[...]... “manufacturing” originates from the Latin manu (hand) and factura (making) When flatrolled sheets became commercially available, for a long time, the final products were manufactured, formed, and shaped by hand Gradually, machines, particularly presses, substituted for most of the hand forming A variety of mechanical presses (single-action screw, friction, link -and- crank, and different doubleaction draw... metals In most cases, the drive-side (inboard) stand holds the shafts in position and accommodates the drive The operator-side (outboard) stand supports the other end of the shafts This stand is removable to facilitate roll changes Both the operator- and drive-side stands are fastened to a common base 2-10 Roll Forming Handbook FIGURE 2.17 In the conventional (standard) mill, both ends of the shafts... number of stands on a plate is usually restricted by the lifting capacity (crane) at the user’s plant Both the operator-side and the drive-side stands are typical operator-side-type stands, complete with shafts and tooling The drive-side stands usually have larger bearing blocks to accommodate pairs of cone bearings which rigidly hold the shafts in position during the operation and when the operator-side... mills have the same advantages and disadvantages as the cantilevered mills, except that the shaft end connecting pieces cannot be used Some duplex mills have shafts extended at the other side of the mill, which can be used to form narrow sections Duplex mills either have one side fixed and the other one adjustable, or both sides adjustable Adjustment of a side is usually accomplished by placing all stands... History of Using Metals Metals † What is Roll Forming? 1.1 † Forming of Sheet Basic Requirements 1-1 Introduction to Roll Forming 1.1.1 † A Short History of Using Metals Our ancestors used wood and stone tools for over 1.7 million years, give or take a few hundred thousand years, before making use of metals It was only around 6000 B.C when naturally available gold (and later copper), meteorite iron, and a. .. (100 mm) To facilitate fast profile changes, rafted (plated) cantilevered mills have been developed (Figure 2.6) The plate, supporting the stands, shafts, and tools, can be lifted off and exchanged with another one within a few minutes 2.2.2 Duplex Mills Two cantilevered mills facing each other are called fixed adjustable adjustable adjustable a duplex mill Duplex mills have one common base and drive (Figure... conventional (standard) mills The main characteristics of the through-shaft duplex mills are: * * * * * The through-shafts deflect less than the cantilevered shafts Rolls are mounted on sleeves Sleeves are attached to the stand at each side All the operator-side stands are mounted on a common plate, which can slide in or out, thus changing the distance (roll lengths) between stands Other types of mills allow... mills, such as installing two mills in one line, can also be applied to through-shaft duplex mill 2.2.4 Standard (Conventional) Mills The shafts of the standard (conventional) mills are supported at both ends (Figure 2.17, Figure 5.54, and Figure 5.77) This design enables building and use of the mills for materials with any width and thickness Therefore, standard mills are the most popular machines used... century and became more widely used in the nineteenth century By the late nineteenth and in the twentieth centuries, an immense variety of hot and cold rolled aluminum, copper, brass, lead, tin, titanium, zirconium, and specialty alloys sheet became commercially available Without these rolled flat products, our current life and our living standard would be unimaginable 1.1.2 Forming of Sheet Metals The name... shafts are supported (a) FIGURE 2.18 Conventional mill with adjustable roll space The drive-side stands are fixed at one location The operator-side stands are in most mills also fixed at one position (Figure 2.17) In other types of mills, the operator-side stands can be placed into different locations along the shafts to accommodate wider and thinner material, or narrower but thicker material (Figure 2.1 8a, b) .