CHUONG I. MO DAU VAO THIET KE M,.,CH VI DI~N Til §1.1. Cae ph:!n do:;t" trung thiet ke cae mach tich hqp SV ra (\i:J'j ella de mach \'i di2n Ill' di'i l:un co' ~h phel! tri~ll phCill cll'll~ \,~I phi-til I1lCIll Cllil de h~ th6ng tillh t,xtn tl'Ong nhl1"ng th(tp k~- g;lll d,ly. Vll'l' \,\ng hen n,le meTe d6 Ifch hqp ella de lll<.lch c1i¢n til' IrcH tnt'll 1ll::11 don d~l dua t6i \'i~c che 1<,10 nhilng I-u; thong \'O'i d(l phdc 1' 1]1 ngay c~lllg t:Ing COll)! ngh!.,' che I~\O m,~ch Itch heyp tren eel sb' uie chflt han d,ln pluit trj~ll \'U hao. T(1i gifb.l nhfrng n[\[11 RO elta the k)' 20 nglf(1i la dil dl lh~ chc tao liU'(,il' llhung \11',lch 1ich h9P chu-a lui h(\I1g tri~u liuh kicn di¢n lU trcn mot lmh the ch~-ll b:ln d,ll1. I\'hU11g llwch dl) duq'C gqi El m'.Icil lich hQ'p cao(VLSl) ho~c \a mi tell vi cti¢n IU. Vi~c ra dui etla nhung 111' leh vi di~n Ill' (hi him nay sinh "~f can Ihid ph,!i co ITIQI phuong ph{ip luan va quy trinh thie't ke'. ehe 1<,tO thieh h9V. Trong eoog nghi~p. v,~c che' t, tO uie nweh lich IH)p dU'Q"c thL!e IlJ¢n qua hon giai dm~n: • Giai dmm thie't ke. • Giai c1o<',m che' h.W. • Giai do<.~n ki~m tra. • Giai c1m.1I1 dong go!. o giai do,.111 thiel kc. Itr de ehue nang ma me.teh sc tlll.re hi¢n. ('hClng ta x,ly dung mCl hinh ella me.leh tren nhi~u mue de) chi liet khac nhau. Cae muc de) chi tiet co the (hrqc ehia thanh muc kie'n true, mu:e logic, mCre V(lt 15;. Ket qua eLla giai dO<'111 thiet ke la cac rm'l hlnh ella m,wh (El duvc xac lIil(1ll kh6ng ehu:a loi tren phuong di~n thiel kc. Gi<.li <.10<.111 th(r hai iiI giai c1O<.I11 che' h.l0. 6 giai c10,.111 nay, m'.Ich tieh hqp se duqe che \'.10 th :o dc e(mg ngh¢ eflY ghcp d.e phfin tLf lllC.lCh iClI dIe tinh tht chat bi.in d<'ill btll1g phmmg phap m~11 na che phLI vi'I cong ngh¢ X{IY dung cae mach nhi~u la-po Ke't q\l(i ella giai c1m.l!1 llay lit nhung vi mach time hi~n nhfrng ehLfe n[mg nhu trong thie't kc. Giai doan ba la gi<'lI c1m,1I1 kiem Ira. 6 giai dO<'.111 nay, nhu'ng m',lch d5 che' t"to se dU\J'C kidm nghi¢m ngau nhicn c1d khiing dtnh dll1g l1l<:tch kh6ng ebu:a loi ve m,)! ehe !<;Io. Trang truung hqp co nhilng 10, g(lp nllleu litn c6 the rut ra 7 1<:6'1 lutlll loi do eo Ih~ la loi lrong qua Irlnh che l<;to. Dl!<I \'aO VI¢C kitm Ira quy Il'lnb eong ngh¢ la e6 Ihe rUI ra ke'l lU(1l1 \'e cae kh,lu c6 Ih~ >;mh ra luI. Cil;\[ doan euai clll1g I~I gml c10an dong g6i. Ll:ic lki de vi mach sc ducfe phfll1 laeh \'il du~jC I,.to Vl') hoe. Trong ehu'ong trlnh ta s2 nghi2n eCru ky giai dm~ll dill! ti2n iii giai duan thict kC. Qua trlnh thic't kc' nie mach vi lti¢n tti lrung cong nghicp c1uqc ehia Elln ba ph;ll1 dOi ll1: • Mo hlnh h6a. • T()ng hqp vii lai Ull ho'\. • Kl~m nghi¢m vii phi': eilu£ln. Trong do ehung la 1(lp trung vi:1O blli loan m() hlnh hoa maeh \,~I 1611g hl.lp. t6i ll'll ho;i mach. Pluin du~n dUll lien: 1\-11'. hlnh hO{1 6 giai dm.1i1 n~\y. nh~1 thie't ke X[IY (hyng de mo hinh dIll trllc l11<,lch \'il de ch(re n~lllg ma mi lell >;is tlll.re hi¢n. Cic mI.) hlnh m;.leh iii c{)1l1:! cu bi(o'u di~n d.e ;' tu'('mg thiel ke. Mo hinh ho,\ el6ng \'al tn) quail lrong Irong LI1II.':1 kc' m:.Ich \'i di¢n ILl' blii \'1 cac m6 hlnh Iii nhung phuong lien mang Ih6ng Lin \'(~ dc mach s0 duue xiI)' d~rng m6t deh Cl) dong VlI ehinh x,ic. Do d6 Ill() hinh e[m ph;ii ehinh x<.i.c. ch[lt ehl' eOng nlur c6 ml['e ell) 16ng quat. trong su6t \'(1 de hl~U c10i w':ii ngl['()"i thiC·'t kc "il may. V{)'i sl,l' phat L["J~n eUd cae k5' Ihu,:tl mo phong, me) hlnh 111<,1ch c6 the duqc xi.ly d~rng treil cO' so' Ciic ngon ngL'i" 1110 l;i ph[in eU:llg HDL (harclwar~ description language>;). Trollg nhicu tnIll'ng hnp, Ciic mo hlnh de) hqa nhu bieu do dong thong tin. so' de) m,.teh V(I 1lll) I;i hinh d'.lI1g hlnh hQc eLla cae d6i tU'(5!lg cung nhu deh sAp xcp cluing Lj'~n Ixin mach dell eo Ihe dUQ'e dllllg d~ hidu <lien m;.Ich. D6i vt'fi llhi}'ng llli,leh co dt) lich h0'P sieu lall do dl) phLi'c t:.lp ella mach n'ft eao nen \'l~e X[IY (h.rn,!! 111l') hinh mach Ihuang Iheo eae IllLrC d() chI li2'1 kh,ic nhau. Dieu d6 elm ph<'sp nglf(\i Ihiel ke' I:~p trung \'aO tung ph,'ln Cl'la mo hinh I;.li 1[l'llg giai dO:.lIl thiet kC:'. Ph;'l11 d()~n hai: Tong hqp va t6i I(lI hila Tl)llg lWp mach iii giai cto'.111 >;;ing I'.l() thCr hai ella qll,i trlllh ll1le-l ke'. ('lal dOi.lI1 dill! lu[m theo cae \' lUl'mg: cllil nh;1 Ihici kc hl1111 111>l1h (hin de kh;ii ni¢m Y~ 111<.lch Y~I xay dvng nhung mo hlnh sO' h9 dfiu lien ye m'.\'.:I1. Ml.lc dleh ehinh cLla giai dO<;ln t6ng h\Jp mach I~I xfly dVng 1116 hlnh chi liel ella 111<.1ch. v\ dl,l nhu cae chi liel \'C dang hlnh hqe phl,le vu cho cong dO'.I11 Illp nip viI tao vi) bge eho mach. Dicll n~IY d'.lt c1l(.iC thong qua yu.\. trinh xay dung: V~I chfnh xac hm\. thiet kc ti:rng: bu6e trong d6 m0 hlnh truu wq"ng ban diiu dW"iC ngui\i thiet ke chi tiel ho<1. tung bu6c I~p (11 I~p l<:li. Khi thVe hi¢1l qUi. Idnh t6ng Iwp 111'.lch theo dc blfac Gii tie'n m6 hinh, ngu(1i thi('1 kc" dn nillcu thC)ng tin lien quan 16'i cae e(lIlg ngh~ che tao YLI cac phong cach thi(,t kc 1l10ng l11u6n. Ta co Iht thtiy e.lc ehCre nang ella lll<.\eh e6 Iht dge !{Ip \'Cii cae chi tic"t thut hiC'n, trong khi do Cile d~lt1g hi6u dien hinh h~)C ella nwch hO~1ll toi\l1 pliu thU(lC \'LIO cac d;)c tinh ella cemg ngh¢ vi dl,l nhu kfch Ihu6c cLla de d[ry dim IroJlg miKh plll.l thuQe dto cbng nghc ehe' 1 •. 10. Bai Imin t6i It'U mach IUllll ke"t IWp cll(lt che \'6i bili Imin t(')ng IWp m'.lch. Qu;.i trlnh 16i lilt dOl h(')i phill Il,l''-l chQn nhung chi lict dc djnh eua 1l1i lell \'()"i ml.lC rlieh lam Hill'; kh,'1 Il~ing ella m'.leh "e phuong <.lJ¢n thie"t ke tuong Crng v6i nhiJng d(l do x,ie djnh. Vai Ir() ella tcii lru IiI n[mg cao chell IUq"ng ella mach dien Hlur tOL uu \'~ chue nan". \'C dj~n ttch, \'C tll1h d~ kiem n"hicm \'i'l . _ b . b , ph,it hi¢ll il')i. ehuc nimg lien quail t6i thl"ii gian rl6 Ilwe hi~n Ill(lt qu(\ trlnh :Xlr I)' th(lJIg tin cung nhlf ~ci IUQ"ng Ih6ng lin c() lh6 dU<;ic XLe Iy trong 111(11 d{1ll Y! Ih(l"i gian. Cilc tlnh n,-mg ella mach Iii anh lur6ng 16n t(1i kha nfulg eanh tranh ella m'.leh trC:n th; trui:5ng. V.tll dc ch{lt Iuong ella n1<,leh cOng !ten qllan t6i kkh Hllr6c cling nhlr di~n tfeh clla n1<,leh. Di¢n Ikh cung IiI d6i Wong cLla 16i uu mach. Kfeh Ihu6e nhl) ella me.lell eho phcp co Ih6 ph.ln b6 nhicu mach tren IIl9t lap. dicu d6 IZlln gli.im gl.l IhLtnh che' lao \'a d6ng g(ll. Trong dmg nghi~p ehe' 1,.\0 chung la Il10l1g muCln c<.'l nhung IhiL::t ke' eho phcp ph.it h:cn 10] \'a x.ie djnh \'i tI'l 16i ella nl<.\eh sau khi ehe' tao. Kh.'t nfmg !lilY. lrong nhicu truil'ng hup, :lJlil imtJ'ng 16n t6'i eh:it IIJ'~l'Ilg ella l11~leh. M(ll tht'H1g ~6 quan trqng lrong \'eln de plUl1 hi¢n loi ella Il1i.\eh li\ ph[ill Inllll loi e6 th6 duo'e ph(11 hien doi ,,6'i mot h() g]a trj thLe nghi¢lll. l\'oi chung, ngU'{Ji thic"t k.c mung mu()n c6 nhung m,.ICh de ki~m nghi¢\D, dieu d{) lam glillll gi(l thLlllil chung: ella qUil tl"lnh ~,\n xuelt. PhilO dOl,l1l 3: Kicm nghi~m "'a phe chmln Qui Iflnh phe chuan m'.lch ILl vi¢c (t,lt dw.IC <'1 m()1 mLre (t() eh(lc eh{lll hop 1)' rang 111<.1ch dicn sc lam \'i¢c dung v6j gi,\ Ihic"t khong c6 loi clie" t,.lo. TrC:n ') phtlll dm.lI1 nay ml.le dich d~t ra b\ pluii IO<:J.i hI') m9i 16i thi6t kc co the e6 tru6"e klll dua van san xUtlL Qua tflllh phe ehwin mi.lei"t bao g6m vi¢e xdy dl;Ing mo hlnh mo phong mi!eh elva tn~n thiet ke va tlive hi¢n klem Ira. Mo phollg 1l1<;lch bao g6m phii.n tich die dlen bien hanh vi ella !ll~leh di':ll then Ihni gian doi \'6i mQI ho~c nhieu h(J gia trj dAu vao. Qua trlnh Jl)() ph6ng c() the: ,ip dl;lllg tn:n nhicu mue thiet ke kh5.c nhau tuy theo de mue truu tu~mg eLla mo hlnh. §1.2. M6 hlnh hoa m;:tch di~n Mo hinh !TIl.tch la bieu di~n trlru tuqng trang d(j chi thich hqp mi\ kh6ng c6 nhung chi tiet tmrng (rng. QUii tdnh t6ng ht;1p m<;leh la qua trlnh t~IO m6 hinh 111i.\Ch bal driu Itl nhung bitu dien sa luqe nha!. Cae m6 hlnh duae phun Im.li then cae mLrC dl) mo Iii triru tuqng Vll de g6c dq quan ~a1. • Cae !TICre d(l 1116 til trtlu tuqng: duqc chi a lam ba merc nhu sau: • Mere kien true 6 1I1U'C kie"n wk. mi.lch di¢n duqe tht hi¢n qua t(lp hqp de thao tic nhu d.c tfnh 10iln tren dfr h¢u, de phep ehuyen dbi \'ll Iruycn thong tin. Vi ell,!, tren mlrc kien true, m~\Ch co the' duqc bi6u dien qua nhu11g mo hlnh tren de ngon ngCr 1116 lil phan cUng. nhung bieu diS luang thong tin. • Muc logic 6 m(re logic, Illl.ICh dlen duqc the hl¢n ra nhlin" dac linh c . Mtl"e kien true PC~PC+I Fetch (PC) Muc 16gic 1> 1=L8= Mu-c hinh hqe I~I nlHt ti)p hqp dc chu'c nang /(lgic va duqe ehuy6n Ihill1h de ham logic. Vi UI.1. Iren m(rc logic Illi;lch co the dlflJC bicu uien thong qua cac bicu do ehuyen tl"i Hlg thai, ulc sa do mi.1Ch logic. I1lllh 1.1 Ba llllk Ol) tri:ru IlllYn)! biell dicn mach (llen. to • Muc hlnh hoc 6 mue hlnh h9C, Im~eh co th~ dUQc bitu dicn nhu t<~p hQp dc d6i tlrqng hlnh h9c. Vi dl) don gian ctia bic'u di~n hlnh h9c e6 the la e:k lop trong mq.eh nhicu lOp, dang vc be ngoai V~l phfm b6 clla dc phfin tu cau thanh Im.leh. • Cae goe d<) quan sat ding dUQ'e ehia thanh ba goc d(): • Goe elC;! hanh vi Goe di} hanh vi mt') t:i de ehde niing eua m<:leh ma kh(lng quan tAm tai vi~c tlwc hi¢n cae dll1c n~Hlg do. • Goe ell) diu true Goe tIC;! diU true 1110 hi mo hlnh m,~eh bang cae th~H1h pld.n CO" b,in ella Im~eh va cae lien ke"t gii1"a de thanh phan d(). • Goe tIt) V1.)t 1)' Goe tIt) V\l.t Iy co lien quan t6i cae d6i tuQ'ng v,~t 1"9 XU[lt hi~n trung thiel k'::. Cae rno hinh co dc Il1de m6 tA truu tu9ng khae nhau v~\ co the el\.fl,l'e quan sat thco nhung goe <.19 khae nhau. Vi dl}., a iTIdc kie'n true theo goc d() hanh vi thl me.lell di¢n l~l tftp hqp c;ic phcp toan va S\ T licn quan glll"i.1 chung v6i nhau, con thl.Oo gt)e d() cAu true thl nweh Iii t~IP hqp de khoi co sa va ute lien k6t, ghep n6i gilia de khai co so do. N0"u xct truO)lg h0P thiet kc" d.e mq.eh ching uQ thl voi d.e mo hlnh trcn muc logiC, g{)C d() hZmh vi co th~ la cac lUll do chuyc'n tqmg tlul.i, con goe de;. diu true la cae ph[in tiT Il)gic V~t c,ic kct noi giua ca.e phun tlr do. M6i quan h¢ giua cae mue d() Huu twmg va uie goc dl) qUan sat C{HI mo hinh duqe bie'u dl~n h,\ng s(} de) ehu Y ell.::t Gajski- Kuhn. G6e dQ h2uiQ vi G7~c de) eAu true r\1UC kie'n true ;/ lIinh 1.2 ele g(}c do qllan ~al vii d.c llllrc lllO ti trlill tlrong nia blC:u dien 1110 hillh mach. , , \ , , / / Mile hh{h hoe 11 I lInh 1.2 eho ta (htlY rnoi lien h~ giCra cae rn(re hi~u dien m() hlnh \·;t de gae d() quan S(It. 6 muc kien true va l6gic. rno hlnh 1l1'.leh tillro-ng oll"<}e hicu dicn tll<.:o de g6e elt) hiU1h yj V~t ctlu truc, eon 0 Il1li"e hI nil hqe IlH') hlnh thui'mg duqe bicll then qua g6e dQ c:iu true va V(lt IY·. Tr2n hinh 1.3 cho ta d tll.1 \6 dc nnk bieu dlcn ella m6 hlnh bQ xu iy V~I c(le g/lC dQ qUdll ~,'lttuang (mg. 0 lTIlIC kitn true, thea g6e oQ hanh vi, rn6 hinh Iii Uic dong i¢nh Iren ng6n ngiJ mo li\ phfln eung HDL; theo gac d(l cAll true, m6 illllh ban g6m 1.:lr iHJr cae khoi ea sCi nhu h6 t[nh lmill so hQc, h9 (tieu kilien, yJ. de lien kc-'t giiJa de ph:in tLr d6, 6 mLre 16gie, thea goe <.19 h~lllh \'1, mo hlnh ban g()ll1 dc so de) ehuyen tf'.lllg Ihiii clla cae ot6mat bieu diclI hm.lt dQllg ella mach: then gae ct() c:\u true. me) hlnh dW)'e hi~u elien btmg de so d6 mi.ll'h 16gie gilra de rh'lll tlt' 16gic e(/ biill. ~~~ G6c dc) h~H1h vi G6c de) Cftll lrllC (,ell' ~ ~\1 ~ ~- I [fl' ~ ~~ - - ri WJL I PC~PC+I L Mu-c kicn true Felch (PC) I ADD I I I I Contra I ~ '"to 0) :3> F x GW1~ 1 ),," ,) Mlrc lC)gic D D-' (Slale 2) lIinh I.J C~ic IlllfC bi~lI di~lI111() hillh vil [ill' goc ell) qU.lll \iil llfon)'. l'mg. § I.J, Ton.t::: hap \-'a t(ii 1ru hoa mach dim.t::: m:i,v Huh Cil' e{mg (\1 trq giup thiet kc hfmg may tfnh eho ph~p ntmg eao mlng ",uSt thi0't ke', Cie k5' thw.}t Ihiet k6 eho rher gl,llll Ih(ri glall. n:mg eao chu trinh Ihi6t k6 \'(\ giii!l1 e6ng SLre COil nguo-i, Cac ky thu(lt l(ii tru I~l!n I;"mg el1ftt ll((),ng tlli(1 hY. Dn do de ky thU(lt t(;llg hQ'p vu toi u'u hOii 1ll:.lch \'6"i ~V IIV 12 giup ella 1ll.ly linll dUO'e su dung trong hriu he'l de qua trinh IhilYI "-0- 1ll',lCh diell ILl' ,,,6, I. 'U,ng hVp IIW(h di~n ViL:e phtm lo •. 1l de m(l hlnh Ih~lJlh cae mu-e IrLI'U ILI'(.mg \';1 CIC g/lC It{) quan ,,:.il eho c1u1ng la phwmg phi.tp xtly dlJng de Ihie"1 k2' tren gtai dO'.I11 16ng 11O'p mi,lCh. (iiai dm.m h:;ng h(,1P maeh e(l Ihe d\I(J'C p!l[lJ\ ehla Ih~lllh Gle ph.tn dO'.Il1 -",IU: T()ng l1\rp d Illll"c kic'n Irue ban gClm vi~e t',IO ra g6e d() Cill Ink eLla me) hlllh 0' mue kien tnle. Dieu [\;lj IU'lmg vuong H1i \'icc X,{lC dmh \'~I phil!! de c1uic n{wg elm mach Ihi'tnh de ph0p 10,ln. etc pll0p to,tn n~ly du{ye g0i IiI 6i nguyen ella Ihiel kC:. Tmllg nHl hlnh cung bao g6m e.1 dc kc'l n6i giCfil de phcp 10.11\ <I trinh Itr Ihu'l' hi~n. Philn doan ll~IY IllLl'(mg duqe gQI IiI (('lng hop (\ Illl're L'<I() h<l\' ICing IH,rp eAu true VI (1 d{) ngu'i)"i lhiel kc phJ.i de d!nh C;'IC du lrue \'J m(l ( tren ll1lfe d() dc -;0 d6 khoi ) eLla ]11'.Ich. 'U;ng h~1p d rnlIe k)gie IiI ph[m do,,111 1,.10 ra g6e d() C<lU Ink ella Illl) hinh (~ mlrc 16gie. l\~l1g hqp logic hao g6111 de Ihao I,le sLJ' dung ky Ihu(ll logic de' 1,.10 nen J11() hlob logIc. M6 hlnh n~IY g6m e{) e,\c ph,In III l6gic co· bin \'a kel 116i giO'a eie ph.:in Ill' d6. Nluf \':1)' bu6e long hap 16gic Et hU"l_)-c x,ie dinh c[['u Irue \'j m(l ( t'), Il1lfC de ph:ill It! 1()gIC cO h{1l1 ) clla lll',Kh. U1I1g \'l¢e ehuycn d6i 1110 hlnh It'lgie Ih~l!lh de h:0'1 neii gi[j'a de ph:in I(f dUc,fC m(J t.1 Imllg lllll' \'i¢n die pll[!l1 ILl' cO" ~O' Iluri:l'ng gqj I~I ,[nh \<.1 c{)]I); nghc hay 1,'1 lien kc'l Ihen IllU' viC:n. T(lng hqp (). mu-e hlnh hqe hao g6m \'i~'e 1',10 ra g6e ct() \"{II 1.\ ella J1l() hln:l () m(rc hlnl1 hoc. Noi dell kh[lC, (1 m(fe 11:IY lllll !lll1h du"t,J'c In() Iii Ihong qua de dilc Ifnh ella 1[11 c;i de m[lLl hlllh hoc lao ncn (t,lllg Clla «Ie llli,lch. ph[ln h6 de m'.lCh 1J\~1l b:ill Ill'Kh. Phtm do'.111 nay Ihu(l'ng (tw!e goj I~I Ilm:;1 ke' \',11 l~'. . ~ ~- I [fl' ~ ~~ - - ri WJL I PC~PC+I L Mu-c kicn true Felch (PC) I ADD I I I I Contra I ~ '"to 0) :3> F x GW1~ 1 ),," ,) Mlrc lC)gic D D-'. the k)' 20 nglf(1i la dil dl lh~ chc tao liU'(,il' llhung 11',lch 1ich h9P chu-a lui h(I1g tri~u liuh kicn di¢n lU trcn mot lmh the ch~-ll b:ln d,ll1 laeh 'il du~jC I,.to Vl') hoe. Trong ehu'ong trlnh ta s2 nghi2n eCru ky giai dm~ll dill! ti2n iii giai duan thict kC. Qua trlnh thic't kc' nie mach vi