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PASSIVE VOICE I/Passive voice (P.V): is usually to emphasize the result, the fact or the object of an action ,not the agent. *P.V is used only with Transitive Verb *P.V is used more commonly in written language , especially in the impersonal style of textbooks or report ( to describe an industrial and scientific process, to describe historical and social process or in official rules and procedures) Ex : The ore is usually dug out of the ground. Applications should be made in writing. II/Form General form : S+Vt+O ( Vt= transitive verb) >PV:S(o) + be + P(2)+ (by O) NOTE: *to be in passive sentence is always in the same forms and tenses & main verbs in the active sentence. In P.V: *To verb is changed into to be P(2) *Verb is changed into be P(2) *V-ing is changed into Being P(2) *Modal verbs work in the same way : S+ modal verb + Vt+ O ->P.V : S(o)+modal verb + be+P(2) + (by S) Ex : The windows in being painted . The machine can be taken apart. BASIC USES of passive voice I/Agent and instrument: *Agent : A person who does the action in the Passive sentence is called the agent *Instrument : Things which cause something to happen in a passive sentence is called an instrument . Ex: I was hit by a branch ( The branch itself hit me) Iwas hit with a branch ( Some one use a branch to hit me ). II/Transitive and intrasitive verbs : 1/Transitive verbs are the verbs with object. There are 3 kinds of Vt( verb transitive ) [B]Memo-trasitive verbB] : verb with 1 object (read, write, ) Di-transitive verb :verb with 2 objects(give, bring,pay,hand,show ) Complex transitive verb Ex: I read the newspapers yesterday. I gave her a present. All Vt.s can be made passive except :become, have, get, suit, fit, resemble. 2/Intrasitive verbs are verbs with no object : Ex: The baby is sleeping. The bird flies. 3/Some verbs are both transitive and intransitive verbs . "run" for example : Ex : He ran a shop > A shop was run by him . He is running > (no passive) * In this case, we focus on transitive verbs III/Cases of omitting the agent. 1/When the agent is general : people, they, you , we . *When these sentences are made passive , these general agents can be omitted because they doesn't give more information . Ex: All over the world, people respect the knowledge >The knowledge are respected all over the world . 2/ When the agent is obivious : *In Passive sentences , when all people understand who do/does the action, then there is no need to mention the agent again . Ex : The criminal was arrested ( by the police) 3/When the agent is unimportant( we don't need to know about the agent) Ex: I was advised to worked harder. 4/When the agent is unknown ( we don't know anything about the agent) Ex: She was killed yesterday 5/When both speakers and listeners know the agent Ex: I was tested thoroughly. 6/When the speaker doesn't want to mention the agent. Then the agent is omitted. Ex : It has been agreed to increased the salaries by 5% 7/When the speaker want to focus on the action rather than the agent Ex: Mails are delivered to whom addressed Verbs with 2 objects -This kind of verbs can also be called the Verbs of giving because thet have the same pattern as "give" -In this case, either of these objects can be the subject of a passive sentence -We will use the object which we want to emphasize to be the subject of the passive sentence . Ex: The nurse gives the patient a sleeping pill > The patient is given a sleeping pill >A sleeping pill is given to the patient . Other Verbs can be used in this pattern Cuối bài có file đính kèm 1 số động từ dùng như cách của động từ " give ") Verbs with Object and Complement -This kind of verbs is also called complex transitive verbs. There are some verbs such as: make , find. Ex:. *It made me ill > I was made ill *People found he had died > He was found dead Passive with " want" and "need" -If the sentence follows the first structure , we have to make it passive like the second. S+want/need+ O(1)+ to - infinitive+ O (2) > Passive : S+ want/ need+ O (2)+ to be Past participle + by O(1) Ex : He wants her to take a photo >He wants a photo to be taken . PASSIVE VOICE I /Passive voice (P.V): is usually to emphasize the result, the fact or the object of an action. USES of passive voice I/Agent and instrument: *Agent : A person who does the action in the Passive sentence is called the agent *Instrument : Things which cause something to happen in a passive. > (no passive) * In this case, we focus on transitive verbs III/Cases of omitting the agent. 1/When the agent is general : people, they, you , we . *When these sentences are made passive ,