INTRODUCTION OF THE BOOK “CHEMISTRY” 2009 BY JULIA BURDGE ►Represented and redistributed by Mr Truong Minh Chien losedtales@yahoo.com Introduction ► My name is Truong Minh Chien (Trương Minh Chiến), CEO of NKMB co., ltd Sometime, the people knew me as CEO of Ninh Kieu Tera Net co., ltd ► I also be a scientist and an economist My favourist field is telecom science Therefore, the chemistry is not one of my hoppies, a relative major only ► ► ► ► My blogsite : http://mba-programming.blogspot.com My email : losedtales@yahoo.com My facebook : losedtales My company website : http://chodientu.vn/nko Preface ► I found out this book “Chemistry, Julia Burdge, Second Edition McGraw Hill.” through internet and Rapidshare network ► I think that the Chemistry book will be very helpful and useful for who is the teachers, instructors or students in high school level in Vietnam, either in other degrees as a perfect hardcover reference book ► So that I attempt to gather more lecture notes and other possible information resources to represent this chemistry book of Dr Julia Burdge to other Vietnamese Preface ► To completed entire this chemistry resources (included ebook, hardcover book, lecture notes and software simulation…), I accessed some authority information resources as worse as pass through some private information or hidden resources Hence, if you use this lecture notes or other information as redistriputed or reproduced, could you change some word or themes or font size, please! Because the copyright term and illegal internet security policy ► This e-learning resources were reproduced from two hardcover book which are Chemistry, Mrs Julia Burdge, 2nd Edition Chemistry, 2nd McGraw Hill and Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, Mr Nivaldo Tro, 1st Ed., Prentice Hall Approach, How to use the book resources ► The hardcover book in English is available at website : http://tailieu.vn/losedtales The entired book was divided and separated into 40 parts for uploading and management purposes ► The lecture notes and other resources are available at website : http://www.violet.vn (user : losedtales) or http://www.violet.vn/losedtales or http://losedtales.violet.vn How to use the book resources ► The text book website : http://www.mharis.com/ ( http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/infoCenter.do?isbn=0073025542 ) ► E-learning resource : https://elearning.utdallas.edu/webct/entryPageIns.dowebct ► Other useful resources : http://www.imperial.edu/index.php?pid=1232 http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/K/Phillip.E.Klebba-1/ How to use the book resources ► The software simulation are available on : http://hydrachem.sourceforge.net/ http://genchemlab.sourceforge.net/ http://sourceforge.net/projects/organicbuilder/ http://organicchemi.sourceforge.net/ http://jbf.sourceforge.net/ http://basiclife.sourceforge.net/ ► Or you can review the copyright application at : http://www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/~mceruso/index.html Significant Figures ► When using our calculators we must determine the correct answer; our calculators are mindless drones and don’t know the correct answer ► There are different types of numbers – Exact – Measured ► Exact numbers are infinitely important ► Measured number = they are measured with a measuring device (name all 4) so these numbers have ERROR ► When you use your calculator your answer can only be as accurate as your worst measurement…Doohoo  Chapter Two Exact Numbers An exact number is obtained when you count objects or use a defined relationship Counting objects are always exact soccer balls pizzas Exact relationships, predefined values, not measured foot = 12 inches meter = 100 cm For instance is foot = 12.000000000001 inches? No ft is EXACTLY 12 inches Learning Check A Exact numbers are obtained by using a measuring tool counting definition B Measured numbers are obtained by using a measuring tool counting definition 10 ► Scientific notation is helpful for indicating how many significant figures are present in a number that has zeros at the end but to the left of a decimal point ► The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 150,000,000 km Written in standard notation this number could have anywhere from to significant figures ► Scientific notation can indicate how many digits are significant Writing 150,000,000 as 1.5 x 10 indicates and writing it as 1.500 x 108 indicates ► Scientific notation can make doing arithmetic easier Rules for doing arithmetic with numbers written in scientific notation are reviewed in Appendix A Chapter Two 26 2.6 Rounding Off Numbers ► Often when doing arithmetic on a pocket calculator, the answer is displayed with more significant figures than are really justified ► ► How you decide how many digits to keep? Simple rules exist to tell you how Chapter Two 27 ► ► Once you decide how many digits to retain, the rules for rounding off numbers are straightforward: ► RULE If the first digit removed is or greater, round up by adding to the last digit kept 4.5832 is 4.6 when rounded off to significant figures since the first dropped digit (an 8) is or greater ► If a calculation has several steps, it is best to round off at the end RULE If the first digit you remove is or less, drop it and all following digits 2.4271 becomes 2.4 when rounded off to two significant figures because the first dropped digit (a 2) is or less Chapter Two 28 Practice Rule #2 Rounding Make the following into a Sig Fig number 1.5587 1.56 0037421 00374 1367 1370 128,522 129,000 1.6683 ×106 1.67 ×106 Your Final number must be of the same value as the number you started with, 129,000 and not 129 Examples of Rounding For example you want a Sig Fig number 4965.03 4965 is dropped, it is 5; Note you must include the 0’s 2000 is dropped it is = 5; note you need a Sig Fig 1999.5 RULE In carrying out a multiplication or division, the answer cannot have more significant figures than either of the original numbers Chapter Two 31 ►RULE In carrying out an addition or subtraction, the answer cannot have more digits after the decimal point than either of the original numbers Chapter Two 32 Multiplication and division 32.27 × 1.54 = 49.6958 49.7 3.68 ữ 07925 = 46.4353312 46.4 1.750 ì 0342000 = 0.05985 05985 3.2650×106 × 4.858 = 1.586137 × 107 1.586 ×107 6.022×1023 × 1.661×10-24 = 1.000000 1.000 Addition/Subtraction 25.5 32.72 +34.270 ‑ 0.0049 59.770 32.7151 320 59.8 32.72 + 12.5 332.5 330 Addition and Subtraction 56 + 153 = 713 _ 71 82000 + 5.32 = 82005.32 82000 10.0 - 9.8742 = 12580 10 – 9.8742 = 12580 Look for the last important digit Mixed Order of Operation 8.52 + 4.1586 × 18.73 + 153.2 = = 8.52 + 77.89 + 153.2 = 239.61 = 239.6 (8.52 + 4.1586) × = 2179.692 = = = 12.68 × 171.9 (18.73 + 153.2) 2180 Try Find the standard deviation for the following numbers: 7.691 g, 7.23 g, 7.892 g xi x=∑ i n (  ∑ xi − x   i s=  n −1   )       Try xi x=∑ i n 7.691 g 7.23 g 7.892 g 22.813 g 7.691 g, 7.23 g, 7.892 g 22.81 g = 7.603 g Try (  ∑ xi − x  i s=  n −1   x −x )        = 7.603 g ( x − x) i i 7.691 g – 7.603 g = 088 g  0077 7.23 g – 7.603 g = -.37 g  14 7.892 g – 7.603 g = 289 g  0835 ( x − x ) = 23 ∑ i i Try 25 (   ∑ xi − x  i s=  n −1   )        ( 23)  s=    1/ = 34 ... perfect hardcover reference book ► So that I attempt to gather more lecture notes and other possible information resources to represent this chemistry book of Dr Julia Burdge to other Vietnamese... http://chodientu.vn/nko Preface ► I found out this book “Chemistry, Julia Burdge, Second Edition McGraw Hill.” through internet and Rapidshare network ► I think that the Chemistry book will be very helpful and useful... hardcover book which are Chemistry, Mrs Julia Burdge, 2nd Edition Chemistry, 2nd McGraw Hill and Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, Mr Nivaldo Tro, 1st Ed., Prentice Hall Approach, How to use the book