqr suorrndo uno.lnol tuas::d ot :rt1d aq: tou sl uoltJas luaurnS:y aq1 '6' 1y-Jallew ],useoq e^IlJedsJad, Jno 'r1se1 luerun8Jv arll JoJ 'spu: Aprgu4s :rlr aJrqa s,:EI+ 's11qs 3rmu,n puc rlrllcw p:aua8:nod aJnsEaLrJ ol pauSlsap a.rr t;loq qSnoqfv Isxl )nssl arp qtta. )tscl 3uplr,1d tuaunfry Jtp asrg:uor :ou oq EN )svl eNrlrx^A rnssl 3Hr woul LNlu3lllc /dr^ sl )svl cNuu^\ rNlwn9uv IHJ 'uolsnl)uo) s,ruf,uJnAJtr aqt:rlnp,r.e ot no,( dyaq ppo,t ',{ur I 'uol:BturoJul Ituolrlppr rf,q^\ ssnf,slp ,{nu no1 r 'ruetunS:r ?qr arrual Jo uaqr8ua:rs dJaq plnoar sJuJpha l?uolllppx ltq^\ ssn)slp,$ur no; . . 'uoJml)uoJ s,lu:um8rc ag: ruo-ddns Datuasard tJurp!^3 Jqr qf,Jq^t ot :u:txa 3qt JaplsuoJ plnoqs no1 ' 'ruatunBlt :qr 3q,(1;apun suolldurnssu alqruoltsanb J)ptsuo) pFoqs no1 . '8r4uosr::3o :u11 s,luaulnfux f,tp azdpux plnoqs no1 . 'tu:run8rr JIII rI s-l'uauJflns arg;o dw qt!^t JtJSEstp Jo .aJBE oi-p:\sr 3rnf,q lou aJr no| r :uf,JJJs :tp uo :as 1,no,(:rq,s ,{lppuassa s,JJf,H 'tutumSJv rrp 8r4nb!!:: JoJ sJunspm8 rgrrads atnJpr4 ll-rra ustJJs puof,rs 3LlI (ruarunSry ar1r 3u-mblrlr) roJ saulap$c tBtleads) z uaand 'ptpaau JJE {u.np no,( suolsllaJ {rrt ::pru pw asuodsa: rno,( pca:a: 01 aur1l :,rf,)l plnoqs no1 'JtlruErrI lueJllloJ E 14 uraqr azr-wfuo .put innJ scapl :nod dola.rap Plnoqs nol 'Aqd,{r u.r3aq no,( e:o;aq asuodse: mo,( ulld ol sf,lnurlu ^\3J x tIE: plnoqs nol gNtItUM ]v3l]-^]vNv lVV\9 oNV 3u9 lnO8V SlSVl lHl-l'lv For the Argument Task, Your Specific Analysis Does tr{aftcr-A Lot! In your lssue essa)', )'ou arc free tO aCCCPt, rejcct, or qualin'the stltemenr at hand; therc is no'corrccr- or "l)cst' rcsponsc. On thc orher hand. in dcsigning thc Argumcnts. rlrr test makcr makcs surc to incorporatc into cach one cenain rexsoning problenrs (fallacics and othcr flaws) for vou t<.1 identifl'and addrcss in J,our ess:l\'. That's wlrat the Argument wriring txsk is all about. Should vou fail ro idcndfT and lddrcss tlresc built-in problcms, vou won'i acain a high score. A rypical GRE or GlitAT Argumcnr \r'ill conr;rin at lc;rst threc or four discrete reasoning llaws. Hcre's x lisr of rhc ones that appear mos( fre quend)' in the official GRE and GI\tAT Argumenrs: . Confusing a cause-ald-effect relationship with a mere corrclation or temporal sequence . Drawing I wer-li a,naloSl' berwcen rwo tlrings . RelyinS on a potendally unrepresentrtivc sutisticxl sample . RelyinS on polenrixll)' Eintid resuhs from a survev or pou . AssuminS that a certain condition is necessary and/or sufficient for a cerain outcomc . Assuming ih:lt char:rcteristics of a group appl)' to cacb group membcr (or vice versa) . Assuming that all things remain unchanged over time Be foreqrarned: Nor all GRL and GlvlAT Argumen6 are cre;rted equal. In some of them, tJre logical flaws scem to iump off the page (or scrcen) at - you, one at a.timc, while in others, the llaws are interrwincd or hiddcn from clear vies', making it especiall-v cha.llengin8 to extract, separate, and or8anize thcm. And there arc no Suafirntecs that the test rviu dca.l you a favorablc hand. But who said life is fair? At least vou have tlts book to help cven thc playing field. :-,:irti':.". Wdttng Sk ls Ior tl) GR.VGMAT Tcst lrttDt!.Pe t ers o, ls, c o n 1 Peterson's I ut.r) stt a,rsJ 1a{.1il,rr t l ),, ,of ,,,rs Er,,u^ttt"! t :qr Suruurtieq JJoJf,q .uotrdo :noi :c .:ossalo:d pJOAr arll ,r,;lt:Tl:: osln u[) nol .rs)) lrruf,r )q:_ul8aq un no,i arc;:q sa.rnrrag przuatndulor snoux^ )rl: iursn ur:luaracl[uoJ arulsuouap t, no; rantr, 11r,s rua:s{s arll pux .u))Jf,s ,iun :o uorr-rrs ,{ur: BurddBs -lo uo,rdn ,qt, a,r"q t, uo,,la llo^ :crss:.lo.rd p:o^t rjl-tllnq )ql )sn ol ^rol_l . (uJrj)s rql Jo ujorroq aqt l[) suotrnq Jxqloo] tql esn ot ld.oH . unaop puu dn,tcydsrp u)rJJs f,q: lloJJs ot,,r6.oIJ . esnou erll 3sn ot ll\OH . aq: srnmg .su)arJs Jo saqas r qfno.np no,{ spu:1 _r,rffJ IY;H:j: lD.IaArs Jo stslsuo) feuolm Bl ^ ar' rorspuo,nr,""-""ffi?:Tj#I&'"H:H:;'-ffi T::f Srms)r Jr' ,Jvt{9 ro lxc p)um :no,( ;o uopoas lsrv .q:'-ulaq nol ',oJrg 'rvrdol.nf uilndwo) cNtltu A .tvlru.rvNv 3Hl .srlorlJr asaqt ruJul:oJ ot no,{ rduro:d mr$. tsal aqt ,uoltras r BulrSxa JO lsrl eqr 8rm:mb ,{Jpuonurlunm uro{ no,{ ruaaard ot ,rrro^ t.rrol (Junt patroJ1c arp a.lo;5q JUo ]sru Jql pal:lduIo) e^,no,{ Jl 4su Bqrp,t puoJrs aqr ol paaJord or)uoDnq JJGN y o - ' (sJrdot ir4r!:,t ar{r or Sr4puodsor JoJ pw suo'nq _0,_r ;;;* - ross::o:d pJo,s, )r;t irnsn:o3 srrortJa4p ,{z1ds1p orj rro,rnq a:gg v . (puo)rs tsaJrJu.W ol Bururf,urar aunr,(r1dqp o!) uolrnq AnLL V . puolas f,rtrJ paraJduror a^,no{ J:l suop.f,as lrr'x, Jr*o "* o, ,o,lll Sunua puoJ)s rqr or ptJr{u o,roru ol) uolnq NoLD;s rDGI uv . (rstr rno,{ laf,uEJ pw dors or) uounq IS.JI JJnO V - . :ars n,no,{ .uaaJJs arlt Jo ruouoq cqr tV (Z Jo.{ JaqtF) J:qumu {sEl orf,L ,. lsJt 3qr Jo aulxu :rll . ' Isr| 3uFU,r tuJJjrrf, :qr JoJ ($lnuruj rn).SuruDru)J f,unt orll . rq1 rv'rvne p'" :rue eqr ro suon)as,dl:iff#',Tillilj; rql q4^r uounuoJ ur tol r stq atsy.rf,lrrr .rarndudr Bqlp,A( trrn tprrv aql rtvturtNt dllndwo, INt|'turn rvcnr.^LryNv rHI 9NUJU/V1 tv3tl^"lvNv lVnJ9 cNV lu9 1no8v Si3VJ lHl TlV Frnrunrs AND LTMITAnoNs oF THE Wono PnocrssoR Built into the Anall'ticll writinF (e-stin8 s.vstcm is a barc-boncs riord proccssor. lt l:tcks nrant of thc soPl)isticatc<l fcaturcs of its.commcrcixl countcrpar6 lo climiniltc :tnv advlntage test !:rler.s who usc certain softrvarc might hol<J <.tvcr <tthcr test takers. llerc's a look at tllc fcatures and linriutions of thc testing s)'stcm's word processor' N avi gation and Editing-Availablc Ke-vboard Comrnands Herc are thc naviSxtionrl and editing ke1's "t',,t"Ott in thc resting q'stcm's builrin vord processor: tsackspace removes the charrcter ro lc left of dte cursor' Deletc removcs the character to the right of t}Ie cursor. Home moves thc cursor to the beginning of the line. End moves the cursor to the end of the'Iine. Arrow Keys move the cursor uP, down, lcfi, or riEltrt. Enter inserts a paragraph brsk (s[atts a new iine). Pagc Up moves the cursor up one pagc (scrcen). Page Down moves thc cursor down one page (scrcen). Cornrnon Keyboard Commands Not Available Mouse-Driven u dtPet4ftorrs.corn Ccnain oftcn-used featurcs of standard word-Proccssins Programs arc not available in the testing lvstem's word Processor. For cxample' no keyboard commands arc available for: TA3-disabled (does not function) BeginflinEy'cnd of parrgraph (not xvailablc) Beginning,/end of .docum-ent (not avaiiable) Editing Functions - Cuq Paste, and Undo ln addidon to cditing ke1's, the testing system's word Processor includes mouseddvcn CUT (but not "copy"), PASTE, and UNDO' To cut tc)(t' select the text you wish lo cut with your mousc. To paste, posi$on the mouse pointer at the desired insenion spot, then click yqur mouse' Drag-anddroP cut-and-paste is not aLailable. Also, the GRE word proccssor 6torcs only your most recent c\\t, paste, or unoo' Pctarson's a ,Wdtlng Sk Ls lorlhe ,GRE/GI,{AT Tesa .' ,: 'u,' sal Jvl4ltal aqt ttl s11149 iiu;1tt41 ) s,uosra) ,t t <)1 5 u QSJa I acl tlI :1l/lt ':eg-Jns tq8m dlqsururuad :noi pur: .,i11rrnb rtu,r., ol p))u ll.no,i .tuxx) p)unl eqt 3ur:ng :l)qtu)u)ll .sa,rr^st :no.r \^sJlojd-pJo^\ plnoqs nol .a1ql3e11r u() sl)ploq a^urtgatpurrl :no,,i.;1 . 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Dal or ,(r:1o s,r1 .1sp:oa u31a:oy Jo sapn su q)ns) aullrapun Jo e4)lTrrl asr^uarllo p1noru. no,( spJojr JoJ sV sJaDr_rzrl) p:Jcadg puu sarnqlJuv JoJ sarntpsqns 'p:eoql.l4 .ratnduror pllpusts r uo rcaddr lou op r?r1r sJal)aJulf, prr:ds a.rr :ou '3lqrl!E^? :ou a.rz_ 8rry41:apm pw .srfi1r .pJoq sr qJns . sf,tnqrruv 'JIqEFE D:ou sr uopzuaqddq cJrr:uorny .az1s tr4od:o aru;adl: Jsooqf ol no^ ^3.olp lou saop:ossero:d p:o,t s.rualsls gupsar aq1 snDLrErJJ prtadg pur: .uopuuarJddll ,sernql4l1r .sluo:I 'lufumSx/ f,nrua aqt pu:: aa,nod trq! ams r{Errl ot uarop,{r,r. arp JIr lloJf,s ol JJns f0 ;1aor rtdo: aqr yo tq8p aqt or.rzaddr osJf, Jltra Jf,q I'loJls If,Jru) f, 'Iscl :uaurnSJv aqt Jog .,$.oq nod aoqs In,$, rsar Jqt Au1 -para:d pporn: ::tnduor aqt .[oJ)s ol ^rorl ^\otDl t.uop no,( n .asuods:.1 arpua mo,( ,t':1a ol llo:ts ol a^f,q Jl,nod ,os:o s:u11 91 u1 ,{:1 no,t arug rcg JJoDS pr;Uan arl| eNl.iluM -lvJtr 'lvNV 1vr/\l9 cNV tue lno8v.slSvj lHl -t.lv . with ihc word proccssor. r,ou'll havc x firr cxsicr time revising an essa)'and corrccting errors. Qf vou havc difficuln' organizing or cxpressinA lour idcas without 'rwcakin8- '\'our llrst dmft: ),ou'rc better ofl' rvord-processinF vour essxvs.) . You clecr to submit hand$,rittcn essa)'s a( the timc vou r"?Ir:frer (makc rn appoin(mcnt) for thc GRE Gencr.rl Tcsr. Othcnvisc, 1'ou must word-proccss vour csst\'5. . If )'ou submit handwritten cssavs. scoring vour cssa),s and reponin8 atr)t GRE scores to you or to thc schools mll take up to .s/x rrccL:.s (rither than 10-15 days if vou word-process your essa),s). If you decide to submit handwritten GRE essa1,s, keep in mind thesc procedural points: . For each writing, task, thc tcsting supervisor wi.ll provide a special tined paper for writing your essays. Tlre supervisor witl also suppl)' scratch paper. . To write vour essays, vou'U use the black pen provided to you at the testing centcr. . For cach writing tesk, the superviso will personall)' inform you when your timc limir has cxpircd. E55AY EVALUATION AND SCORING Shortl)' after the exam, both of vour essavs s'ill bc evaluatcd, and one single Analvdcal writing scorc (not two separate scores) on a scxle from 0 to 6 will be awarded and then reponed to you and to the schools to - wnicn you have directed vour siore repon. This section explains thc - evaluation, scoring, and reponing proccss. Evaluenoru BY GRE AND GMAT Rraopns Within a short time aftcr t}le tcsr (10-15 days), your rwo AnalFica.l writing essal's will be cnluated by "readcrs"-college and universiqr faculty members th.at ETS commissions 3nd trains speciqcall)' for ttris purposc. -GR! and GM]\T readers arc drawn from'\afious academic arsrs-most from the fields of English and Communicadons. For the GRE, rwo readers will rcad ard score your lssuc essa)', and rwo diffcrcnt readers will read and score your Argument cssa)'. For eit}ler essa)', if thc rwo rcaders' scores differ bJ'more than one Point; an addition2l, veq' cxpericnced reader will rcld that cssav and adjudicate the discrcpanc)'. Petcrson's ,,t Wtltlng 6k ls Ior bc GRE/GLUT TesLt urunapetc*orts.com utoJ suosratad ohtct stsal Jwllg/t .'.u rut slll2ls. \ulElal a . ,,uosJo 'sn)Jl: )siu) ur s^\ull Jourul url]uoJ r:u :nq_uonlnllund pur '3u1J1ads ,)ilrsn nro.,,r .rt:urrur:.rf, Bu!ptrl)rl .qs,1iq u:rrp^ prtpuus Jo stu xil-r )rlt J(, pul:ruruo) tu)llaJx) ut: satulsuotu3p iEssa:rlJ . ro is,, s' u ! ru !r nr r:u., n,,, ,., ;;f '.:L,i,"jl::.,1;:'"ffi .^:il:lil . 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Jrp[5J ,uo ,1yin19 a,Ir -rog :. 9Nt.UU/v1 -tv3tl -1vNV.lvn9 oNV 3u9 ,[no8v S.t3vJ ]Ht .]1V 'IIle Argument writing Task-Requircmenls for a Scorc of 6 (Ourtstanding) Tlrc cssxy idcntifics thr kc| Icatttrcs of tltc ;trgltntent lncl anlh'z-cs c:tcl't onc i|l ir thoughrfttl nrlnncr. Thc css:r1' suppons cach point of critique \r'ith insighlfiJl rclsons and cxamplcs. Thc essa)'develops its idsxs in:l clear, organizc(l manncr, vith aPProPri- xtc ti,rnsitions r<.r hcln connccr ideas. Tlrc essal' dcmonstratcs proficicncv, flucnc1 , and mriurin' in ils use of sentcnce strucrurc,. vocabulaq', and idiom. The essa;' demonstrates an,cxcellent command of the elemeng of st,:rndard wrinen English, including gmmmxr, word usage, sPellinS, and puncturtion-but mx)' conain minor flarvs in thcse arcas. Ttle crireria for lower scores are the same as the ones suggested abovei the onll'di-fference is th:rt the smndard for quxlin' decreases for succcs sivelv lower scot€s. lvhile rwo buman rcaders evaluate -vour GMAT essals (one reader per - essay), a computer program cau,ed E,Ratel will cvaluate your essays'for El-ammar, syntDi (sentence structure), repetitiveness (overuse of the same phnses). sentence length, and speling. ln man)'respec6, E-Rater is similar ro the grammrr- and spell{heckers built into populrr word-processing progrnms such as Word and WordPerfect. However, E Rater is custom- desittned for ETS ro weilh cert2.in criteria more heavih'than other criteria. For insnnce, very little weight is given to minor mechanjcal errors (e.8., in puncruation and spelting). Also, E-Rater overlooks socalled "gra1'" areas o( - - - fu-arnmtr (e.g., use of the passive voice) and flalis cen .in problems (c.9., repetitiveness) that off-the-sheu checkers miSht not. Of course, EReter is or i'useful to a point. lt c.annot evaluate your id.eas or hos' Pcrsursivcl)' you've presented "nd supponed those ideas. That's what human rcadcrs arc for. eomprmnuro Rqrxo oF GM.AT Essavs tnu|alpe ietsotls.com lvdting Sh k for the GRUGMAT Tcsts Pclcrsorr'.t , [...]... */"LV " c.a al*.t crlu-* u4 t^4t1 f4 y*l&',-t t uf 1t'4b L aatz u;.,,a+' Notes (Issue 2) pR0 c0N /tr4;.* 4 UL"" . nol .a1ql3e11r u() sl)ploq a^urtgatpurrl :no,,i. ;1 . 'tu)rf,U1) ;r:ou eq ,i11nn::r .i.tru s,irss: :no,i fuuu,spuurl .:srcl;il ,r,oJr- ,(y;nrrads: ur a:.no,i 11 . :3u1no11o; aql. lA NOO ,tr&apos ;2 .1& quot;-> ,r. ,1+ r-relyr4 n. -' ,1 A7. @l fn.lr,nt o4 'aT74 .,oe .11 !' ,. @ .%,__:t_, ii. 1. '1o .1, t1''.' or,, E. :'t ^7. 1f y".*- tu .t^4t1 f4 uf 1t'4b y*l&',-t L aatz u;.,,a+' Notes (Issue 2) pR0 . /tr4;.* 4 UL"" . <^tb4l4^ .^W - '-tL* t&apos ;1. , /.,4 . 1e"il .11 1 J -1: L^, 4 *1 .