1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY XUYEN THI LUU STUDY ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ABILITY OF SOME IMPORTED SOYBEAN VARIETIES AND CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES FOR PROSPECT VARIETY IN THAI NGUYEN Major: AGRONOMY Code: 62 62 01 01 DISSERTATION FOR DOCTOR OF PHYLOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURE THAI NGUYEN - 2011 3 RELATED PUBLICATIONS 1. Xuyen Thi Luu, Dep Thi Luan, Tam Minh Hoang (2008), “Effect of planting season of soybean variety 99084 - A28 in Spring and Winter Crop in Thai Nguyen”, Journal of Science and Technology, 3(47) - Vol. 2/2008, Thai Nguyen University Press , pp: 29 - 32. 2. Xuyen Thi Luu, Dep Thi Luan, Tam Minh Hoang (2010), “Study on the effect of planting densities on the growth and development of soybean varieties 99084 - A28 in winter crops 2007 - 2008 in Thai Nguyen”, Journal of Agriculture and rural development, October, 2010, Press of Sciences and technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi; pp: 126 - 130. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Background Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr) is industrial and short growing - duration crop that is multi-purpose plant with high economic value. Its products supply food for human and livestocks; they are also materials for processing industry and high valueable for exporting. Besides, soybean plants are short growing-time crops that are very suitable for crop rotation, intercroping, crop overlaping with many other plants and soil improvement crop (Dan The Ngo et al., 1999) [10]. Soybean is popularly planted in all seven ecological areas over Vietnam. Northern midland and mountainous region has the biggest area (69425 ha) which holds 37.01% the total area of soybean in Vietnam but the lowest yield (1.03 tons/ha). There are many reasons for low yield of soybean in this region such as unavailability of high-yielding soybean varieties, low investment and unreasonable cultivation methods. It is noted that lack of high-yielding soybean varieties and suitable cultivation techniques are the main limitation to soybean yield. The result of variety investigation in 2003-2004 of Department of Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2006) [9] showed that: The Northern Midland and Mountainous Region is one of three areas planting high percentage of local varieties of soybean and low percentage of new soybean varieties (37.5 - 38.4% areas with local soybean varieties). In recent years, Vietnam has imported many good varieties; however their adaptability to ecological region is very different. For that reason we carried out the research titled:” Study on the growth and development ability of some imported soybean varieties and cultivation techniques for prospect variety in Thai Nguyen”. 2. Research Objectives - Selecting the imported soybean varieties that have good growth and development, are suitable with the ecological conditions of Thai Nguyen. - Determining some intensive cultivation techniques that are suitable for the prospect variety. 2 3. Scientific and reality significance 3.1. Scientific significance The research intends to select imported soybean varieties and determining suitable techniques for selected variety in Thai Nguyen. The research results laid the pavement for developing some imported soybean varieties in Thai Nguyen. The research selected prospect soybean variety from the testing imported varieties, suitable for ecological environment in Thai Nguyen and determined the technical methods suitable for selected variety in spring and winter in Thai Nguyen. 3.2. Reality significance - The thesis found out the limitation and prospects for developing soybean production in Thai Nguyen. - Determining and providing some soybean varieties that have good growth and development in spring and winter in Thai Nguyen. - The study results from some technical methods for cultivating soybean contributed on cultivation guideline improvement for soybean intensive farming in winter and spring in Thai Nguyen. - The using new and high yielding variety of soybean and new technical methods resulted in higher economic efficiency, raising the incomes for farmers that planting soybean and promoted the development of soybean production in Thai Nguyen. 4. New findings of the thesis - Based on investigating, analyzing and assessing some advantages and disadvantages effecting on production and results from research on selecting soybean varieties from imported varieties and on determining some technical methods, the scientific basement for developing soybean in winter and spring in Thai Nguyen was confirmed. - Determined the growth and development ability of some soybean varieties in spring and winter crop in Thai Nguyen and two high yielding varieties ĐT2000 and 99084 - A28 were selected. In winter crops, the average yield were from 1.71 to 1.77 tons/ha that were higher than the control variety DT84 by 0.38 to 0.45 tons/ha. In spring crops, the average yield were from 2.16 to 2.24 tons/ha that were higher than the control by 0.37 to 0.45 tons/ha. 3 - Suggested some techniques for completing cultivation guideline for new soybean variety (99084 - A28) with optimum planting time in spring crop is from 15th, February to 6th, March and 5th to 25th, September in winter. The optimum density in spring was 35 plants/ha and 45 plants/ha in winter. The most suitable fertilizer combination was 5 tons of manure + 40 kg N + 80 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O + 300 kg of lime/ha. - Trial of soybean planting in winter and spring in three places of Thai Nguyen was successfully built and implemented. The trial locations are Trang Xa Commune - Vo Nhai District, Hoa Thuong Commune - Dong Hy District and Son Cam Commune - Phu Luong District with the variety 99084 - A28 and new technical methods that got the yield from 2.54 to 2.83 tons/ha, raising by 52,8 - 53,9% compared to the control in winter; 2.32 - 2.75 tons/ha raising by 52,6 - 63,5% than the control; the interest were from 20.2 to 24.5 millions VND/ha in spring and 20.3 to 23.3 millions VND in winter. 5. Thesis structure The dissertation was fulfilled with 102 pages, 31 tables, 3 figures and 2 diagrams. Beside the introduction, the dissertation was divided into 3 chapters where chapter 1: Literature review (25 pages); chapter 2: Research content and methods (13 pages); chapter 3: Results and discussion (58 pages), Conclusion and suggestion (2 pages) and 55 pages for appendices. The dissertation used 115 references in Vietnamese and 58 references in English. CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1. Soybean production status in Vietnam and in the world 1.1.1. Soybean production in the world The data collection from Dan The Ngo et al., (1999) [10], Duc Van Hoang (1982) [23], FAO Statistic Database, 2009 [75] showed that the soybean production of the world has increased rapidly in area - yield and output. In the period of 1963 - 1964, the planting area of soybean over the world was 27.3 millions hectare and increased to 96.87 hectare in 2008. In 1960 the yield of soybean over the world was 4 only 1.20 tons/ha but increased to 2.384 tons/ha in 2008, by 98.87% compared to 1960. The output in 1960 was 26.00 millions ton and 230.95 millions ton in 2008, increased 8.85 times. 1.1.2. Production of soybean in Vietnam According to Dan The Ngo et al., 1999 [10], Thieu Van Pham, 2006 [44], soybean has been grown in Vietnam for a very long time but the area was only 32000 ha (1944) and yield was very low (0.41 tons/ha). In recent years, the soybean has developed rapidly in both area and yield. In 1995, the soybean area of whole country was 121.1 thousands hectare; it increased gradually through the years and got 191.5 thousands hectare in 2008. In 1995, the yield of whole country was 1.03 tons/ha and continuously increased through the years and reached the highest in 2007 at 1.47 tons/ha. Although there were some changes in area and yield, the output increased gradually through the years. In 1995, the output of whole country was 125.5 thousands tons and reached the highest in 2005 at 292.7 thousands tons. 1.2. Status of soybean research 1.2.1. Research on soybean over the world The 1st international soybean variety evaluation experiment (ISVEX) in 1973 was conducted in ranges of 90 places in 33 countries representing for environmental zone. Nowadays, the soybean research is received a great deal of attentions, especially in developed countries that are big producers of soybean.Beside the research on selecting and creating varieties, the scientist over the world still study on technical methods such as planting time, density and fertilizer for soybean production. 1.2.2. Soybean research in Vietnam In the period of 2001 - 2005, Vietnam imported 540 samples of soybean varieties from other countries that supplemented to collection of varieties and tested 9482 soybean variety samples; found out 83 samples of varieties that have precious characteristics. In the period of 1985 - 2005, Vietnam created 15 samples of soybean varieties by cross-breeding that were certified as national varieties (Long Dinh Tran 5 and Chinh Thi Nguyen, 2005) [35]. Creating and selecting by mutation treatment method resulted in 4 national varieties (Vinh Quang Mai et al., 2005)[52]. Besides, scientists also studied on technical methods such as planting time, density and fertilizer. Research of some authors such as Dan Thi Nguyen (1996) [11], Thieu Van Pham, 2006 [44], Xiem Tu Nguyen and Phien Thai (1998) [56], Kha Minh Vo (1996) [29], Hinh Tan Nguyen et al, (2006) [25], Truong Thi Tran et al, 2006 [46] showed that: The actual amount of fertilizer required depended on season, soil types, the previous plants and varieties. Hence, there is no fertilizer combination for all of different seasons, regions and soil types. CHAPTER 2: REASERCH CONTENTS AND METHODS 2.1. Materials The experiment included 10 varieties of soybean: ĐT12, TQ, VX92, VX93, ĐT2000, 95389, CM60, 99084 - A18, 99084 - A28, DT84 (control). The whole experiment was applied the same fertilizer combination of Lam Thao Super phosphorus 16,50%, Urea Nitrogen 46,0%, Chloride potassium 50,0%, manure and lime. 2.2. Contents 2.2.1. Survey for existing production of soybean in Thai Nguyen 2.2.2. Assessing growth and development of imported varieties of soybean in Thai Nguyen 2.2.3. Determining some main technical methods for prospect variety 99084 - A28 (timing, density and fertilization) 2.2.4. Trial for testing newly developed techniques in farmer fields. 2.3. Methodology 2.3.1. Survey for existing production state of soybean in Thai Nguyen - The data of climate and weather was collected in Hydro-meteorological station in Thai Nguyen Province. - Determining the texture and characteristic of soil conducting experiment and trials, the soil samples was taken before carrying out the experiment (5samples/place). 6 - Determining the status of soybean production in Thai Nguyen by collecting secondary data and interviewing the staffs of Agricultural and rural development Department of Thai Nguyen Province. - Determining the status of soybean production in some districts, using Participatory Rural Appraisal method (PRA), interviewing farmers by questionnaire (Appendix 3). 2.3.2. Assessing growth and development of the imported soybean varieties in Thai Nguyen 2.3.2.1. Experiment 1: Study on the growth and development of some imported soybean varieties in spring and winter crops in 2004 and 2005 in Thai Nguyen a/ Materials: 10 soybean varieties. b/ Time and place: Soybean was sowed on 15th, February, 2004 and 18th, February, 2005 in spring season and on 15th, September, 2004 and 17th, September, 2005 in winter crops in Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry. c/ Experimental conditions: The experiment was conducted in one rice crop land, the soil texture is light, pHKCl = 4.85; Total Nitrogen = 0.11%; Total potassium = 0.55%; Total phosphorus = 0.07%; Organic matter = 1.82%. d/ Experimental design: Randomized Complete Block Design - RCBD with 3 replications. The plot area is 1.4m x 5 m= 7m 2 . - Technical guideline: Based on the soybean variety testing guideline No. 10TCN 339 - 2002 (MARD, 2001) [4] and No. 10TCN 339 - 2006 (MARD, 2006) [38]. The planting density was 35 plants/m2, the distance between lines was 35 cm and between plants was 8.2 cm. The applied fertilizer combination was 5 tons of manure + 30 kg N + 60 kg P 2 O 5 + 30 kg K 2 O + 300 kg lime/ha. e) Research monitoring indicators and method: The monitoring indicators and method were carried out based on the soybean variety testing guideline No. 10TCN 339 - 2002 (MARD, 2001) [4 ] and No. 10TCN 339 - 2006 (MARD, 2006) [38]. 7 2.3.2.2. Experiment 2: Testing some prospect varieties of soybean in spring, 2006 in Thai Nguyen a/ Research sites: Trang Xa Commune - Vo Nhai District, Hoa Thuong Commune - Dong Hy District, Son Cam Commune - Phu Luong District. b/ Materials: 3 prospect varieties were selected through 4 testing seasons (VX93, 99084 - A28, ĐT2000) and DT84 (control). The testing area is 500m 2 for each variety in each place. c/ Experiment conditions: The experiment was implemented on one rice-crop land with light texture of soil. The chemical properties of soil in experiment places are shown below: Table 2.2. The chemical properties of soil in experiment sites Indicators Dong Hy Vo Nhai Phu Luong pHKCL 4.6 4.5 4.3 N (%) 0.11 0.10 0.11 P 2 O 5 (%) 0.13 0.15 0.11 K 2 O (%) 0.73 0.62 0.67 OM (%) 1.92 1.74 1.85 (The soil was sampled in 2005) The dosage of fertilizer and other experimental procedure are as the same as experiment 1. 2.3.3. Studying some main technical methods for the prospect soybean variety 99084 - A28 2.3.3.1. Experiment 3: Determining the planting time for soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring and winter in Thai Nguyen. a/ Time and place: Spring and winter crops in 2005 and 2006 at Thai Nguyen University of Agricultural and Forestry. Table 2.3: Sowing date of the treatments Spring crop Winter crop Treatment 2005 2006 2005 2006 Date 1 5/2 5/2 5/9 5/9 Date 2 15/2 15/2 15/9 15/9 Date 3 25/2 25/2 25/9 25/9 Date 4 7/3 6/3 5/10 5/10 Date 5 17/3 16/3 15/10 15/10 8 b/ Experiment design: Randomized Complete Block Design - RCBD with 3 replications. The plot area is 2.8m x 5m = 14 m 2 . c/ Experiment condition, fertilizers, densities and other technical methods were similar to the experiment 1. 2.3.3.2. Experiment 4: Determining the planting density of soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring and winter crops in 2007 - 2008 in Thai Nguyen. a/ Time and place: In spring and winter crops in 2007 - 2008 at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry. b/ Testing densities: + Density 1: 25 plants/m 2 (distance between lines: 35cm; distance between plants: 11,4 cm) + Density 2: 35 plants/m 2 (distance between lines: 35cm; distance between plants: 8,2 cm) + Density 3: 45 plants/m 2 (distance between lines: 35cm; distance between plants: 6,3 cm) + Density 4: 55 plants/m 2 (distance between lines: 35cm; distance between plants: 5,2 cm) + Density 5: 65 plants/m 2 (distance between lines: 35cm; distance between plants: 4,4 cm) 2.3.3.3. Experiment 5: Determining the optimum N-fertilizer rate for soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring, 2007 - 2008 in Thai Nguyen. Fertilizer base: 5 tons of manure + 60 kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 300 kg lime/ha. a/ Time and Place: Spring, 2007- 2008 at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry. b/ Experiment design: Randomized Complete Block Design - RCBD with 5 treatments, 3 replications. The plot area is 2.8m x 5m = 14 m 2 . + Treatment 1: Base + 20 Kg N + Treatment 2: Base + 30 Kg N + Treatment 3: Base + 40 Kg N + Treatment 4: Base + 50 Kg N + Treatment 5: Base + 60 Kg N. [...]... disadvantages of soybean production in Thai Nguyen The main disadvantaged factors were lack of good varieties, improved technical guidelines, pest and diseases and drought at the beginning of spring crops and the end of winter crops 3.1.2.3 Some solutions for soybean production in Thai Nguyen - Study on determining the suitable varieties in Thai Nguyen Province and designing good service for soybean seeds for soybean. .. Long-term plan for soybean production for development of planting area, yield, output and marketing 3.2 Results of assessing growth and development of the imported varieties of soybean in Thai Nguyen 3.2.1 Results of assessing growth and development of the imported varieties of soybean in spring and winter crops, 2004 - 2005 in Thai Nguyen - Estimated yield (EY): The EY was low or high depending on the yield... DISCUSSION 3.1 Nature condition and status of soybean production in Thai Nguyen 3.1.1 Climate condition of Thai Nguyen Province Based on the ecology requirements of soybean and analyzed the weather and climate in years conducting experiments it showed that: Although the climate and weather in Thai Nguyen varieties complicatedly but it was still suitable for the growth and development of soybean, in general... conduct some research on technical methods serving for proposing the technical guideline for cultivating new variety of soybean 15 3.3 Results from research on some technical methods for the prospect soybean variety 99084 - A28 in Thai Nguyen 3.3.1 Results of determining the optimum sowing date for the soybean variety 99084 A28 in spring and winter crops in Thai Nguyen Table 3.18 Effect of planting... soybean varieties and determining the technical methods for prospect variety in Thai Nguyen, we had some suggestions as follows: 1 Allowing developing the variety 99084 - A28 in Thai Nguyen Province with newly developed technical guideline 2 Continue to study the adaptation ability of selected varieties in contiguous province and applying the Integrated Crops Management (ICM) to production of new soybean. .. climate and land conditions of the region and obtained much higher yield as well as economic efficiency than the local varieties 23 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Conclusion 1 The favorable factors for developing the soybean production in Thai Nguyen were the favorable climate conditions and the large land resource The fact that soybean is easy to plant and its products are quickly consumed is the base for development. .. while the module 2 only had 1.75 tons/ha Among places of building modules, the yield in Dong Hy District was the highest (2.75 tons/ha in module 1 in winter and 2.83 tons/ha in spring) In Vo Nhai district, the yield module 1 were 2.55 tons/ha in winter and 2.67 tons/ha in spring, the lowest yield in Phu Luong district in module 1 (2.32 tons/ha in winter and 2.54 tons/ha in spring) The yield of module... 3.2.2 Results of assessing growth and development of the prospect variety in spring - 2006 in Thai Nguyen Based on the results of 4 seasons ( 2 spring crops and 2 winter crops in 2004 2005), the 3 varieties VX93, T2000 and 99084 - A28 had the AY and AY equivalent and significantly higher than the control in all crops We had intended to 14 test these there varieties in spring crop - 2006 on 3 districts... affecting on most growth and development indicators of the soybean variety 99084 - A28 The higher rate resulted in the longer growing duration, the higher plant height, LAI and the level of Bean pyramid and Lima bean podborer The yield components and yield gradually increased from the treatment 1 (20 kg N/ha) and reached the peak in treatment 3 and then gradually reduced In short, for the soybean variety. .. higher than the control variety at 95% confidence interval in all testing crops The EY in spring crops were 2.72 and 2.78 tons/ha, 2.21 and 2.42 tons/ha in winter crops The AY in spring crops were 2.16 and 2.24 tons/ha, 1.71 and 1.78 tons/ha in winter crops 3 The optimum planting dates of 99084 - A28 variety in spring crop in Thai Nguyen was from 15th, Feb to 6th, Mar With this planting date, the EY was . in winter and spring in Thai Nguyen was confirmed. - Determined the growth and development ability of some soybean varieties in spring and winter crop in Thai Nguyen and two high yielding varieties. Results of assessing growth and development of the imported varieties of soybean in Thai Nguyen 3.2.1. Results of assessing growth and development of the imported varieties of soybean in spring and. pest and diseases and drought at the beginning of spring crops and the end of winter crops. 3.1.2.3. Some solutions for soybean production in Thai Nguyen - Study on determining the suitable varieties